Суханов Владимир Николаевич. On the nature of physical values and phenomena (Part I)

Суханов Владимир Николаевич : другие произведения.

On the nature of physical values and phenomena (Part I)

Самиздат: [Регистрация] [Найти] [Рейтинги] [Обсуждения] [Новинки] [Обзоры] [Помощь|Техвопросы]

Ссылки:

Комментарии: 76, последний от 08/09/2014. © Copyright Суханов Владимир Николаевич (inventcreat@yahoo.com) Размещен: 27/06/2008, изменен: 17/02/2009. 103k. Статистика. Статья: Естествознание English version Иллюстрации/приложения: 11 шт.		Ваша оценка:

Copyright - Vladimir Sukhanov 2001, 2003

Author - Vladimir Sukhanov

Translated by Valentina Sukhanova from Russian language

ON THE NATURE OF PHYSICAL VALUES AND PHENOMENA

CONTENTS

Foreword

On the nature of physical values and phenomena (Part I)

-- Hubble's constant. On the nature of physics values and system of their measurement.
In the article is made supposition that expansion of the Meta-galaxy is basis of its existence in all itself displays (in existence of the nature itself in particular). Is made a prerequisite for new understanding and description (on level of science physic) of the surrounding us nature.

-- On the nature of mass.
Mass is the second derivative of the mass size with respect to time. Mass of a particle is the second derivative of space, which the particle occupies, with respect to time.

-- On the nature of electrostatic charge.
Electrostatic charge is the second derivative of the charge size with respect to time.

-- On the nature of magnetic field.
Magnetic stream is the second derivative of the magnetic space size with respect to time.

-- On the nature of electric current.
Electric current strength in physics conductor is the second derivative of length square of the physics conductor with respect to time.

-- On the nature of voltage.
Voltage is the second derivative of conductor section area containing electric current (or a space containing different electric potentials) with respect to time.

-- On the nature of electric resistance.
Electric resistance is a function of dielectric and magnetic permeability of the conductor.

-- On the nature of self-induction's coefficient and electric capacity.
Self-induction's coefficient is a function of induction created with respect to time. Electric capacitance is a function of electric capacitance created with respect to time (or line space).

-- On the nature of interacting forces between objects and fields.
Force is the fourth derivative of space with respect to time.

-- On fractional derivatives.
In this article it is suggested fractional derivatives for analysis of the nature and physical processes.

-- On the nature of space (length) and time.
The space surrounding us (in all its variety) is the different orders derivatives of length with respect to time. It is suggested correlation of the measurement units of length and time in the SI with unit of the new natural system of measurement. It is offered the natural unit of measurement for time and length. It is suggested correlation formula of energy with present (current) time. Practically the space and time are unlimited sources of energy. It is suggested formulas and calculations of quantity of energy containing into unit of length (the space).

-- On unity of the nature and movement of space.
Results of previous the eleventh articles are summarised and systematised here. Single formula of note of all known physical values is formed. Examples of using of the new physical theory are suggested.

Supplement.

1.0. Momentum of momentum (or momentum of the second order) is inertia-space value in physics.
"Momentum of momentum (or momentum of the second order)" is new notion. Formulation of some its qualities and examples of its possible using are suggested.

2.0. Coriolis acceleration. Theoretical completion of Coriolis' acceleration formula and its practical applications.

2.1. Derivation of completed formula of Coriolis' acceleration.
Derivation of Coriolis' acceleration formula with use of Energy Conservation Law is suggested in the article. It is showed some results from the formula.

2.2. Acceleration of relative motion arising in centre of rotation of frame of reference.
Suggested completed of Coriolis' acceleration formula has theoretical useful and can be used for calculations of hinge mechanisms where trajectories of movement of axles of ones hinges can cross trajectories or placement of others ones with creating of relative movement. Described additional acceleration can be found in movement above the Poles of Earth and in streams of circulation atmosphere.

2.3. Shock change of acceleration phenomenon and its effected on flying apparatuses into the atmosphere.
It is presented description of the atmosphere phenomenon, which creates disturbance for safety of motion of flying apparatuses. The nature and character of this phenomenon is given there. .

3.0. Interaction of reactive jet with environment.

3.1. Resistance force effected on flow of fluid or gas which moves into filtration pipe.
Suggested correlations and formula have theoretical useful and can be used for specified calculations of drainage system, injectors, sprayers and burners.

3.2. Force of resistance effecting on moving objects losing mass.
Theoretical completion of reactive propulsion formula is made. It has theoretical useful and can be used for calculations of transports' vehicles using the jet propulsion; and also for elaboration of stream brake systems.

See Part II this book

See Part I this book (in Russian)

Foreword

The basic sections of physics are examined in the book. Was wade a attempt to expound the material simply and accessible. The book is addressed for any readers which have notion about physics as a science. The most interest it can have among the inventors and scientists which made their discoveries.

It has not a specialization and unites all fields of physics in single science.

The aim of this book is to give schematic notion about the nature of physics values and phenomena. "Construction" of physics values and phenomena is written in the book and the space (length) and time are constructive elements. This allows relativity easy to understand all physics process and to use it for development of new technologies and also for research for new physics values and phenomena.

Necessity of the edition up by a grade meaning science physics in the contemporary civilization and also by crisis of physics finding for its solution.

The author hopes this book has its future.

The book published in Russia in 2003, ISBN: 5-94990-002-2.
The book "The nature of physical values and occurrences" was registered in the Scientific and Technical Information Centre of the Industry, Science and Technologies Ministry of the Russian Federation (VNTIC) the 01 of December 2000 by N 72200000039. The text of this book (on 56 leaves) is in the VNTIC information archives.
All rights for publications and republications belong to the author - Суханов Владимир Николаевич (Sukhanov Vladimir Nikolayevich).

Foreword (Part I)

Here are suggested:

-- the single formula of a note of all known physical values and which were writing in a table;

-- the formula of an interconnect between the space and the time and an interconnect them with an energy also;

-- the methods of a fusion of mass, electric charge and magnetic fields;

-- the method of a getting of an energy from the space and time;

-- a new view of the mathematical apparatus of the fraction derivatives;

-- a new physical value, which simplify of a understanding of physics and unite of all its fields in one.

It is made a prerequisite to a forming a new physics and on its basic - a new energetically and industrial technologies.
The new physics effect will provide for a development of the new methods a getting electrical energy and its transformation.

The book is addressed to the inventions and the pioneer scientists.

