The central strategic balance in the world today is that between the United States and the Soviet Union. It is for this reason that these two countries alone constitute the first section of this, the eleventh of the Institute's annual estimates of the military forces of the principal powers. For easy reference, the other countries included are grouped by continent. Cuba and Morocco have been omitted from this edition, while Rhodesia appears for the first time.
The Institute assumes full responsibility for the facts and judgments which the document contains. The co-operation of governments has been sought and in many cases received. Not all countries have been equally co-operative in producing information, and some figures have been estimated. The Institute owes a considerable debt to a number of its own members and consultants who have assisted in compiling and checking material.
Manpower figures given are those of regular forces, although an indication of the size of para-military forces, militia, or reserve forces has been given in the sections dealing with individual countries. Except where otherwise stated, naval strengths are those of active fleets and ships in commission only, and vessels of less than 100 tons standard displacement have generally been excluded. Figures for defence budgets are the latest available and are exclusive of military aid.
National currency figures have been converted into dollars at the prevailing rates, as reported to the International Monetary Fund. In the case of some East European countries which are not members of the IMF, defence expenditure totals have been converted at the rates drawn up by Professor Benoit and Dr Lubell and described in their Disarmament and World Economic Interdependence (New York: Columbia University Press, 1967). The conversion rates used, are listed in each country section and may not always be applicable to commercial transactions. Because the basis of calculation for GNP and Defence Expenditure of certain countries has been changed, the figures will not in all cases be entirely comparable with those of last year.
A table showing the average strength of military units, and a glossary listing the abbreviations used in The Military Balance, will be found overleaf. The term 'combat aircraft', as used in the text, comprises bombers, fighter-bombers, interceptors, reconnaissance, light-strike, counter-insurgency and armed trainer aircraft, but not other categories of military aircraft.
This document examines the facts of military power as they existed in July 1969. No projections of force levels or weapons beyond 1969 have been included, except where explicitly stated. The material in this document should not be regarded as a comprehensive guide to the nature of the balance of strategic power: it does not reflect the facts of geography, vulnerability, efficiency, etc., on either side.
The Military Balanceis now complemented by another annual publication, Strategic Survey, published each spring, which reviews developments in strategic policy, doctrine and weapons during the preceding calendar year in the major countries and most significant areas of world tension.
September 1969
Вступление Главным стратегическим балансом в современном мире является баланс между Соединенными Штатами и Советским Союзом. Именно по этой причине только эти две страны составляют первый раздел настоящей, одиннадцатой ежегодной оценки института Вооруженных сил основных держав. Для удобства другие включенные страны сгруппированы по континентам. Куба и Марокко были исключены из этого издания, в то время как Родезия появляется впервые.
Институт несет полную ответственность за факты и суждения, содержащиеся в документе. Правительства стремились к сотрудничеству и во многих случаях получали его. Не все страны сотрудничали в передаче информации, и поэтому некоторые данные оценочные. Институт в значительной степени благодарит своих членов и консультантов, которые оказывали помощь в сборе и проверке материалов.
Приводятся данные о численности личного состава регулярных сил, хотя в разделах, посвященных отдельным странам, приводится информация о численности воинских контингентов, ополченцев или резервных сил. За исключением случаев, когда указано иное, военно-морские силы - это силы только действующих флотов и кораблей, находящихся в эксплуатации, а суда стандартного водоизмещения менее 100 тонн, как правило, исключаются. Данные по оборонным бюджетам являются самыми последними и не включают военную помощь.
Денежные показатели в национальной валюте были пересчитаны в доллары по преобладающим курсам Международного Валютного Фонда. Что касается некоторых восточноевропейских стран, которые не являются членами МВФ, то общие расходы на оборону были пересчитаны по ставкам, установленным профессором Бенуа и д-ром Любеллом и описанным в их документах по вопросам разоружения и взаимозависимости от мировой экономики (New York: Columbia University Press, 1967). Используемые курсы конвертации перечислены в разделах по каждой стране и не всегда применимы к коммерческим операциям. Поскольку основа расчета ВНП и оборонных расходов некоторых стран была изменена, цифры не во всех случаях будут полностью сопоставимы с показателями прошлого года.
На оборотной стороне будет размещена таблица, отражающая среднюю численность воинских частей, и глоссарий с перечислением сокращений, используемых в военном балансе. Термин "боевые самолёты", используемый в тексте, включает бомбардировщики, истребители-бомбардировщики, перехватчики, разведчики, легкие штурмовики, контр-партизанские и вооруженные учебно-тренировочные самолеты, но не другие категории военных самолетов.
Этот документ исследует военной силы на в июль 1969 года. Никаких прогнозов в отношении численности сил или вооружений на период после 1969 года не было, за исключением тех случаев, когда об этом прямо заявлялось. Материал данного документа не следует рассматривать как исчерпывающее руководство по характеру баланс стратегических сил: он не отражает фактов географии, уязвимости, эффективности и т. д., с обеих сторон.
В настоящее время военный баланс дополняется еще одним ежегодным изданием "стратегический обзор", которое публикуется каждую весну и в котором рассматриваются события в области стратегической политики, доктрины и вооружений в течение предыдущего календарного года в основных странах и наиболее важных районах мировой напряженности.
Сентября 1969 года
ABBREVIATIONS ABM - Anti-ballistic missile / Противобаллистическая ракета
ANZUS - Australia, New Zealand, and the United States Security Treaty/ АНЗЮС.
APC - Armoured personnel carrier / Бронетранспортер
ASW - Anti-submarine warfare / Противолодочная оборона.
AWX - All-weather interceptor / Всепогодный перехватчик
BMD - Ballistic missile defence / Противоракетная оборона.
CENTO - Central Treaty Organization / СЕНТО.
FOBS - Fractional orbital bombardment system / Орбитальная бомбардировочная система.
GNP - Gross national product / Валовой национальный продукт.
ICBM - Inter-continental ballistic missile / Межконтинентальная баллистическая ракета.
IRBM - Intermediate-range ballistic missile / Баллистическая ракета промежуточной дальности.
LPH - Helicopter Landing Platform / Десантный вертолетоносец.
MIRV - Multiple individually-targetable re-entry vehicle / Разделяющаяся ГЧ индивидуального наведения.
MRBM - Medium-range ballistic missile / Баллистическая ракета средней дальности.
MRV - Multiple re-entry vehicle / Разделяющаяся ГЧ
MTB - Motor torpedo boat / Торпедный катер.
NATO - North Atlantic Treaty Organization / НАТО
NORAD - North American Air Defence / ПВО Северо-Американского континента.
RCT - Regimental combat team / Полковая боевая группа.
SAM - Surface-to-air missile / ЗУР - Зенитная управляемая ракета.
SEATO - South-East Asia Treaty Organization / СЕАТО
SHAPE - Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers in Europe / Верховный штаб союзных сил в Европе.
SP - Self-propelled / Самоходный.
$ - US dollars / Американский доллар.
Million - 000,000
Billion-000,000,000
NOTES. The above figures refer to the basic war establishments of the formation in question. They should be treated as very approximate since most military organization is flexible and units may be reinforced or run down for particular operations. Divisional strengths refer to organic units only and do not include support units or rear services outside the divisional structure. A dash indicates that the formation in question is not normally operated by that country.
Warsaw Pact forces not included above have similar unit strengths to those of the Soviet Union. NATO forces not included in the table have similar totals to those of Germany. Iran, Pakistan, the Philippines, Thailand, Japan, South Korea and Taiwan have tended to follow American military organization, while Australia, Malaysia, NewZealand and Singapore generally follow British practice.
a. Army divisions only; a Marine Corps division has over 20,000men.
b. Strength of a regiment, which is the equivalent formation in the Soviet and Chinese command structure.
