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ABSTRACT
ARTILLRY SYSTEM WITH LOW RECOIL
Introduction
In modern artillery systems, four main ways or its combination are used to reduce the recoil of shot.
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The usage of recoil mechanism;
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The usage of a muzzle brake;
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The usage of a gas stream that flows out of the nozzle in opposite direction against a shot;
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"pre-rolling-out-of-battery" (fire-out-of-battery) to forth immediately before the shot.
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Traditional systems cannot provide such synchronization
"Pre-rolling-out-of-battery" (fire-out-of-battery) to forth that carries out immediately before the shot - this is the least common way to reduce the impact of recoil.
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The energy stored when the barrel is accelerated absorbs much of the recoil energy
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The disadvantage of such method is -
"pre-rolling-out-of-battery" of barrel that is needed to compensate recoil energy should be strictly time-synchronized with the process of a shoot.
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Traditional systems cannot provide such synchronization
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Performing of a synchronized "pre-rolling-out-of-battery"by means of usage a subsidiary or a detached charge
Consider the work by the simplified scheme in which the breech-block is a working cylinder of the "rolling-of-battery" system (a breech-block, the recoil device, splitting into primary and auxiliary charges and system of rechargingis notdescribed).
Afterwards of the command on a shot, a primer or a detached charge, which are separated from the main charge by the combustible solid shell are activated.
After that, powder gases are filling the cavity front of the piston through the relief valve that is pressurized to release.
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5_1 - clean-burning shell; 5_2 - detached charge; 5_3 - powder gases overflowing into the cylinder.
The combustible (clean-burning) shell divides the main propellant charge away from gases that are produced by primer or detached charge.
These gases have pressure and temperature lower than the pressure and temperature in an artillery barrel during a main shot.
The barrel that is connected with the cylinder of the "pre-rolling-out-of-battery" system by a breech-block, begins to move forward under the influence of the generated gases and at the same time, the piston-counterbalance moves backward - both relative to the recoiling device.
Power of auxiliary charge is chosen as a minimal sufficient for receiving the required acceleration of the barrel to forward and for initiating of the main charge with time delay.
Time delay of initiating of the main charge must be selected such that the start of the shot was synchronized with movement of the barrel to forward.
It has to ensure the maximum reduction of recoil due to inertia of motion of the barrel forward.
For example -Time delay can implemented by means of the clean-burning shell.
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5_4 - gases initiating major propellant; 8 - "pre-rolling-out-of-battery" at the time of the initiation of main propellant.
After time delay, the main propellant will be initiated under of action of incandescent gases.
When the valve will be released from the action of the piston-counterbalance, it closes and prevents the penetration of gases having working pressure of shots into the cylinder.
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Forward movement of the barrel will be suspended and is replaced to the opposite as the shoot is progressing.
At the same time, rolling back of the barrel is slowing down due to counter by the pressure of powder gases which fill the " pre-rolling-out-of-battery " cylinder.
9 - maximum displacement of "pre-rolling-out-of-battery"; 5_5 - drain of gas through the valve.
We can accept that the cylinder works as recoil damper on the final stage.
This damper works for some time after shot .... and performs braking of barrel before it came to the end position.
10 - distance of guns movement off forward point of rolling out up to the back recoil point;
12 -full recoil of the gun to backward
In the simplest case, this artillery system does not require an additional recoil device and architecture of the cylinder (7) is reduced till two springs.
Low-power artillery systems which use the principles described above
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An automatic drum mortar having a reduced recoil
Drum scheme has greater rate of fire than other systems.
The achievable rate of fire of such mortar that has: caliber of 120mm, an injection blowing of a barrel and a chamber by an air-emulsion mixture, and which uses two independent cartridge rammers, is 180-200 rounds per minute.
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On a distance of 0.1-8 km, such a mortar based on a mobile chassis is more effective than multiple rocket launchers but, in contrast of it, can operate on elaborate, mountain or urban terrains.
Consider a hypothetical 120 mm mortar which has a revolving drum with chambers and uses the principles described above and it is designed for usage of conventional mortars shells.
Mortar is designed as a barrel that is united with the cylinder of axis of the drum and with a breech-block in a single unit.
All device is installed onto the cylinder of axis of the drum (in this version).