Russian

Author - Vladimir Sukhanov
Translation - Valentina Sukhanov

ON THE NATURE OF PHYSICAL VALUES AND PHENOMENA

1. Hubble's constant. On the nature of physics values and phenomena and systems of their measurement

In the article it is made supposition that expansion of the Meta-galaxy is the basis of its existence in all itself manifestations (in existence of itself nature in particular). It is made a prerequisite for new understanding and description (on the physics level) of the surrounding us nature.

Hubble E.P. discovered the regularity of flying away to all directions (expansion) of galaxies

v = Hr,

where

-- v - velocity of cosmological flying away to all directions (expansion) of galaxies' accumulating,

-- H - Hubble's constant, H

(50

100) (km/s multiply by Mps),

-- r - distence as far as the galaxies.

Hubble's constant can be presented in Hertz:

H (1,63,2)10^-18 (Hz) .

Thus the period of flying away to all directions of the Meta-galaxy is

T = 1/H (36)10¹⁷ (s)

T (12)10¹⁰ (years)

Amplitude of the Meta-galaxy's space (its radius) X for the light (radio-waves) is

X = Tc

where c - the light speed.
This is for a case when T is opened (irreversible) period and it ends in the free-space (infinity).

X ( 918)10²⁵ (m) meters.

Galaxies are not splinters of the Meta-galaxy, but they are its integral ingredients. In this case it would be better to say not about flying away to all directions of galaxies but about size increasing or about space expansion into all Meta-galaxy. Thus Hubble's constant H can be presented as formula

H = kdV / dT

where k = 3/4

r³ - the proportion coefficient,
H - increasing of speed of the space's size V.
Or

H = kV'

In all articles of this book the primed symbols (') will be indicate the derivative order with respect to time.

H, as a speed, in general case has slowing down (the negative acceleration). If it is neglect by sizes of initial singularity that speed formula gets look:

H = k(V'-TV" ) ,

where

-- V' = dV/dT - the first derivative of space size with respect to time,

-- V" - the second derivative of space size with respect to time or it is the acceleration of the size changing V or it is the speed of H changing.

If the function H" is absent (slightly small) and the function V" is uniform but the Meta-galaxy is symmetric in the space that the formula for H will be easy:

H = H_o - TH'

H = H_o - H( T )

where H_o is "initial" (singular) H . Expansion of the M-galaxy has direction from singularity to free-space. The direction of the Meta-galaxy expansion can change on opposite. Then H changes its sign on opposite too and the Meta-galaxy begins to compress. Analogy can take place with the speed of H change:

H' = - kV"

and the sign "-" will be changed on "+".
Equal slowed motion will be changed on the uniformly accelerated one. Maybe we reveal function H"(and its vector) in the future. Function

- kV"

describes the nature of all physics objects and is beginning for describing of the physical picture of the world.

The nature may be divided on a few worlds (conditionally) by difference - kV":

-- the gravitational world;

-- the electric world;

-- the magnetic world.

Those worlds are not all of the real existing ones. It is made an attempt to describe the physical nature through those worlds first of all.

With help of derivatives of the space with respect to time it can be described not only speeds of movements but and effects and phenomena accompanying the movements. For example, the astrophysics "red displacement" is a result of Doppler's effect at objects' movement; but "red displacement" can be arisen by many other cases.

Derivatives of space with respect to time can be realized in the nature by many methods:

-- non-linearity, different density of the space;

-- any movement of the space;

-- gravitational braking or compression;

-- spatial or phase changing of physics values and phenomena (or changing of state of the matter);

-- changing of the speed of light's photon (electric magnetic waves);

-- changing of constants' values;

-- combinations of all or some of those methods.

All those methods can be written by equivalents of derivatives of the space with respect to time. Next it will be saying only about the space expansion and it will be not saying about other forms of its manifestation. It is made for easier understanding.

The surrounding us world as and we ourselves look as a result of non-linearity and different density of the space. Here we can watch only outside manifestations of those phenomena, such as

-- changing of matter's and energy's density;

-- displacement of spectral lines from itself standard places;

-- movement (exchanging) of the matter or energy...

It is not possible to explain those phenomena because well-known knowledge (about it) are insufficient. It is offered to explain them not at once but only to measure them in the new physics values: in derivatives of the space with respect to time, that and it is made in the articles of this book. All those values were measured in the International System of units SI (System International). It is offered to measure them in the new nature system of measurement (in present time a few nature system of measurement are) when all proportion coefficients are constants and equal unity - numerical constant.

Well-known systems of measurement of physics values were formed by historical and looked over more than once. At present time SI is wide used but many numbers of the recount coefficients (constants) point to its unnatural. Reason is that the system SI as and all previous ones were formed on basic of men's perceptions and thinking. But the nature of physics values and phenomena do not depend for us.

We need to take in account those disadvantages in the new nature system of measurement and to develop it to direction of Absolute System of measurement which will come all units of measurement in one absolute which will be corresponding to all nature.

The author - (Sukhanov Vladimir Nikolayevich)

It was registered in VNTIC on the 01st of December 2000 by N 72200000039.

The article was published in the book "Inventive Creation" in Russian in 2003, ISBN: 5-94990-002-2.
Copyright - Vladimir Sukhanov 2001, 2002, 2003

Russian

Author - Vladimir Sukhanov
Translation - Valentina Sukhanov
English translation checked by Wayne Macleod - author of the book "Dynasophy"

2. On the nature of mass

Mass of an object is the second derivative of object's size with respect to time. Mass of a particle is the second derivative of space, which the particle occupies, with respect to time.

Mass is one of the main physical values after length X (distance) and time T. In the Metric System of measurement (SI) mass is measured in kilograms (kg), length in meters (m) and time in seconds (s).

It is believed that mass has a scalar value and that it describes (characterizes) an inert and gravitational quality of matter. Mass is measured on a scale (using Newton's Second Law or Newton's law of gravitation). James Clerk Maxwell determined the unit of mass to be a derivative of length and time [X³T^-2] in his work "A treatise on Electricity and Magnetism" Volume 1, preliminary chapter "About measurement of values", 5.(3) "Mass".

In addition mass M can be determined as a second derivative of size V of the object with respect to time:

m = v"

where:

m - is mass in the natural system of measurement (nat. sys. m.),
v" - is the speed of change (acceleration) of the object's size.

In the following discussion capital letters will be used for the metric system of measurement (SI) and small letters for the new natural system of measurement.