ПРИМЕЧАНИЯ. Приведенные выше цифры относятся к основным военным учреждениям рассматриваемых формирований. Их следует рассматривать как весьма приблизительные, поскольку большинство военных организаций являются гибкими и подразделения могут быть усилены или ослаблены для проведения конкретных операций. Силы дивизий относятся только к боевым единицам и не включают подразделения поддержки или тыловые службы вне дивизионной структуры. Тире указывает на то, что данная формация обычно не управляется этой страной.
Силы Варшавского договора, не включенные в таблицу, аналогичны силы войскам Советского Союза.. Силы НАТО, не включенные в таблицу, имеют общие показатели, аналогичные показателям Германии. Иран, Пакистан, Филиппины, Таиланд, Япония, Южная Корея и Тайвань, как правило, следуют американской военной организации, в то время как Австралия, Малайзия, Новая Зеландия и Сингапур в целом следуют британской практике.
a. Армейская дивизия; дивизия морской пехоты насчитывает более 20 000 человек.
b. Силы полка, эквивалентная формация в советских и китайских структурах.
The United States has a series of multilateral and bilateral treaties and agreements with countries throughout the world.
The principal multilateral organizations of which she is a full member are the North Atlantic Alliance (NATO) and the South-East Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO). Also sheis an associate member of the Central Treaty Organization (CENTO). These alliances arid her other commitments - with the exceptions of her links with 18 Latin American republics by the Rio Act of 1947, which makes provision for collective military action in the event of an armed attack on the Americas, and her mutual defence assistance agreement with Spain - are described in the introductions to Parts II (North Atlantic Treaty section), III and IV.
Соединенные Штаты имеют ряд многосторонних и двусторонних договоров и соглашений со странами всего мира.
Основными многосторонними организациями, полноправным членом которых они являются, Североатлантический альянс (NATO) и организация Юго-Восточной Азии договора (SEATO). Также они являются ассоциированным членом Организации Центрального договора (CENTO). Эти союзы и другие ее обязательства, за исключением ее связей с 18 латиноамериканскими республиками в соответствии с Рио-де-Жанейрским актом 1947 года, который предусматривает коллективные военные действия в случае вооруженного нападения на Америку, и ее соглашение о взаимной оборонной помощи с Испанией - описаны во введениях к частям II (раздел Североатлантического договора), III и IV.
Population: 203,000,000.
Military service: selective service for two years.
Estimated GNP 1968: $861 billion.
Total armed forces: 3,454,000.
Defence estimates 1969-70: $78,475,000,000, of which an estimated $25-30 billion is attributable to operations in Vietnam.
STRATEGIC NUCLEAR FORCES The prime objective behind the deployment of American strategic nuclear forces has been the deterrence of a deliberate nuclear attack upon the United States and her allies by maintaining an Assured Destruction Capability, 'the ability to inflict at all times and under all foreseeable conditions an unacceptable degree of damage upon any single aggressor, or a combination of aggressors - even after absorbing a surprise attack'. In recent years there has, however, been increasing debate about the relative weight which should be given to a secondary objective, the limiting of damage to the population and industrial capacity of the United States. It has been accepted that on the basis of current technology there is no practical way of providing an adequate measure of 'damage limitation' against the threat which Soviet ballistic missiles pose to the economy and people of the United States. Defence against the smaller strategic threat which China might present is now thought feasible and President Johnson made proposals to Congress for investment in the Sentinel Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) system to provide a thin, damage limiting defence for American cities against Chinese nuclear attack during the 1970s. In March 1969, however, President Nixon proposed a considerably modified system, to be called Safeguard, designed to provide some protection for American land-based retaliatory forces against a direct attack by the Soviet Union. At first, two Minuteman sites in North Dakota and Montana would be protected by Spartan area-defence missiles and Sprint point-defence missiles. The system would also be equipped with Perimeter Acquisition Radars (PAR) and Missile Site Radars (MSR). If extended (twelve sites are contemplated), the Safeguard ABM system would also protect national command centres, provide substantial protection for American cities against the kind of nuclear attack which China is likely to be able to mount within the next decade, and defend against the possibility of accidental attacks from any source. The Senate approved the programme in August 1969 by two votes only.
СТРАТЕГИЧЕСКИЕ ЯДЕРНЫЕ СИЛЫ Главной целью развертывания американских стратегических ядерных сил было сдерживание преднамеренного ядерного нападения на Соединенные Штаты и их союзников путем поддержания гарантированного потенциала уничтожения, "способности нанести в любое время и при всех предсказуемых условиях неприемлемый уровень ущерба любому агрессору или комбинации агрессоров даже после внезапного нападения". В последние годы, однако, растут дебаты по поводу вторичной цели, ограничения ущерба для населения и промышленного потенциала США. Было признано, что на основе современных технологий не существует практического способа обеспечить адекватную меру "ограничения ущерба" от угрозы, которую советские баллистические ракеты представляют для экономики и населения Соединенных Штатов. Защита от небольшой стратегической угрозы, которую Китай может сейчас создать, возможно. Президент Джонсон внес предложения в Конгресс для инвестиций в Sentinel противоракетную оборону (ПРО), систему обеспечения ограниченной защиты американских городов от китайской ядерной атаки в течение 1970-х годов. В марте 1969 года, однако президент Никсон предложил значительно измененную систему защиты, призванную обеспечить защиту для американских наземных сил ответного удара от прямого нападения Советского Союза. Во-первых, две базы Minuteman в Северной Дакоте и Монтане будут защищены ракетами Spartan зональной обороны и ракетами Sprint точечной обороны. Система также будет оснащена радарами обнаружения PAR и перехвата MSR. Если она будет расширена (предусматривается 12 объектов), то система противоракетной обороны также защитит национальные командные центры, обеспечит существенную защиту американских городов от ядерного нападения, которое Китай, вероятно, сможет совершить в течение следующего десятилетия, и защитит от возможности случайных нападений любого противника. Сенат одобрил программу в августе 1969 двумя голоса только.
1. Strategic Offensive Forces, Land-based missile. At present 550 Minuteman 1 and 450 Minuteman 2 solid-fuel inter-continental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) are operational.
It is planned eventually to replace all Minuteman 1 mainly by the more powerful Minuteman 3, which could be equipped with MIRV warheads:
these have been successfully tested during the two-year programme started in August 1968.
54 launchers (six squadrons of 9 missiles each) of the Titan 2 liquid-fuelled ICBM remain in service. Seaborne missiles.
The Navy now has in commission 41 nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines, each of which carries 16 Polaris missiles.
32 of these submarines are normally deployed at any one time, 25 in the Arctic-North Atlantic-Mediterranean area, and 7 in the Pacific.
Of the total 41, 13 are equipped with the A-2 missile (1,700-mile range) and the remainder with the A-3 (2,850-mile range).
The Poseidon missile, which could be equipped with MIRV warheads, will eventually replace the Polaris missiles in
31 submarines (the remaining ten submarines will have A-3 missiles). Aircraft. The Strategic Air Command (SAC) operates about 510 bombers. These include
30 squadrons (about 450 aircraft) of long-range B-52s (with a further 100 in active storage).
2 wings of B-58 Hustler medium bombers, with a total of about 60 aircraft, remain in service.
B-52s carry the AGM-28B Hound Dog air-tosurface cruise missile with a range of up to 700 miles and a thermonuclear warhead;
it is planned to modify ten squadrons, over the next 12 months, to carry the supersonic AGM-69 short-range attack missile (SRAM).