Fan-shaped drum having three chambers has ability to move along the axis, and be pushed at the barrel when breech-block is locked.
When the breech-block is opened, it can perform the reversible cross-motion for charging and purging the barrel and chambers.
Sequence of an execution of shots, reloading and purges (cross-sectionthrough the drum).
(To simplify of the figure, the cartridges' magazines are not marked on the stages A2, A3, A4 and A5)
Stage А1
The barrel is in a neutral position relative to the recoil device. The breech-block releases the drum and the drum that is in the middle position and has possibility to carry out the reversible crosscut movements relative to the axis of the gun.
Stage А2
The unlocked drum is in the far left position and the "shot" being seated into the left chamber out of the left magazine.
If the right chamber is charged, the breech-block locks the drum and the gun can carry out a shot.
Stage А3
After purging, the drum slue to far right position and be locked. The left chamber that is charged aligns with the axis of the barrel and is ready to fire. The rammer sends the "shot" from the magazine into the right chamber.
Stage А4
After firing from the right chamber, the breech-block releases the drum; the central chamber of the drum being aligned with the axis of the barrel, after that, purging of the barrel is carried out by means of an air-emulsion mixture. Simultaneously, it is carried out purging of the right chamber.
Stage А5
After performing the shot the drum is deblocked and it goes into the position for carry out of purging.
Sequence of an execution of shots (longitudinal section)
Stage А1
The barrel is located on the recoil device in the neutral position, the drum is in the neutral position, the axis of the barrel is aligned with the axis of average chamber and, if it is necessary, the purging is carried out.
Stage А2_1
The drum is in one of the extreme positions and is blocked. An axis of one of the charged chambers being aligned with the axis of the barrel. A "shot" is loaded into another chamber. The primer of the "shot" that is ready to firing, is initiated and gases generated by the primer, are passed into the cylinder.
Stage А2_2
The barrel moves to forward, the valve between the barrel and the cylinder of "pre-rolling-out-of-battery" is locked. The shell of the primer being burned through and the main charge is initiated.
Stage А2_3
During the shot, the barrel, together with the drum and the breech-block, moves into the rearmost position pressing out gases off the cylinder under of action of recoil, which is not compensated by the "pre-rolling-out-of-battery" and by the action of a muzzle brake.
Stage А3
The whole system is in a neutral position.
Purges of barrel and the chamber being performed.
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Automatic 135-140мм mortar with lowered recoil which have a swinging barrel
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Approximate rate of fire of such mortar, depending on length of a "shot", is about 40-60 shots per minute.
Practical rate of fire (if the system has an automatic exchanging of the magazines of four cartridges each) 30-40 rounds per min
Optimal kitting of the magazines is - one correctable munition that is corrected on trajectory and three high-explosive, fragmentation-cumulative or cluster munitions.
This kitting allows to "hold" on the trajectory two correctable munitions simultaneously, with the support of six unguided munitions, which cover "Affected Area" and disorient active protection systems of tanks.
When the correctable ammunitions are used, armored vehicles having such mortar, at distances of 3-6km within urban or rugged terrains, have an advantage over tanks such as "Abrams", "Leopard" or "Leclerc" which are more expensive, less mobile and having lower rate of fire.
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Such a 135-140mm artillery piece installed on BTR-70, by one volley of four magazines having one correctable and three conventional shells each, may cover surface of 600-800sqm. It gives such fire density of a volley as the volley of a multiple rocket launchers that is more expensive in action and less maneuverable.
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An actigram of shot's fulfillment carry out by method of "pre-rolling-out-of-battery"
Carrying out of the "pre-rolling-out-of-battery"
Completion of the shot and fulfillment of recharging
Tanks guns which use the principle described above
As an example, it is contemplated the designing of the upgraded 135-140mm tank gun.
Gun is designed on the basis of conventional 125mm gun by replacing of a barrel's tube and adding "fire-out-of-battery" system (A).
"Pre-rolling-out-of-battery" carries out by the principles described above by means of usage of gases of a sectioned charge, which is bypassed from barrel's chamber into cylinder of "Pre-rolling" (B).
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Cartridges having a composite propellant, which are used as a "shots" for this gun is described below.