Thus mass is measured by an object's accelerating size change.

This phenomenon can be seen on the elementary particles level and also in macro objects in a number of cases. Here if the accelerating size change (of elementary particles or of macro objects) is symmetrical relative to their centres of symmetry, then their masses have scalar values; if the accelerating size change is not symmetrical relative to their centres of symmetry, then their masses have vector values. In this case the formula for determining mass is:

m = sx"

where:

s - the section area of a particle (object),
x - the length of a particle (object) and a vector of the mass.

The vectors of mass and length coincide in this case.

In the world which surrounds us we have expansion of the elementary particles that have (in general) a symmetrical and equal accelerating character. Therefore the correct formula is:

m = v/²

The measurement of mass can be regarded as a derivative from the measurement of length and time:

kg = [K_m] (m³/s²),

where

[K_m] is measurement of the coefficient K_m.

For a spherical system of objects:

K_m 1/G (1,499)10¹⁰ (kg^.s²/m³)

where

G - is the gravitational constant.

For a plane system of objects

K_m= 4/ G.

The coefficient K_m arises as a result of the lack of coordination between the units of physical values (m, s, kg) in SI. The coefficient K_m indicates an unnatural measure of length (m), time (s) and mass (kg). In the natural system of measurement the coefficient Km will be equal to unit (without measurement) (k=1).
In the SI system:

M = K_m (X³)"

where

X - is the linear extents of a particle (object).

Following it should be noted that in the collision of two material objects, two additional forces can arise which have opposite directions:

F = K_m (X⁴)"" ([K_m]m⁴/s⁴)

Where

X - the distance of interaction between the two objects.

The force F arises as a result of increased mass due to collision of the two objects. This mass can become a vector value but must be a derivative to the fourth order of distance X with respect to time for the collision of objects. But those derivatives do not arise always. Large encountering speeds and elastic interaction of objects are necessary for such derivatives to arise. If the initial mass of one object is much smaller than the mass of a second object, then the directed mass will be added to the smaller object.

Mass of one object can arise (disappear) under expansion (compression) or any other effects, which may change the acceleration in particles or in objects. Thus N.A. Kozyrev (Н.А. Козырев) in his work
"О возможности уменьшения массы и веса тел под воздействием активных свойств времени"
"About the possibility of decrease of mass and weight of objects as an effect result of the active behaviour of time."
wrote:
"... Уменьшение веса тела в результате неупрукого удара с необратимой деформацией,"
"Decrease of object weight as a result of inelastic impact with an irreversible deformation,"
that is, the irreversible deformation gives decreasing mass of the object at compression.
Next:
"...уменьшение массы происходит не за счет уменьшения количества вещества, а из-за уменьшения инертной массы, то есть коэффициента при ускорении во втором законе Ньютона..."
"...Decrease of object mass is not due to a decrease of matter quantity but due to a decrease of inertial mass, e.g. due to the coefficient at acceleration in the Newton's Second Law..."

It follows to expel that an irreversible deformation in a strained object will give increased mass. Analogy phenomena can be observed under super high pressure (or in a vacuum).

Mass of an object, which is located in depth of others large celestial objects, is decreasing because of gravitational compression. When the object trough out from other large celestial objects in the cosmic vacuum, its mass increases.

The gravitational world has mass due to the expansion of space. The expansion of space (in ourselves, the world and objects around us) is relatively homogeneous and therefore we do not observe it.

In the following, other methods for creation of mass should be noted. The acceleration of a object reveals the mass of this object through the force acting on it. In part the acceleration gives birth to mass. It takes place during the relative movement of the objects but depends on the objects' form and the distance between them. Thus for two very small spherical objects:

m = x²x₁"

where:

x² - the square of the distance between the objects,
x₁"- the acceleration of one object relative to the other.

When we move together with all objects of our world we take part in creation of the mass of all the objects (E. Mach).

Mass of a object reflects its acceleration. The interaction force f between objects can be determined:

f = x² (x₁") (x₂"),

or in SI:

F = X² (X₁") (X₂") / G,

Here the acceleration (x₁") is taken as dynamic (relative to us) but (x₂") is taken as constant (relative to us). The constant acceleration is the result of movement and is a component of mass.

Usually expansion (compression) of mass gives no change in internal energy:

dw = w(dv) - w(x") = 0

where:

w(dv) - energy of adiabatic expansion (compression) when mass is created,
w(x") - energy of resistance to expansion (compression) when mass is created.

Here:

w(dv) = pdv

where:

p - difference in the "pressures" between the inside and outside of the object,
dv - change in size v when mass is created and dv = dx³.

In this case "pressure" p is a conditional notion since it is the space characterization. Further

pdv = (f/s)dv = [(x⁴)""/s]dv

where:

f - active force on area s from difference in "pressure",
s - an area of surface v, s = dx².

w(x") = m(x")dx

where:

m - reduced mass of expansion, when mass is created,
x" - acceleration increase of size v,
dx - displacement of element of surface of size v relative to its centre

m(x")dx = v"(x")dx

Thus:

w(dv)-w(x")=[(x4)""/dx2]dv-v"x"dx =(x4)""dx- (x4)""dx=0

The temperature of size v, when mass is created, doesn't change since it is its own mass and its energy doesn't change. In a number of cases imbalance can occur. The positive balance (excretion of energy into the outside medium, when the mass is created) heats up objects due to their mass. That apparently takes place in the heavenly objects: stars and planets. In that case excretion of energy of the objects is proportional to the mass of the heavenly objects as a consequence of gravitational compression that hinders the expansion of the space when the mass is created. Apparently any obstacle to the process of expansion, when mass is created, gives decrease of the object mass and it heats up. N.A. Kozyrev (Н.А. Козырев) revealed the process and noted in his work "Man and Nature": "...the great mass of star matter converts time to radiation".

N.A. Kozyrev (Н.А. Козырев) observed astronomically the interactions of double stars between themselves and the interactions of satellites with planets in their internal energy- release. He noted the discovery in his works:

"Particular features in the physical structure of double star components" and

"On connection of tectonic processes of the Earth and the Moon".

In other words, energy-release of heavenly objects depends on both their masses and the distance between them. A value of excretion of energy is directly proportional to the mass of the objects and is inversely proportional to the second power of the distance between them.