45 B-52s are on detachment in South-East Asia for tactical operations over South Vietnam.
It is planned to cut off procurement of FB-111 supersonic bombers at 4 squadrons, the 1st of which is scheduled to enter service by the end of 1969.
There are about 560 KC-135 tankers in SAC, of which it is estimated that 100 operate in South-East Asia to assist B-52, F-4 and F-105 missions.
SAC also operates 15 SR-71 strategic reconnaissance aircraft, some of which have been used in Vietnam. 2. Strategic Defensive Forces. The North American Air Defence Command (NORAD),
which has its headquarters situated at Colorado Springs, Colorado, is a joint Canadian-American organization.
The American forces under NORAD are known as the Aerospace Defence Command (ADC) and Army Air Defence Command (ARADCOM),
and number approximately 90,000 men.
There are 20 interceptor squadrons in ADC, including the following:
11 squadrons F-106A Delta Dart,
6 squadrons F-101B Voodoo,
2 squadrons F-102 Delta Dagger (1 in Iceland) and
1 squadron with F-104A Starfighters.
Air-to-air missiles used by these aircraft include Sidewinder, Falcon and Genie.
7 squadrons of airborne early warning radar EC-121 are deployed on both coasts of the United States, with detachments operating in South-East Asia.
The regular units of Continental Air Defence Command are supplemented by 19 interceptor squadrons of the Air National Guard, equipped with F-102s.
The total number of interceptor aircraft in NORAD (including Canadian units) is about 750.
The surface-to-air missile force consists of three main systems: Nike, Hawk and Bomarc.
There are some 15 battalions of Nike-Hercules and 2 battalions of Hawk missiles still in service; both these systems are operated by the Army elements of ADC.
There are 186 long-range surface-to-air Bomarc missiles, deployed in 6 squadrons.
These are all Bomarc B, with a range of 440 miles and a ceiling of 100,000 feet, and are mostly stationed in the north-eastern states, and in Canada.
Ground defence against bomber or missile attack is supported by a chain of radar and tracking stations, including the
Ballistic Missile Early Warning System (BMEWS), with stations in Alaska, Greenland and England;
the Pinetree line; and the Distant Early Warning Line (DEW).
Surveillance and tracking of objects in North American air space is co-ordinated by the Semi Automatic Ground Environment System (SAGE)
organized at 13 locations. 11 of the locations are being combined with Back-Up Interceptor Control (BUIC) stations.
Some of the air-defence radar stations on the East, West and Gulf Coasts of the United States have been adapted for detection
of submarine-launched missiles.
The proposed system of Ballistic Missile Defence Safeguard is described above.
Army Total strength: 1,522,000. The ground forces are organized into
18 operational divisions,
38 surface-to-surface missile battalions,
7 Special Forces Groups,
5 armoured cavalry regiments,
6 independent infantry and airborne brigades, and some
230 independent aviation units.
The Army operates about 10,500 aircraft, including helicopters. Deployment. American ground forces, including the four divisions of the Marine Corps, were deployed as follows at the beginning of July 1969:
Continental United States. Strategic reserve:
2nd Marine Division, 28th Marine Regiment, 82nd Airborne Division, 171st and 172nd Infantry Brigades, 194th Armoured Brigade,
6th Armoured Cavalry Regiment.
For reinforcing 7th Army in Europe: 1st Armoured Division, 2nd Armoured Division, two brigades of 24th Mechanized Division.
Training division for units being sent to Vietnam: 5th Mechanized Division.
Germany. 7th Army. Total strength: approximately 200,000.
5th Corps : 3rd Armoured Division, 8th Mechanized Division and 14th Armoured Cavalry Regiment.
7th Corps: 4th Armoured Division, 3rd Mechanized Division, 24th Mechanized Division (less two brigades) and 2nd Armoured Cavalry Regiment.
In West Berlin: 1 infantry brigade.
Italy. Southern European Task Force (HQ elements only).
South Vietnam. Total strength: 441,000.
(In June 1969 President Nixon announced the redeployment from Vietnam of approximately 25,000 men, to be completed by the end of August.)
1st Infantry Division, 4th Infantry Division, 9th Infantry Division (being reduced by 2 brigades), 23rd Infantry (Americal) Division,
25th Infantry Division, 1st Cavalry Division (Airmobile), 101st Airborne Division (Airmobile), 1st Marine Division,
3rd Marine Division (being reduced by one regimental combat team), 5th Marine Division (2 regiments only), 199th Light Infantry Brigade,
173rd Airborne Brigade, 11th Armoured Cavalry Regiment, 5th Special Forces Group, 5 artillery groups, 1 aviation brigade and a
Logistical Command.
South Korea. 2nd Infantry Division, 7th Infantry Division and 4th Missile Command.
Hawaii/Okinawa. A Special Forces Group.
Panama Canal Zone. 193rd Infantry Brigade. Equipment. The main operational equipments in service with the ground forces overseas include the
M-48 (90mm gun) and M-60 (105mm gun or 152mm Shillelagh missile system) medium tanks, and the Sheridan light tank with Shillelagh;
the M-107 175mm SP gun and the M-110 203mm SP howitzer;
the short-range Honest John and Little John, and the longer-range Sergeant and Pershing tactical missiles;
Hawk and Nike-Hercules surface-to-air missiles. Reserves. The Army. National Guard consists of some 400,000 men capable, in about 5 weeks from mobilization, of providing
8 full divisions, 21 separate brigades and some smaller units to round out regular Army formations and provide for air defence.
3 of the divisions and 6 of the brigades form a Select Reserve and are capable of more rapid mobilization.
The Army Reserves, with an authorized strength of 260,000, act chiefly as a reinforcement pool.
NAVY Total strength: 761,000. The total number of ships commissioned and in service is 940.
The General Purpose Forces navy (excluding Polaris submarines) consists of approximately 900 ships.
The fleets are the 1st in the Eastern Pacific, the 2nd in the Atlantic, the 6th in the Mediterranean and the 7th in the Western Pacific.
The main components of the active fleets are:
(1) 15 attack carriers: 1 nuclear-powered (USS Enterprise, 76,000 tons),
8 Forrestal-class (60,000 tons), 2 Midwaj-class (52,000 tons) and 4 Hancock/Essex-class (33,000 tons).
The attack carriers no longer have a primary strategic strike mission, although they retain a nuclear strike capability.
Each attack carrier is assigned an air wing of between 80 and 100 aircraft consisting of 2 fighter squadrons, 3 or 4 light attack squadrons and
lesser numbers of airborne early warning (AEW), tanker and reconnaissance aircraft.
The fighter squadrons in the larger carriers have the F-4 Phantom, with the F-8 Crusader in the Hancock/Essex-class.
The light attack aircraft include the A-4 Skyhawk, the A-6A Intruder and the A-7A Corsair; Corsairs will eventually replace all the Skyhawk.
The RA-5C Vigilante is used for reconnaissance in the larger carriers, and the RF-8G Crusader is used in this role in the Hancock ?Essex-class.
The E-2A Hawkeye is used for AEW, and a few KA-3B Skywarrior aircraft are retained as tankers.
(2) 7 anti-submarine carriers, all Essex-class. They are equipped with S-2E long-range search aircraft and SH-3A helicopters,
and have A-4C Skyhawk for air defence; each carries about 52 aircraft and helicopters.
(3) 102 submarines (excluding Polarisvessels) 40 of these are nuclear-powered attack vessels, of which 27 are equipped with Subroc.
(4) 294 surface ships for anti-submarine warfare, fleet air defence and coastal bombardment. These consist of the following:
1 battleship (temporarily re-activated).
9 guided-missile cruisers (1 nuclear-powered).
4 gun cruisers.
31 guided-missile frigates (2 nuclear-powered).
3 gun frigates.