Thus, the excretion of energy of an object depends on its mass and presence of neighbouring objects (on its mass and distance between them). From this rule it follows, for example, that gravitational excretion of energy in deep of the planet Jupiter is higher than the gravitational excretion of energy in deep of the planet Venus because Jupiter's mass is very big.

Consequently the "climate" of Jupiter under cold clouds is warm and even hot. And energy-release in the depths of Venus is bigger than in the depths of the Earth because the Sun is nearer to Venus. This is seen from the graph where:

0x01 graphic
Graph [Владимир Суханов]

The graph is for the planets and their satellites: 1 - Venus, 2 - Earth, 3 - Mars, 4 - Io, 5 - Jupiter, 6 - Europa, 7 - Saturn, 8 - Titan, 9 - Uranus.

W - excretion of energy of heavenly objects,

- temperature deep inside the planets, and
X - distance from the Sun to planets and their satellites.

The Sun is a gravitational (hellish) "hole". In this "hole" are high temperatures and pressures. Second "hole" by value of temperature and pressure (in the Solar System) is Jupiter.

The graph is similar to the specific energy curve of connecting nucleons in atomic nuclei of chemical elements.

If an energy balance of mass creation is negative, for example, when mass of objects is dispersed in the cosmic vacuum, cooling of the objects is possible because their mass absorbs energy from the external medium.

In different parts of the universe carriers of mass are in different conditions for a long time:

-- those in the innermost parts of stars;

-- others in the cosmic vacuum.

Therefore the carriers of mass may have different sizes. For the atoms of one element the same material "place of its life" can be determined by its size. For example, an atom of hydrogen in the Earth "life" is more than an atom of hydrogen of the Sun "life", but smaller than an atom of hydrogen in the open Cosmos. It follows that atoms as carriers of mass) in changing their "place of life" restore their size according to "the cosmic standard" to their present "place of life".

The presence of large mass gives life energy to stars and planets and also can give it to living organisms. A life process (for example, aging) changes under the influence of large mass. The process of aging may change when exiting from (leaving) the gravitational "hole" of the Sun and planets. In the distant Cosmos far from large masses the process of aging may reverse.

In closing this brief description of the world of gravitation we should note that the ways of mass creation may be different. In this article are described three ways:

-- resulting from equally slow expansion of mass carriers;

-- resulting from large overload (by impact);

-- resulting from mutual movement of objects in the world of gravitation.

In all these cases the general formula for calculating mass is one and the same.

In the first case mass creation may take place at the expansion of a closed envelope when a blast in it is from a high explosive and if the blast in the envelope ends before the envelope breaks.

That increase of envelope mass can be observed over a period after the blast ends and before the beginning of the envelope's break.

This can be observed when an envelope is moving along its trajectory. A distant blast in an envelope allows us to observe slowing down of its movement as a result of increased mass (at constant kinetic energy of the envelope mass reduced to its centre). Here increase in mass dM with respect to initial mass M can be determined by the formula:

dM = MdX'(2X'_o - dX') / (X'_o - dX')²

where:

X'_o - beginning speed of the envelope along a trajectory;
dX' - value of decreasing of speed of movement in the envelope over the time between the end of the blast and beginning of the envelope break.

With that example the nature of mass, as described in this paper, may be experimentally observed.

In closing it should be noted that the hidden mass of galaxies (which is lumped in their coronas) could have not factual but induced mass arising as a result of expansion of each galaxy. Dark mass in the universe may be induced mass.

It should also be noted that there are limits to some physical values. For example, the speed of light c limits velocity. For world of gravitation there is another limiting value, namely mass consumption.

M'_lim = (1/G)c³

M'_lim

(4,03837)10³⁵ (kg/s)

m'_lim = 1 - in natural system of units.

This value (as any other physical value in its limiting meaning) influences on all physical phenomena.

The author - (Sukhanov Vladimir Nikolayevich)

It was registered in VNTIC on the 01st of December 2000 by N 72200000039.

The article was published in the book "Inventive Creation" in Russian in 2003, ISBN: 5-94990-002-2.
Copyright - Vladimir Sukhanov 2001, 2002, 2003

<< Contents I Home >>

Translated by Valentina Sukhanov

3. On the nature of electrostatic charge

Russian

Author - Vladimir Sukhanov

Electrostatic charge is the second derivative of charge size with respect to time.

Electrostatic charge Q in SI is product of electric current strength I and time T. A value of electric current strength is measured in amperes (ю), time - in seconds (s) but electrostatic charge - in coulombs (C) or product A to s (юs).

The electrostatic charges can be positive and negative but their values can be determined by the force and the distance of their interaction.

In addition the value of electrostatic charge can be determined as the second derivative of charge size with respect to time. In the nature system of measurement:

q = v"

Thus the electrostatic charge is measured by accelerating size change which the electrostatic charge occupies.

This phenomenon can be seen on the elementary or charge particles level and also in macro bodies in a number of cases. Here if the accelerating sizes change (of elementary or charge particles or of macro bodies) is symmetrical relative to their centres of symmetry, then their charges have scalar values, if the acceleration sizes change is not symmetrical relative to their centres of symmetry, then their charges have vector values. In this case the formula for determining electrostatic charge is:

q = sx"

where

-- s - is the section area of size charge,

-- x - is the length of electrostatic charge (or its deformation).

In the world which surrounding us processes of fluctuation (with very big constant of time) in the elementary (charge) particles have (in general case) symmetrical and equal accelerating (equal slowing) character. Therefore the correct formula is:

q = v/ ² .

In SI the measurement of electrostatic charge unit can be regarded as a derivative from the measurement of length and time with accounting of the measurement of proportion coefficient K_q:

[Q] = C = As = [K_q](m³/s²)

where [K_q] - is the measurement of proportion coefficient K_q:

K_q = (4 _o/G)^1/2 1,29 (As³/m³)

where

_o is absolute dielectric permeability of the vacuum (medium),

-- G is the gravitational constant.

In the system SI the value of electrostatic symmetry charge Q:

Q= K_q(V/T²) (C)

The coefficient K_q arised as a result of non-coherence between the units of physical values (m, C, s, A) in system SI. The coefficient K_q indicates an unnatural measure of length (m) and time (s). In the nature system of measurement the coefficient K_q will be equal to unit (numerical constant)(Й=1).

Two additional forces (with opposite directions) can arise as a result of increased charge due to collision of the two charges:

F = (1/G)(X⁴)"" (N),

where X is distance between the two interacting charges,

This electrostatic charge can be a vector value. Corresponding speeds and elastic interaction of electrostatic charges are necessary for such derivatives to arise.