29 guided-missile destroyers.
166 gun/ASW destroyers.
7 patrol ships.
12 radar-picket escorts.
32 other escorts.
Guided-missile ships are armed with the Tartar, Talos and Terrier surface-to-air missiles, and Asroc anti-submarine missiles.
(5) 157 amphibious assault ships, including 8 helicopter landing platforms (LPH);
63 ocean minesweepers;
9 coastal minesweepers;
250 logistic and operational support ships.
(6) 30 squadrons of shore-based ASW patrol aircraft (about 410 aircraft), mostly equipped with P-2 Neptunes and P-3A Orions.
55 transport/liaison squadrons with C-54s and C-118s.
The number of aircraft in the active inventory of the Navy is estimated at 8,500.
Reserves Naval reservists total approximately 133,000. Equipment includes:
15 cruisers.
Over 300 escort ships.
35 squadrons of fixed-wing aircraft and 4 squadrons of helicopters.
MARINE CORPS. Total strength: 302,000. In July 1969, the active Marine Corps consisted of 4 marine divisions and 3 air wings.
A Marine division is about 20,000 strong.
It has a tank battalion with M-48 and M-103 tanks.
Tactical artillery with the divisions including 105mm, 155mm and 175mm howitzers, and a battalion of
24 Hawk surface-to-air missiles.
The 3 Marine Air Wings have about 1,200 combat and support aircraft. In the
15 fighter squadrons the F-4 Phantom, armed with Sparrow and Sidewinder missiles, has replaced the F-8 Crusader. The air wings comprise
12 attack squadrons, with the A-6A Intruder and the A-4 Skyhawk, and
3 reconnaissance squadrons with the RF-4B Phantom replacing the RF-8A Crusader. There are
3 squadrons of C-130 Hercules assault transports,
6 squadrons of CH-37C and CH-53A heavy helicopters and
14 squadrons of UH-34D and CH-46A medium helicopters.
Reserves. Reservists total 50,000 and form a reserve Division (4th Marine Division) with an associated Air Wing.
AIR FORCE Total strength: 869,000 (including Air Force personnel serving in Strategic Air Command and
Air Defence Command; for the organization of strategic and air defence forces, see above). 7,000 first-line combat aircraft.
The General Purpose Forces of the Air Force consist of the Tactical Air Command, United States Air Forces Europe (USAFE),
Pacific Air Forces (PACAF) and the Military Airlift Command (MAC). The present strength of
Tactical Air Commandis 115,000 men, and about 1,000 aircraft normally based in the United States. It includes the following units:
31 tactical fighter squadrons with F-100, F-105 and F-4D;
3 tactical fighter squadrons with F-111A;
8 tactical reconnaissance squadrons with RF-101 and RF-4C;
16 assault airlift squadrons with C-130,
3 electronic warfare squadrons, and
6 special operations (previously called air commando) squadrons with A-1E, B-26K, F-5, C-123 and AC-47 aircraft.
US Air Force Europe (USAFE), with a strength of about 25,000 men, controls the
3rd Air Force in Britain, the 16th Air Force in Spain, the 17th Air Force in West Germany, and a Logistics Group in Turkey,
has about 450 tactical aircraft and includes
18 tactical fighter squadrons and
6 tactical reconnaissance squadrons.
4 other tactical fighter squadrons are based in the USA but are 'on call' to USAFE.
The tactical fighters include about 350 F-100s and F-4s, and the reconnaissance aircraft about 100 RF-101s and RF-4Cs.
There are normally 3 C-130 transport squadrons in the Command.
For air defence there are 4 F-102 squadrons in Germany and the Netherlands.
The Mace tactical missile (of which two squadrons remain in service) is being phased out;
its 'quick reaction alert' role is being taken over by the Pershing surface-to-surface missile.
Pacific Air Forces (PACAF), with a strength of about 185,000 men and about 90 squadrons, and headquarters in Hawaii, controls the
5th Air Force with bases in Japan, Korea and Okinawa; the
13th Air Force with headquarters in the Philippines; and the
7th Air Force, which is the air component of the Military Assistance Command Vietnam (MACV).
The 5th Air Force operates squadrons of F-4, F-106, RF-4C and C-130 aircraft;
the 13th Air Force, with F-4, F-102, F-105, RF-4 and C-130 aircraft, is responsible for the Philippines, Taiwan and Thailand,
plus all joint planning responsibilities under SEATO.
The 7th Air Force, with about 60,000 men in South Vietnam, consists of fighter-bomber, interceptor, reconnaissance and assault airlift squadrons.
It also co-ordinates the operations of the Vietnamese Air Force.
The approximate strength of the 7th Air Force is
340 F-100 and F-4C fighter-bombers,
40 RF-4 reconnaissance aircraft,
150 A-1E, A-37, AC-47, AC-119, AC-130 and C-123 counter-insurgency aircraft,
100 C-7A assault airlift aircraft, and a large number of observation and liaison aircraft and helicopters.
About 110 F-4 and 110 F-105 fighter-bombers, as well as 40 RF-4 reconnaissance aircraft, fly from 13th Air Force bases in Thailand.
The Military Airlift Command (MAC) numbers 110,000 men and operates 56 squadrons. Of these,
27 are heavy transport squadrons, and the aircraft include 112 C-124 Globemasters, 50 C-133 Cargomasters and 260 C-141 Starlifters.
It is planned to form the first C-5A Galaxy squadron by the end of 1969.
The remaining squadrons are for medical transport, weather reconnaissance and air-sea rescue. Reserves. The Air National Guard General Purpose Forces have approximately 1,600 aircraft in
23 fighter-interceptor squadrons,
19 tactical fighter squadrons,
12 tactical reconnaissance squadrons,
3 tactical air support squadrons,
4 special operations squadrons,
7 tanker squadrons and
22 air transport squadrons, mostly with the older type transports.
The strength of the Guard is 75,000 men.
There is also an Air Force Reserve of 53,400 men, of whom about 50,000 have paid drill status, i.e., are attached to specific units.
The Air Force Reserve has about 440 aircraft in 41 squadrons of which
16 are equipped with C-119 Boxcar,
14 have C-124 Globemaster, and
2 have C-130 Hercules transports.
SOVIET UNION
Population: 241,500,000
Military service: Army andAir Force, 2 years; Navy and Border Guards, 3 years.
Estimated GNP 1968: 8430 billion.
Defence appropriations 1969: 17,700 million roubles (ї42,140,000,000). 0.42 roubles = $1.
The rouble figure represents the declared budget of the Ministry of Defence and does not include certain expenditures such as the cost of nuclear warheads, research - and development expenditure on advanced weapons systems, and the military elements of the space programme, which are believed to be included in the budgets of other ministries. At the commercial exchange rate ( $1 = 0.9 roubles) the dollar equivalent of the declared defence budget is approximately $19.7 billion. If calculated on the basis of the real resources mobilized by the Soviet Union in equivalent American prices the declared Soviet defence expenditure appears on a conservative estimate to be the equivalent of $42 billion for 1969, and total military expenditure to be the equivalent of $53 billion.
Рублевая цифра представляет собой заявленный бюджет Министерства обороны и не включает некоторые расходы, такие как расходы на ядерные боеголовки, расходы на исследования и разработку передовых систем вооружений, а также военные элементы космической программы, которые, как полагают, включены в бюджеты других министерств. По коммерческому курсу ($1=0,9 рубля) долларовый эквивалент заявленного оборонного бюджета составляет около $19,7 млрд. Если исходить из реальных ресурсов, мобилизованных Советским Союзом в эквивалентных американских ценах, то заявленные советские расходы на оборону представляются по консервативной оценке равными $42 млрд. в 1969 году, а общие военные расходы равны $53 млрд.
Total regular forces are estimated at 3,300,000 men.
In addition, the para-military forces, including the security and border troops of the Ministry of the Interior, have about 250,000 men.
STRATEGIC ROCKET FORCES Operational ICBMs now total around 1,050.
Newer systems are deployed in individual sites which are hardened and widely separated, while the older ones are in clusters. There is some evidence that missiles using solid-fuel motors are in a late stage of development and these have faster reaction times than the older ones.
At the present rate of construction and installation, the total number of ICBMs deployed may have reached 1150 by the end of 1969.
The considerable build-up of ICBMs in recent years may reflect the aim of reaching strategic 'parity' with the United States rather than a particular strategic doctrine. In the past year or two, increasing emphasis has been given to preparing the Soviet theatre forces in both a conventional and a nuclear environment, suggesting Soviet adoption of a doctrine along the lines of that of NATO. There has been a degree of naval expansion which suggests that the Soviet Union is in the process of transforming her naval forces from their traditional role as a mere adjunct to land power into an instrument for global support of Soviet interests.
Liquid-fuelled missiles include some 200 SS-9s (NATO code Scarp*). They are also thought to be the launcher both for the Fractional Orbital Bombardment System (FOBS) and for the Multiple Re-entry Vehicle (MRV), the initial testing of which has recently been reported. On account of its size and possible MRV capability, the SS-9 represents a potential threat to American missile sites. The Soviets are also thought to have the technical capacity to develop the Multiple Independently Targetable Re-entry Vehicle (MIRV).
The chief protection for ICBM launchers remains the hardening and separation of launch silos. A limited Ballistic Missile Defence (BMD) system, based on the Galosh anti-missile missile, has been partially deployed around Moscow. Work on an advanced surface-to-air missile system, the so-called 'Tallin Line', has been noted for some time along the eastern Baltic coast and north-eastwards. It is now thought that this does not include any ABM systems, but it is probable that its radars extend the coverage provided by the early warning system of the Moscow ABM defences.
The number of Medium-Range Ballistic Missiles (MRBMs) and Intermediate-Range Ballistic Missiles (IRBMs) stands at approximately 700. The liquid-fuelled MRBM Sandal and IRBM Skean, have ranges of about 1,100 and 2,100 miles respectively; they may eventually be superseded by the solid-fuelled, mobile Scamp. MRBMs and IRBMs are sited near the western, southern and eastern borders of the USSR, the majority being in the western USSR, and thus cover most strategic and semi-tactical targets such as airfields in Western Europe, Japan and probably China.
The operational personnel of the Strategic Rocket Forces now totals about 330,000.
AIR DEFENCE The Air Defence Command (PVO-Strany) is a separate command of anti-aircraft artillery and surface-to-air missile units, using an earlywarning system based on radar, and fighter interceptor squadrons for identification and possible interception of hostile targets. Total personnel in the PVO number about 500,000, of which ground elements account for 250,000.
Air-defence weapons now in service include:
(1) Anti-aircraft artillery: 23mm, 57mm, 85mm, 100mm and 130mm guns, and ZSU-57-2 twin-barrelled guns and ZSU-23-4 four-barrelled SP guns on tank chassis. Guns over 57mm may be being phased out in favour of surface-to-air missiles.
(2) Surface-to-air missiles:
Guideline: A two stage boosted anti-aircraft missile with an impact range of about 25 statute miles, and effective at heights of between 3,000 and 60,000 ft.
Griffon: A two-stage boosted missile, which has been developed in a long-range anti-aircraft role, is known to be in existence, but its capabilities are not yet known.
Ganef: An air-transportable, mobile antiaircraft missile with solid-fuel boosters. These are twin-mounted on tracked carriers and may have been assigned to ground forces in the field.
Goa: A two-stage missile probably intended for short-range defence against low-flying aircraft, to supplement Guideline. Only limited operational deployment is thought to have taken place.
Gainful: A new triple-mounted missile on a tracked vehicle. It is entering service as a defence against low-flying aircraft, perhaps to supplement Ganef in the field forces.
Galosh: A multi-stage, solid-fuelled antiballistic-missile missile, being deployed in limited numbers around Moscow. It is believed to have a range of several hundred miles and to carry a nuclear warhead in the 1-2 megaton range. It is therefore only suitable for interception at high altitude and for area defence. This feature, and the nature of the radars associated with it suggest that its function is the defence of Moscow and the surrounding areas. As at present deployed, it provides a limited defence against Minuteman firings from North America or Polaris missiles from the Arctic Ocean.
(3) Fighters: There are probably about 3,400 PVO fighters in service, the majority of which are the MiG-19 Farmer, MiG-21 Fishbed and Su-9 Fishpot - some older MiG-17 Frescos are still in service. Newer aircraft include the Yak-28P Firebar and the Fiddler, the latter of which has a maximum speed of the order of 1,200 mph and an operational ceiling of about 60,000 ft.
The Flagon-A and the Foxbat are reported to be coming into operational use. They have a maximum speed of the order of Mach. 2.5 to Mach. 3.
(4) Early-warning aircraft: The PVO has some modified Tu-114 Cleats in this role.
Army The total size of the Soviet Army (including the ground elements of the Air Defence Command) is estimated at about 2,000,000 men.
It is thought to be organized in about 148 divisions.
There are 3 degrees of combat-readiness in the Soviet Army, and probably fewer than half of the 148 divisions are at or near full combat strength.
The remainder could be brought up to strength at short notice, although about a quarter of the total are at the lowest degree of readiness and would require major reinforcement. The location of divisional headquarters is roughly as follows:
32 divisions in Central and Eastern Europe (20 in East Germany, 3 in Poland, 4 in Hungary, 5 in Czechoslovakia);
some 60 divisions in European USSR (i.e., west of the Ural Mountains and north of the Caucasus);
8 divisions in central USSR (i.e., between the Ural Mountains and Lake Baikal);
26 divisions in southern USSR (Caucasus and Soviet Central Asia); and about
21 divisions in the Soviet Far East (i.e., east of Lake Baikal) of which 2 are in Mongolia.
The divisions in Eastern Europe are maintained at or near combat-strength, as are about 10 of those in the Far East. The other divisions in the Far East are probably in the second category of readiness: below combat-strength, but not requiring major reinforcement in the event of war. Most of the remaining combat-ready divisions are in European USSR, while the divisions in central USSR would mostly require major reinforcement, as would 10 of the 26 divisions in southern USSR.
By types of division, the distribution is roughly as follows:
(1) Motorized rifle divisions (10,500 men and 180 medium tanks at full strength): about 90.
(2) Tank divisions (8,500 men and 319 medium and heavy tanks at full strength): about 50.
(3) Airborne divisions (7,000 men and 45 self-propelled guns at full strength): about 7.
10 of the tank divisions are in East Germany, 8 in the Far East, 2 in Hungary, and 2 in Poland. It has been estimated that the force of 32 divisions in Central Europe might be increased to 70 within a month if mobilization and movement were unimpeded.
The airborne forces total some 50,000 men, organized in about 7 divisions. The transport fleet could lift 3 of these divisions and supporting elements simultaneously over short or medium ranges.
There are small numbers of Soviet military personnel stationed outside the Warsaw Pact area, mostly in the capacity of instructors and advisers.
These include about 1,000 in Cuba, about 4,000 in Egypt, Syria and Algeria, and a further 1,000 in Vietnam.
The military doctrines of the Soviet Army still envisage a major offensive role for it in future war and accordingly emphasize training for large-scale advance at high speed. Infantry formations contain covered armoured personnel carriers which would enable them to advance across radio-active terrain.