The electrostatic charges can interact with masses of bodies. The force of this interaction is proportional to the values of electrostatic charge Q of one body and mass M of the second body and it is inversely proportional to square of distance between they X² (for point bodies):

F = K_q(G/4)MQ / X² .

f = v"_mv"_q / x² .

where

-- v_m - is the mass size,

-- v_q - is the electrostatic charge size.

Following it should be noted that the second derivative with respect to time can have positive or negative sign. It is a result of their interaction (repulsion and attraction). The accelerating v" can have real or imaginary value. V increases or decreases with acceleration.

Increase of electrostatic charge can be too experimentally observed when take place the blast in the envelop with electrostatic charge.

The internal energy and temperature of the transmitters of electrostatic charge for their creation (in general case) are not change as and in case with the mass creation (looks the article N 2). But distinction is. The electrostatic charges can be positive and negative. That is ones electrostatic charges are a resulting from equally slowed expansion of charge transmitters, but other are a result from equally slowed (equally accelerated) compress. In the result reaction of resilient interaction absents at electrostatic charges with different signs. Moreover than they strive to occupy place one another. And when it has place, that excretion of energy arises.

Superpower magnetic, electric, gravity and electromagnetic fields and their change can heat up (heat down) of electrostatic charges.

The author - (Sukhanov Vladimir Nikolayevich)

It was registered in VNTIC on the 01st of December 2000 by N 72200000039.

The article was published in the book "Inventive Creation" in Russian in 2003, ISBN: 5-94990-002-2.
Copyright - Vladimir Sukhanov 2001, 2002, 2003

<< Contents I Home >>

Translated by Valentina Sukhanov

Russian

4. On the nature of magnetic field

Magnetic flux is the second derivative of magnetic space size with respect to time.

In the Metric System of measurement (SI) magnetic flux is measured in Webbers (Wb), but magnetic induction - in Tussles (р).

Magnetic flux т can be determined and measured as the second derivative of magnetic space size V with respect to time. In the nature system of measurement:

= v"

Thus magnetic flux is measured by accelerating change of size of magnetic space. In SI it is:

= K V"

where

-- K = (

_{_o}/4

G)^1/2 is a proportional coefficient, but

_{_o} is the magnetic permeability.

The formula can be used for creation of new magnets in principle.

The magnetic induction B - is the second derivative of magnetic field length X with respect to time T:

b = x"

magnetic induction is an acceleration of magnetic space. In the SI:

B = X"

In the general case the magnetic flux (the induction of magnetic field) is a vector value and its formula has look:

= sx"

where

-- s is section area of the magnetic flux,

-- x" is induction of the magnetic field.

It is possible a case when magnetic flux is a scalar value. Here is the spherical size of magnetic field is increasing by symmetrically relative to itself centre of symmetry. This phenomenon can be seen on elementary particles level and also in macro bodies at the blast of magnetic envelops. If expansion of magnetic field is symmetrical and has the uniformly accelerated motion (or equal slowed motion) that

= v / t²

In the scalar magnetic field a value of induction of magnetic field has not generally meaning.

The suggested formulas can be used for understanding of the nature of magnetic field and creation of new magnets in principle.

Speed of change of the magnetic flux has itself limit:

'_{_lim} = (_{_o}/ G)^1/2c³ = c² ( _{_o}G) ^-1/2 .

For a plane system with homogeneous field it is:

'_{_lim} = c² (_{_o} G)^-1/2 ,

'_lim 3,6776^.10²⁷ (V)

In the nature system of measurement magnetic flux will be equal to unit (numerical constant)

'_{_lim} = 1

It was registered in VNTIC on the 01st of December 2000 by N 72200000039.

The article was published in the book "Inventive Creation" in Russian in 2003, ISBN: 5-94990-002-2.
Copyright - Vladimir Sukhanov 2001, 2002, 2003

<< Contents I Home >>

Translated by Valentina Sukhanov

Russian

5. On the nature of electric current

Electric current strength in physics conductor is the second derivative of length square of the physics conductor with respect to time.

Electric current strength I in the SI is one of the main physical values as length X and time T. The value I is measured in amperes (A), length X - in meters (m), but time T - in seconds (s).

Electric current (also magneto-motive force and difference of magnetic potentials) has direction (is a vector value). Using Ampere's Law electric current strength can be determined:

dF = I^.dX^.B

where dF - a piece of physics conductor (a vector),

I - electric current (a vector) in magnetic field,
B - magnetic induction,
dF - strength (a vector) which act on the piece of the physics conductor, where the vector I is perpendicular to the vector B.

Value of electric current strength in physics conductor can be determined as the second derivative of length square of the physics conductor with respect to time (in the natural system of units):

i = (x²)"

The vectors of electric current and acceleration of change of the conductor's length have the same direction.

For the uniformly accelerated change of the conductor's length the following formula will be correct:

i = x² / ²

The measurement of electric current i can be taken as a derivative from the measurement of length and time. For the system SI:

A = [K_i]m² / s²

where [K_i] - is a measurement of the coefficient K_i, here

K_i = (2/ _oG)^1/2 0x01 graphic
2,73752^.10⁸ (As²/ m²)

where

-- _o is the magnetic constant,

-- G is the gravitational constant.

The coefficient K_i arose as a result because of the non-coherence between the units of physical values (m, s, A) in SI. The coefficient K_i indicates an unnatural measure in SI. In the natural system of measurement the coefficient K_i will be equal to unit (numerical constant) (Й=1).

Electric current in the physics conductor for SI:

I = (2/ _{_o}G)^1/2 (X²)"

Electric current I_q in the electric charge in SI:

I_q = 2( _{_o}/ G)^1/2V'''

where
_Н - is absolute permittivity of free space.

From I = I_q follow that

V''' / (X²)" = (2 / _{_o}G)^{1/2 .}0,5(_{_o}/ G)^-1/2

X' = (2_{_o}_{_o})^-1/2

X' = 0,5^1/2c = C (m/s)

where

-- c is a speed of spreading field (light) from a point spring,

-- X' is a speed of spreading field (light) from linear spring.

On the practice (in general) electric current is got in the physics conductors, which are in alternating magnetic current by method of making in conductor electromotive force. This methods is used for a work of the transformers and the electrical generators (for transformation of mechanical energy to electrical one).