Tactical nuclear missile units are now organic to Soviet formations whether inside or outside the Soviet Union, and the conventional artillery in a Soviet division is about equal to that of most divisions in NATO. The Soviet Army is wellequipped for offensive and defensive chemical warfare, but its long-standing logistic shortcomings for extended operations have been only partly remedied. Its equipment includes:
(1) Tanks. Tanks in service with armoured formations include the T-62 medium tank with a 115mm gun, the T-54/55 medium tank with a 100mm gun, the T-10 heavy tank with a 122mm gun and the PT-76 amphibious reconnaissance tank. The T-34 medium tank is obsolete. Most Soviet tanks are equipped for amphibious crossing by deep wading, and many carry infra-red night-fighting equipment.
(2) Artillery. The main types are 85mm, 100mm, 122mm, 130mm, 152mm and 203mm.
Lorry-mounted multi-barrelled rocket launchers play an important part in Soviet artillery operations.
The main specialized anti-tank weapons are guns up to 100 mm, and the Snapper, Swatter and Sagger missiles: the latter has been shown mounted on a new tracked combined anti-tank (75mm gun) and armoured personnel carrier.
Self-propelled assault guns are becoming obsolete except in airborne divisions.
The Soviet Army also has a considerable air-defence capability, including surface-to-air missiles.
(3) Missiles. Tactical missiles in use by the ground forces include those of the Frog and Scud series, which are carried on modified tank chassis and wheeled launchers, and have ranges of up to 150 miles according to model and the type of warhead carried (high-explosive, chemical or nuclear).
There are also two larger cruise missiles - Shaddock, with a range of up to 250 miles, and the shorter range Salish.
A new missile system associated with Scaleboard, first seen in November 1967, may have a range of 450 miles.
Navy The strength of the Soviet Navy and Naval Air Force is 465,000 men.
In total tonnage, it is the second biggest navy in the world, and its main strength lies in the submarine fleet.
A high proportion of the fleet is kept in commission.
There are indications that the Naval Air Force and the missile-carrying submarines have an increasingly important role in Soviet strategy.
(1) Surface Ships. The surface ships of the Soviet Navy include the following:
4 Kresta-class and 4 Kynda-class cruisers with Shaddock surface-to-surface cruise and Goa surface-to-air missiles.
11 Sverdlov-class cruisers (one with Guideline surface-to-air missiles).
4 other cruisers (used for training purposes).
2 helicopter ASW cruisers with surface-to-air missiles.
8 Krupny-class destroyers with Strela surface to-surface missiles.
(Two have been re-equipped with Goa anti-aircraft missiles, and are known as the Kanin-class).
4 Kildin-class destroyers with Strela missiles.
10 Kashin-class guided missile anti-aircraft and anti-submarine destroyers.
28 Kotlin-class anti-aircraft and anti-submarine destroyers (of which two carry surface-to-air guided missiles).
50 Skory- and modified Skory-class antiaircraft and anti-submarine destroyers.
100 other ocean-going escort ships.
300 coastal escorts and submarine chasers.
160 ocean-going minesweepers.
120 coastal minesweepers.
150 Osa- and Komar-class patrol boats with Styx short-range cruise missiles.
350 fast patrol boats.
100 landing ships and numerous landing craft.
Some minesweepers and adapted trawlers are used for electronic intelligence.
Almost all submarines and large surface vessels are equipped for minelaying.
A proportion of the destroyers and smaller vessels may not be fully manned.
(2) Submarines. There are now some 320 conventionally-powered and 60 nuclear-powered submarines.
About 18 of the nuclear and 35 of the conventional submarines can fire ballistic missiles and carry an average of three missiles each;
about 25 of the nuclear - and 22 of the conventionally-powered submarines are equipped with anti-shipping cruise missiles which have ranges of about 300 miles; they are thought to carry up to eight missiles each.
The remainder are training vessels or attack submarines equipped with torpedoes.
A new class of nuclear powered ballistic missile submarine, roughly similar to the American Polaris type and thought capable of carrying 16 missiles for submerged firing, is now coming into service; production of nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarines appears to be at the rate of at least 4 a year. The submarine force is distributed as follows:
70 in the Baltic fleet, 150 in the Arctic, 40 in the Black Sea and about 120 in the Far East.
The missile carrying submarines are mostly divided between the Arctic and the Far East fleets. It is believed that a major nuclear submarine construction programme has recently been embarked on, to replace the ageing diesel-powered part of the fleet.
(3) Fleet Ballistic missiles. Submarine-launched missiles in the Soviet inventory are Sark, Serb and Sawfly;
Serb is similar in dimensions to Polaris, but believed to have a much shorter range.
Serb can be fired from a submerged position but Sark only from the surface.
Sawfly, shown in Moscow for the first time in November 1967, is claimed to have arange of 1,500-2,000 nautical miles.
(4) Fleet Cruise missiles. Some ships and submarines are known to be fitted with Shaddock and Strela cruise missiles which are intended primarily for anti-ship use. However, these might also be used against shore targets and, in the case of submarines, would be fired from the surface and from fairly long range.
(5) Naval Air Force. There are no aircraft carriers in the Soviet Navy, although two 23,000 ton helicopter cruisers have recently or, will soon, come into service. The land-based Naval Air Force comprises about 500 bomber and 500 other aircraft (including helicopters). Most of the bombers are based near the north-western and Black Sea coasts of the Soviet Union. They include :
300 Tu-16 Badgers with air-to-surface missiles.
The partial replacement of this aircraft with a version of the Tu-22 Blinder is expected.
50 Tu-20 Bears for naval reconnaissance missions.
50 IL-28 Beagles, some with torpedoes.
50 Be-6 Madge flying boats, and about 100 Mi-4 Hound and some Ka-25 Hormone helicopters in the ASW role.
Madge is being replaced by the turbo-prop amphibian Be-12 Mail.
About 200 miscellaneous transport aircraft.
Recent Soviet comment has indicated a renewed interest in amphibious forces.
There is a small Marine Corps (naval infantry) numbering about 12,000 men.
The number of Soviet vessels in the Mediterranean varies between 25 and 60, and has included vessels that can land tanks, and a helicopter cruiser.
Air Force Soviet air forces include the following five main categories:
(1) the Long Range Air Force (long- and medium-range strategic bombers);
(2) the Tactical (or front-line) Air Force, which includes fighters and light bombers;
(3) the air element of the Air Defence Command (fighter-interceptors);
(4) the Naval Air Force; and
(5) the Air Transport Force (including an independent force for the airborne divisions).
There are about 9,800 combat aircraft in all, and the total personnel strength of the five categories listed above is about 505,000.
(1) The Long Range Air Force. This is grouped in three main, areas: western USSR, central Ukraine, and the Far East; in addition it has staging and dispersal points in the Arctic. Its numbers of inter-continental bombers - estimated at 150 aircraft-are about a third those of the US Strategic Air Command's B-52 force; but there is still a very strong force of medium bombers for operations in the Eurasian theatre. Aircraft include:
(a) About 110 four-jet Bison (Mya-4) and about 90 four-turbo-prop Bear (Tu-20) long range bombers. Some 50 out of the total are used in the tanker role. It is believed that half of the Bears carry the Kangaroo stand-off cruise missile.
(b) About 600 Badger (Tu-16) and about 150 Blinder (Tu-22) twin-jet medium bombers. About half the Badgers are equipped with the Kelt air-to-surface missile (carried in pairs) while a development of Blinder, which has a supersonic capability, is equipped with the Kitchen air-to-surface missile.
(2) Tactical Air Force. The strength of the Soviet Tactical Air Force has remained fairly constant for the last nine years. Altogether there are nearly 4,000 aircraft. These include light bombers, ground-attack and interceptor fighters, transport aircraft, helicopters and reconnaissance units.