In addition electric current can be got at accelerative change of a conductor's length. Almost all knowing now conductors have inertia, viscosity and even solidity except the vacuum with electron cloud. Some methods deformation of electrical cloud in the vacuum or other medium can be found. That will be to have influence on choice of principles of a work of new electro-energetic systems.

Value of electric current has itself limit:

I_lim = (_{_o}/ G) ^1/2c³

I_lim = ( / _{_o}G) ^1/2c²

For the flat and linear system:

I_lim = (_{_o}/ G) ^1/2c³

I_lim = (1 / _{_o}G)^1/2c²

I_lim 9,8154^.10²⁴ (ю)

In the nature system of measurement electro-current will be equal to unit (numerical constant without a unit of its measurement): i_lim = 1 .

It was registered in VNTIC on the 01st of December 2000 by N 72200000039.

The article was published in the book "Inventive Creation" in Russian in 2003, ISBN: 5-94990-002-2.
Copyright - Vladimir Sukhanov 2001, 2002, 2003

<< Contents I Home >>

Translated by Valentina Sukhanov

Russian

English translation checked by Wayne Macleod - author of the book "Dynasophy"

6. On the nature of voltage

Voltage is the second derivative of conductor section area containing electric current (or a space containing different electric potentials) with respect to time.

Voltage U (voltage drop, electromotive force) in the SI is measured in volts (V) and it is the energetic characterization of the resulting electrical field.

In the natural system of measurement voltage u is the second derivative of section area s of a conductor containing electric current (or space which has potentials) with respect to time:

u = s"

u = (x²)"

where x - linear size of section area s.

Voltage u is measured in units of value of the section area divided by time square.
In the SI this formula is written:

U = K_u S"

where

-- K_u = (4

_{_o}G)^-1/2
for the spherical system of bodies,

-- K_u = (

_{_o}G)^-1/2
for the plane system of bodies.

Thus it is necessary to change the section area of a conductor for the creation of additional electromotive force in the conductor with electric current. Here the energy, when such change is made, will transform into electrical energy that can be used for the creation of new generators of electrical energy.

This article is useful for practical ways of getting voltage and electromotive force U.

Known examples of getting voltage U.

1) Decrease of voltage U when electric current runs through electric resistance.

R = (_{_o} / 16²_{_o})^1/2

(See article 7):

U = RI = (_{_o} / 16²_{_o})^1/2 (4/ _{_o}G)^1/2(X²)"

U = (4_{_o}G)^-1/2(X²)"

2) Voltage U arises with change of magnetic stream

U = ' = [(_{_o}/ 2G)(X³)"]'

where X' = (2

_{_o}

_{_o})^-1/2 (see article 5). Then

U = (4_{_o}G)^-1/2(X²)"

3) Voltage U on face of condenser

with electrical charge Q, where C = 4

_{_o}dX (see article 8):

U = Q / C = (4_{_o} / G)^1/2(X³)"/ (4_{_o})dX = (4_{_o}G)^-1/2(X²)"

4) Voltage U (electromotive force) self-induction arises with induction

L = (_{_o}/ 16²_{_o})^1/2dT

(See article 8):

U = LdI / dT = (_{_o} / 16²_{_o})^1/2 dT^.(4 / _{_o}G) (X²)" / dT = (4_{_o}G)^-1/2 (X²)" .

Supposed examples for getting voltage U.

1) Straight getting voltage U:

U = K_uX'₁X'₂ ,

U = K_u(X²)",

U = K_u X"₁X₂ ,

U = K_u X₁ X"₂ .

where

-- X₁ - width of the conductor,

-- X₂ - the height of the conductor,

-- X² = X₁X₂ - section area of the conductor.

2) Derivation of voltage U on capacitor plate C by effecting mass M:

U = K_cM / C

where

K_c = (4_{_o}G)^1/2

then

U = (4_{_o}G)^1/2(1 / G) (X³)'' / 4_{_o}dX = (4_{_o}G)^-1/2(X²)"

This obtain of U is less on ten of orders than obtain of U with using Q and C. This U can have meaning when precision experiments are made.

Result of this formula can be seen when capacitor C approaches a large mass M. If this mass is mass of the Earth then the derived U will be affect electron apparatus and equipments through their charged condenser C.

3) Obtaining voltage U with a stream of electric conducting medium (liquid or gas) through a channel of variable section area

(dS = S₂ - S₁):

U = K_u S"

S" - accelerated change of section of area S.

This method can have practical use for creating new electric energy systems.
The voltage has a self limit:

U_lim = '_lim

(See article 4).

It was registered in VNTIC on the 01st of December 2000 by N 72200000039.

The article was published in the book "Inventive Creation" in Russian in 2003, ISBN: 5-94990-002-2.
Copyright - Vladimir Sukhanov 2001, 2002, 2003

<< Contents I Home >>

Translated by Valentina Sukhanov

Russian

English translation checked by Wayne Macleod - author of the book "Dynasophy"

7. On the nature of electric resistance

Electric resistance is a function of dielectric conductor permeability and magnetic conductor permeability.

In the SI electrical resistance R is measured in ohms (

). Resistance R is determined by Ohm's Law:

R = U / I

where

-- U - tension in volts (V) on the segment of the electric circuit,

-- I - force of electricity current in amperes (A) in this segment of the electric circuit.

In addition, electric resistance can be determined by the formulas I and U from articles 5 and 6:

I = K_i(X²)" and U = K_uS"

Then

R = K_rS" / (X²)"

where

K_r = K_u / K_i = (_{_o}/ _{_o})^1/2

If the directions of vectors S and X² and points of their application coincide, |S| = |X²|, the formula for R will be simple:
R = K_r or in the natural system of measurement r=1, this is k=1.

That is, electric resistance can be equal to unit 1 (dimensionless).

In the SI when |S|
|X²|,

R = K_rV / X³ ,

where

-- V - conductor's size,

-- X - conductor's length.

Thus electric resistance R can be operated by the changing of:

-- an angle between vector S and vector X² (or an angle between vector U and vector I);

-- the values

and

of the conductor;

-- the correlation of conductor's size V and X³.

It can be used for creation of new operated resistances.

It was registered in VNTIC on the 01st of December 2000 by N 72200000039.

The article was published in the book "Inventive Creation" in Russian in 2003, ISBN: 5-94990-002-2.
Copyright - Vladimir Sukhanov 2001, 2002, 2003

<< Contents I Home >>

Translated by Valentina Sukhanov

Russian

English translation checked by Wayne Macleod - author of the book "Dynasophy"

8. On the nature of self-induction's coefficient and electric capacitance

Self-induction's coefficient is a function of induction created with respect to time. Electric capacitance is a function of electric capacitance created with respect to time (or line space).

The known Law of electromotive self-induction is:

U = LI'

where

-- L - self-induction's coefficient of the electrical circuit,

-- I' - speed of change of electric current I in the electrical circuit,

L = U / I'

Or in the natural system of measurement

l = u / i' = udt / di

where

u / di = r = k

Then

l = kdt = dt

that is k = 1. In the SI:

L = K_l S" / (X²)"

(see articles 5 and 6 for the formulas I and U). Or for level (flat) system, if |S|=|X²| and vectors S and X coincides in directions and points of their application:

L = (_{_o}/ _{_o})^1/2 dT

where dT - time of creation of the self-induction's coefficient L .

Thus the self-induction's coefficient is a proportion coefficient in electric circuits at changed time dT for creation of L . As a result the follow formula is suggested:

L = _{_o}dX ,

where change of the slf-induction's coefficient L takes place when the conductor's size changes. (the space), that is dx = dt, but in the SI: dX = K_l dT. Known tension U on capacitor plate with charge Q and with electric capacitance C:

U = Q / C or C = Q / U

In the natural system of measurement:

c = (x³)" / (x²)" = kdx

(see articles 3 and 6 for the formulas Q and U), or c = dx, that is k = 1, where dx - space change with electric processes.

C = K_c dX

where

-- K_c = K_q / K_u =

_{_o} - proportion coefficient. Or

C = (_{_o}/ _{_o})^1/2 dT

that is

dX / dT = 1 / (2_{_o}_{_o})^1/2

The same in the natural system of measurement:

c = kdt or
c = dt , that is k = 1

The deformation of electric bodies in space or in time gives their electric capacitance change.

Thus the suggested formulas for L and C are the functions from X and T. New formulas for L and C can be used for formation of new constructions of electric contours (circuits) with operated L and C, through change of dX and (or) dT.

It was registered in VNTIC on the 01st of December 2000 by N 72200000039.

The article was published in the book "Inventive Creation" in Russian in 2003, ISBN: 5-94990-002-2.
Copyright - Vladimir Sukhanov 2001, 2002, 2003

<< Contents I Home >>

Translated by Valentina Sukhanov

Russian

English translation checked by Wayne Macleod - author of the book "Dynasophy"

9. On the nature of interactive forces between bodies and fields

Force is the fourth derivative of space with respect to time.

Force F (of interaction between bodies and fields) is a vector with its value measured in Newtons (N) in the SI.
Natural forces are divided into four groups:

-- gravitational,

-- electromagnetic,

-- strong,

-- weak.
A fifth group of forces is still being sought.

Michael Faraday in his work "Experimental Research on Electricity" volume 3, series 24, division 30, point 2702, wrote about one source of all forces.

Faraday came to some discovers in the field of physics when he searched the unit force (the Great Force) and its manifestations.

After Faraday an attempt "Great Unification": a theoretical model of the quantum theory of field was made, where on unit basic were described electromagnetic weak and strong interactions.

With basic formulas suggested in previous articles (mass M - art. 2 , electric charge Q - art. 3 , magnetic field with stream Ф and induction B - art. 4 , electric current I - art. 5 , electric tension U - art. 6 , electric resistance R - art. 7 ) we can write common (united) formula of the Force F (for all cases):

₄
F = (1/G) П X^j)_n"^...i
^{n =1}

where 0

4 , 0

4 and

₄

i_m = 4 ,
ⁿ⁼¹

₄
j_k = 4 .
ⁿ⁼¹

There are several descriptive forms of the force F:

₄
F = (1 / G) П (X^j_k)_n"^...i_m
^{k, m, n =1}

F = (1 / G) [(X^b)"^...a]^c [(X^k)"^...d]^l [(Xⁿ)"^...m]^p [(X^w)"^...v]^z ,

where ac + dl + mp + vz = 4, and bc + kl + np + wz = 4, a, b, c, d, k, l, m, n, p, v, w, z - [0, 4];
or

F = (1 / G) [(X^b)"^...a]^c [(X^k)"^...d]^l X^m / Xⁿ T^p

where ac + dl - p = 4, bc + kl + m - n = 4.

The last formula is more convenient for known cases of force F.

The suggested formulas for force F can have tens of notes. Each of the noted forms of force F reflects one of the physics laws. Those laws are known already or unknown. The measurement of force in any cases is:

[F] = [1 / G](m⁴ / s⁴) .

Derivation of force F formulas for all known cases:

1) Newton's Second Law:

F = MX"

F = (1 / G) (X³)" X"

2) Ampere's force for two electric currents I₁ and I₂,

-- X₁ - is the conductor's length with current I₁,

-- X₂ - is the conductor's length with current I₂,

(Case when X₁ = X₂ and equal to the distance between parallel conductors X₁ Х X₂):

F = (_{_o}/ 2
)^1/2 I₁ I₂ = (_{_o}/ 2
) (2
/ _{_o}G) (X₁²)" (X₂²)"

F = (1 / G) (X₁²)" (X₂²)"

3) Coriolis' force F for speed X" of a body with mass M in a rotating system
(see supplement 2):

F = 2M
X' = 2(1 / G) (X₁³)" 1' [0,5(2R)' ]

where 2R = X₂ - is the diameter of the frame of reference,
then

F = (1 / G) (X₁³)" (X₂)' / dT .

4) Attractive force of two masses M₁ and M₂:

F = GM₁M₂ / X² = G(1 / G)(X₁³)" (1 / G)(X₂³)" / X²

F = (1 / G) (X₁³)" (X₂³)" / X² .

5) Interactive force of magnet (flux Ф) with magnetic field with induction B:

F = 4
BФ / _{_o}

F = (2
/ _{_o}) BФ = (2
/ _{_o}) (_{_o}/ 2
G) (X₁³)" (X₂)"

F = (1 / G) (X₁³)" (X₂)" .

6) Elevating force of magnet with magnetic induction B:

F = 2B²S / _{_o} ,

where S =
X² - is the area of the magnet's poles, then

F = 2(_{_o}/ 2
G) (X₂)" (X₂)"
X² / _{_o} .

F = (1 / G) [(X₂)"]² X² .