The aircraft in service still contain a significant proportion of obsolescent types such as the MiG-17 Fresco, MiG-19 Farmer and the IL-28 Beagle.
The most notable high performance aircraft in service are the fighter-interceptor Fishbed (MiG-21), the ground-attack Fitter (Su-7), the supersonic light bomber Brewer (Yak-28) which is gradually replacing the Beagle, and the twin-engined reconnaissance aircraft Mandrake.
Ground-attack aircraft may now be equipped with tactical air-to-surface missiles, similar to NATO's Bullpup and Martel.
Of several new fighter and fighter-bomber types, including a variable-geometry aircraft resembling the American F-111, displayed at the Moscow Air Show in July 1967, the supersonic strike version of the Foxbat is reported to be coming into service.
(3) Fighter-interceptor units and (4) Naval Air Force. These are dealt with under Air Defence and Navy respectively (see above).
(5) Air Transport Force. About 1,500 short and medium-range transport aircraft, including twin-engined Il-14s (Crate)and An-24s (Coke), some 600 four-engined An-12s (Cub)and Il-18s (Coot). A few An-22 (Cock) heavy transports are now also in service.
There are in addition civil airliners belonging to Aeroflot, some of which could be adapted to military use in time of war;
these include about 150 long-range aircraft of the Tu-104 (Camel), Tu-114 (Cleat), Tu-124 (Cookpot) and Tu-134 (Crusty) classes.
Helicopters in use with the ground forces include the troop-carrying Hook (Mi-6) and Hip (Mi-8), the heavy load-carrier Harke (Mi-10), and the smaller Hare (Mi-1) and Hound(Mi-4). The Homer (Mi-12), a very heavy load-carrier, may shortly be entering service. The total helicopter inventory is probably around 1,500.
PARA-MILITARY FORCES AND RESERVES Security and border troops number some 250,000.
There are also perhaps about 1.5 million members of the part-time military training organization (DOSAAF), who take part in such recreational activities as athletics, shooting and parachuting, but reservist training and refresher courses seem to be haphazard and irregular. However, DOSAAF assists in pre-military training being given in schools, colleges and workers' centres, to those of 16 years and over.
РАКЕТНЫЕ ВОЙСКА СТРАТЕГИЧЕСКОГО НАЗНАЧЕНИЯ Число развернутых МБР сейчас составляют около 1,050.
Новые системы устанавливаются в отдельные шахты, которые укреплены и широко разнесены, в то время как старые находятся в кластерах. Есть некоторые свидетельства того, что ракеты, использующие твердотопливные двигатели, находятся на поздней стадии разработки, и у них быстрее реакция, чем более старые.
При нынешних темпах строительства и установки общее число развернутых МБР к концу 1969 года, возможно, достигло 1150.
Значительное наращивание МБР в последние годы может отражать цель достижения стратегического "паритета" с Соединенными Штатами, а не конкретную стратегическую доктрину. В последние год или два все больше внимания уделялось подготовке советских сил как в обычной, так и в ядерной войне, что свидетельствует о принятии Советским Союзом доктрины, аналогичной доктрине НАТО. Наблюдается определенная степень военно-морской экспансии, которая свидетельствует о том, что Советский Союз находится в процессе трансформации своих военно-морских сил из их традиционной роли в качестве простого дополнения к сухопутной державе в инструмент глобальной поддержки советских интересов.
К жидкостным ракетам относятся около 200 ракет SS-9 (код НАТО Scarp*) (Р-36 -ЕТ). Они также считаются носителем как орбитальной бомбардировочной системы (FOBS), так и для разделяющихся ГЧ (MRV), первоначальные испытания которого были недавно зарегистрированы. В силу своих размеров и возможного потенциала MRV SS-9 представляет потенциальную угрозу американским ракетным объектам. Советы также, как полагают, обладают техническим потенциалом для разработки разделяющихся ГЧ индивидуального наведения (MIRV).
Главной защитой пусковых установок МБР остается упрочнение и разделение пусковых шахт. Вокруг Москвы частично развернута система ограниченной противоракетной обороны (ПРО) на базе противоракетной ракеты Galosh (А-15 -ЕТ). Работа над усовершенствованным зенитно-ракетным комплексом, так называемой "линией Таллина", уже некоторое время отмечается вдоль восточного побережья Балтии и северо-востока. В настоящее время считается, что речь не идет о каких-либо системах ПРО, однако существует вероятность того, что ее радары расширят охват, обеспечиваемый системой раннего предупреждения противоракетной обороны Москвы.
Количество БРСД составляет около 700. Жидкостные БРСД Sandal и Skean (Р-12 и Р-14 -ЕТ) имеют дальность около 1100 и 2100 миль соответственно; в конечном итоге они могут быть заменены твердотопливным мобильным Scamp. БРСД расположены вблизи западных, южных и восточных границ СССР, большинство из которых находится в западном СССР, и, таким образом, охватывают большинство стратегических и тактических целей, таких как аэродромы в Западной Европе, Японии и, вероятно, Китая.
Оперативный состав Ракетных войск стратегического назначения в настоящее время составляет около 330 тысяч человек.
ПРОТИВОВОЗДУШНАЯ ОБОРОНА Командование противовоздушной обороны (ПВО-страны) - отдельное командование зенитной артиллерии и зенитно-ракетных подразделений, использующее систему раннего предупреждения на базе РЛС, и боевые эскадрильи перехватчиков для идентификации и перехвата вражеских целей. Общая численность персонала ПВО составляет около 500 000 человек, из которых 250 000 наземные элементы.
В настоящее время на вооружении ПВО:
(1) Зенитная артиллерия: 23 мм, 57мм, 85мм, 100мм и 130мм орудия, ЗСУ-57-2 и ЗСУ-23-4 на танковых шасси. Пушки 57мм могут быть сокращены за счет зенитных ракет.
(2) Ракеты класса земля-воздух:
Guideline (С-75 -ЕТ): двуступенчатая зенитная ракета с дальностью поражения около 31 миль на высотах от 1000 до 80 000 футов.
Griffon (Даль, на вооружение не принята -ЕТ): двухступенчатая ракета в настоящее время используется в роли зенитной..
Ganef (Круг -ЕТ): мобильная зенитная ракета с твердотопливными ускорителями. Они установлены по две на гусеничных транспортерах и, возможно, назначены сухопутным войскам в полевых условиях.
Goa (С-125): двухступенчатая ракета, возможно, предназначенная для замены Guideline. Предполагается, что имело место лишь ограниченное оперативное развертывание.
Gainful (Куб -ЕТ): новая ракета, смонтированная на гусеничном транспортере. Она поступила на вооружение в качестве защиты против низколетящих самолетов, возможно, дополнить Ganef в полевых силах.
Galosh (А-35 -ЕТ): многоступенчатая, твердотопливные анти-баллистическая ракета, теперь развернута в ограниченном количестве вокруг Москвы. Считается, что он имеет дальность в несколько сотен миль и несет ядерную боеголовку в диапазоне 1-2 мегатонны. Поэтому она подходит только для перехвата на большой высоте для обороны района. Эта особенность и характер радиолокаторов, связанных с ней, позволяют предположить, что ее функцией является оборона Северо-Западного СССР, в котором содержится большая доля советских промышленных мощностей и многих ее крупных городов. В настоящее время он обеспечивает ограниченную защиту от ракет Minuteman из Северной Америки или ракет Polaris из Северного Ледовитого океана.