7) Interactive force of two point magnets with magnetic fluxes Ф₁ and Ф₂ at distance X from each other:

F = (2 / _{_o}) Ф₁ Ф₂ / X² = (2 / _{_o}) (_{_o}/ 2 G) (X₁³)" (X₂³)" / X²

F = (1 / G) (X₁³)" (X₂³)" / X²

8) Interactive force of magnetic field (with induction B) with electric current I in a conductor with length X (the conductor and the vector X are perpendicular to the vector B):

F = IXB = (2 / _{_o} G)^1/2 (_{_o}/ 2 G)^1/2 X (X₁²)" (X₂)"

F = (1 / G) X (X₁²)" (X₂)"

9) Interactive force of magnetic flux Ф with electric current I in a conductor with length X₁ at distance X₂:

F = IФ X₁ / X₂² = (2 / _{_o}G)^1/2 (X_i²)" (_{_o}/ 2 G)^1/2 (X_ф³)" X₁ / X₂²

F = (1 / G) (X_i²)" (X_ф³)" X₁ / X₂²

10) Lorentz force:

F = Q X'B

F = (4
_o / G)^1/2 (X_Т³)" X' (_{_o}/ 2 G)^1/2 (X_b)"

F = (1 / G)( _{_o} _{_o})^1/2 (X_Т³)" X' (X_b)"

where

(_{_o} _{_o})^1/2 = 1 / X'_c

then

F = (1 / G) (X_Т³)" X' (X_b)" / X'_c

11) Interactive force of electric charge Q with electric field with tension U applied at length X:

F = Q U / X = (4 _{_o}/ G)^1/2 (X_q³)" (X_u²)" / X(4 _{_o} / G)^1/2

F = (1 / G) (X_q³)" (X_u²)" / X

12) Interactive force of two tensions U₁ and U₂:

F = K U₁ U₂ = K (X₁²)" (X₂²)" / (4 _{_o}/ G)^1/2 ,

where

K = 4 _{_o} ,

then

F = (1 / G) (X₁²)" (X₂²)"

In addition new (anticipated) displays of force F are suggested below.

1) Interactive force of electric charge Q and mass M at distance X from each other (see the art. 3):

F = (G / 4 _{_o})^1/2 QM / X²

F = (G / 4 _{_o})^1/2 (4 _{_o}/ G)^1/2 (X_q³)" (X_Л³)" / X²

F = (1 / G) (X_q³)" (X_Л³)" / X²

This force is less than the interaction force of electric charges at five orders of magnitude. But it is more than the gravitation force of two masses at fifteen orders of magnitude. The discovery of this force requires screening from the elecric interactive forces of the two charges since the body with mass M can obtain an electric charge from the presence of the charge Q. Therefor interaction of the charge Q and the mass M must take place in an electrically conducting medium with a density that is different from the density of the body with mass M. Difference of body mass M and mass M_c (mass of the electric medium pushed out by body mass M) must be maximum per module. This difference can be negative (for a light body in a heavy medium) then M and Q are absent.

The gravitational attractive force between mass M and mass of the body that carries charge Q cannot be accounted for in this case. Value of force F increases if the medium between Q and M increases.

2) Interactive force of electrical charge Q with electric current I in a conductor at distance X between Q and I:

F = QKI / X

F = K(4_{_o} / G)^1/2 (X_q³)" (4 / _{_o}G)^1/2 (X_i²)" / X

where

K = (_{_o}/ 16² _{_o} )^1/2 = R

(See the art. 7). Then

F = (1 / G) (X_q³)" (X_i²)" / X

F = RIQ / X = UQ / X ,

3) Interactive force of electric tension U (potential difference) with electric current I:

F = KUI

F = K(4 / _{_o}G) (X_i²)" (X_u²)" / (4_{_o}G)^1/2

where

K = (_{_o}_{_o})^1/2

then

F = (1 / G) (X_i²)" (X_u²)"

4) Interactive force of mass M and magnetic field with flux Ф at distance X from one another:

F = KMФ / X²

F = (1 / G) (X_Л³)" (_{_o}/ 4G)^1/2 (X_Т³)" / X² .

K = (4G / _{_o})

then

F = (1 / G) (X_Т³)" (X_Л³)" / X²

This force is less than interactive force of two magnetic fluxes Ф at three orders of magnitude. Advisably for its discovery is that a body with mass M and medium between M and Ф have

equal (or nearly equal) values. Otherwise it will be neccessary to consider interaction of the difference

with a magnetic field.

5) Interactive force of electric charge Q and magnetic field with flux Ф at distance X between one another:

F = KФQ / X²

F = K(_{_o}/ 4G)^1/2 (X_ф³)" (4_{_o} / G)^1/2 (X_q³)" / X² .

where K = c -is the speed of light, then

F = (1 / G) (X_Т³)" (X_q³)" / X² .

This interaction can be substantial and have a practical useful.

6) Interactive force of transmitter of magnetic field with magnetic flux Ф and tension U at distance X:

F = KФU / X

F = K(_{_o}/ 4G)^1/2 (X_Т³)" (X_u²)" / (4_{_o} G)^1/2 X

where

K = 4 ( _{_o}/ _{_o})^1/2

then

F = (1 / G) (X_ф³)" (X_u²)" / X

This force is less than interactive force of two fluxes Ф at three orders of magnitude. Force itself has a self-limiting value. It has the limiting value F_lim per unit of size:

F_lim = (1 / G)c⁴ 1,210673^.10⁵⁴ (N)

where c - is the speed of light for our macro world, but for micro world it is:

F_lim 3,0266825^.10⁵³ (N)

The limiting value of force F_lim is unattainable in practice and can be used only for analysis of nature.

Following the end of this article is a note of that force F - is one of the basic physical values. Knowledge of nature is done by mean of it. In the natural system of measurement force f - has no measurement value (it is dimensionless value) and is considered the basic physical value in the absolute system of measurement.

To have full knowledge about force F let us be clear about nature's Laws and to become free from scientific prejudices.

contours (circuits) with operated L and C, through change of dX and (or) dT.

Комментарии: 76, последний от 08/09/2014.
Размещен: 27/06/2008, изменен: 17/02/2009. 103k. Статистика.
Статья: Естествознание

Связаться с программистом сайта.
Новые книги авторов СИ, вышедшие из печати:
О.Болдырева "Крадуш. Чужие души" М.Николаев "Вторжение на Землю"
Как попасть в этoт список

Сайт - "Художники" .. || .. Доска об'явлений "Книги"