(3) Истребители: вероятно, около 3400 истребителей ПВО на вооружении, большинство из которых являются МиГ-19 Farmer, МиГ-21 Fishbed и Су-9 Fishpot - некоторые старые МиГ-17 Fresco до сих пор в строю. Новые самолеты включают Як-28П Firebar и Fiddler (Ту-128 -ЕТ), последний из которых имеет максимальную скорость порядка 1200 миль в час и эксплуатационный потолок около 60 000 футов.
Сообщается, что Flagon-A и Foxbat (Су-15 и МиГ-25 -ЕТ) поступают на вооружение. Они имеют максимальную скорость 2.5 М до 3 М.
(4) Самолеты раннего предупреждения: в ПВО есть несколько модифицированных самолетов Ту-114 (Ту-126 -ЕТ).
АРМИЯ Общая численность советской армии (включая наземные части командования ПВО) оценивается примерно в 2.000.000 человек.
Считается, что имеется около 148 дивизий.
В Советской армии существует 3 степени боеготовности, и, вероятно, менее половины из 148 дивизий имеют или близки к полной.
Остальную часть можно было бы довести до уровня численности в кратчайшие сроки, хотя примерно четверть от общего числа находятся в самой низкой степени готовности и потребуют значительного укрепления. Расположение дивизий примерно следующее:
32 дивизии в Центральной и Восточной Европе (20 в Восточной Германии, 3 в Польше, 4 в Венгрии, 5 в Чехословакии);
около 60 дивизий в Европейской части СССР (к западу от Уральских гор и к северу от Кавказа);
8 дивизий в Центральной части СССР (т. е. между Уральскими горами и озером Байкал);
26 дивизий в Южной части СССР (Кавказ и Средняя Азия); и около
21 дивизий на советском Дальнем Востоке (т. е. к востоку от озера Байкал), 2 из которых находятся в Монголии.
Дивизии в Восточной Европе, как и около 10 дивизий на Дальнем Востоке, в полном составе или близко к нему. Остальные дивизии на Дальнем Востоке, вероятно, находятся во второй категории готовности: ниже боеспособности, но не требуют серьезного усиления в случае войны. Так же, как и большинство дивизий в Европейской части СССР, в то время как дивизии в Центральной части СССР, как и 10 из 26 дивизий в Южной части СССР, в основном нуждаются в существенном усилении.
По типам деления распределение примерно следующее:
(1) Мотострелковые дивизии (10 500 человек и 180 средних танков в полном составе): около 90.
(2) Танковые дивизии (8500 человек и 319 средних и тяжелых танков в полном составе): около 50.
(3) Воздушно-десантные дивизии (7000 человек и 45 самоходных орудий в полном составе): около 7.
10 танковых дивизий находятся в Восточной Германии, 8 на Дальнем Востоке, 2 в Венгрии и 2 в Польше. Согласно оценкам, силы 32 дивизий в Центральной Европе могут быть увеличены до 70 в течение месяца, если мобилизация и передвижение будут беспрепятственными.
ВДВ всего около 50 000 человек, сведенных в 7 дивизий. Транспортная авиация может одновременно перебросить 3 из этих дивизий со средствами поддержки на короткие или средние дистанции.
Советский военный персонал, за пределами Варшавского договора, в основном в качестве инструкторов и советников, невелик.
К ним относятся около 1000 на Кубе, около 4000 в Египте, Сирии и Алжире и еще 1000 Во Вьетнаме.
Военные доктрины Советской Армии по-прежнему предусматривают для нее важную наступательную роль в будущей войне и, соответственно, делают упор на подготовку к крупномасштабному наступлению с высокой скоростью. Пехотные формирования содержат закрытые бронетранспортеры, которые позволят им продвигаться по радиоактивной местности.
Тактические ядерные ракетные подразделения теперь органичны для советских формирований как внутри, так и за пределами Советского Союза, а обычная артиллерия в советской дивизии примерно равна артиллерии большинства дивизий в НАТО. Советская Армия хорошо приспособлена к наступательной и оборонительной химической войне, но ее давние материально-технические недостатки для длительных операций были исправлены лишь частично. В его оснащение входит:
(1) Танки. К танкам, находящимся на вооружении бронетанковых формирований, относятся средний танк Т-62 со 115-мм пушкой, средний танк Т-54/55 со 100-мм пушкой, тяжелый танк Т-10 с 122-мм пушкой и танк-разведчик ПТ-76. Средний танк Т-34 устарел. Большинство советских танков оборудованы для переправы вброд по дну, а многие несут инфракрасные ночные приборы.
(2) Артиллерия. Основные калибры 85мм, 100мм, 122мм, 130мм, 152мм и 203мм.
Многоствольные реактивные установки на грузовиках продолжают играть важную роль в советской артиллерии.
Основным специализированным противотанковым оружием являются орудия калибра до 100 мм, а также снаряды Snapper, Swatter и Sagger ракеты (Шмель, Фаланга и Малютка -ЕТ). Последняя установлена на новом гусеничном (с 75-мм пушкой) и бронетранспортере (БМП-1 -ЕТ).
Самоходные штурмовые орудия устарели, кроме разве что в Воздушно-десантных дивизиях.
Советская армия тоже имеет сильную ПВО, включая зенитные ракеты.
(3) Ракеты. Тактические ракеты, используемые сухопутными войсками, включают ракеты серии Frog и Scud (Луна и Р-11/Р-17 -ЕТ), которые перевозятся на модифицированных танковых шасси и колесных пусковых установках и имеют дальность до 150 миль в зависимости от типа боеголовки (фугасная, химическая или ядерная).
Есть также две крупные крылатые ракеты Shaddock, с дальностью до 250 миль, и с меньшей дальностью Salish (ФКР-2 и ФКР-1 -ЕТ).
Новый ракетный комплекс, Scaleboard (Темп -ЕТ), впервые увиденный в ноябре 1967 года, может иметь дальность 450 миль.
ВОЕННО-МОРСКОЙ ФЛОТ Численность советского Военно-Морского Флота и морской авиации 465,000 человек.
По общему тоннажу это второй по величине флот в мире, и его основная сила в подводном флоте. Большая часть флота находится в эксплуатации. Есть признаки того, что морская авиация и подводные лодки с ракетами играют все более важную роль в советской стратегии.
(1) Надводные Корабли. Надводные корабли ВМФ СССР включают:
4 Kresta и 4 Kynda крейсера с крылатыми Shaddock и зенитными Goa ракетами (пр.58 и 1134 с ПКР П-35 и ЗРК М-1 -ЕТ).
11 Свердлов крейсера (один с ЗРК М-2).
4 других крейсера (используемых в учебных целях).
2 вертолетных крейсера с ракетами класса "земля-воздух" (пр.1123 Москва с ЗРК М-22 -ЕТ).
8 Krupny эсминцев с Strela крылатых ракетами. (пр.57 с ПКР КСЩ -ЕТ).
(Два были переоснащены зенитными ракетами Goa и известны как класс Kanin (пр.57А -ЕТ)).
4 эсминцев с ракетами Strela (пр.56М с ПКР КСЩ -ЕТ).
10 зенитно-ракетных и противолодочных эсминцев Kashin (пр.61 -ЕТ).
28 эсминцев класса Kotlin (из которых один или два несут ЗРК) (пр.56 и 56К).
50 Skory (пр.30бис -ЕТ) эсминцев.
100 других океанских кораблей охранения.
300 прибрежных эскортных кораблей и охотников за подводными лодками.
160 океанских тральщиков.
120 прибрежных тральщиков.
150 Osa и Komar катеров с крылатыми ракетами малой дальности Styx (пр.206 и 205Р с ПКР П-15 -ЕТ).
350 патрульных катеров.
100 десантные корабли и многочисленные десантные катера.
Некоторые минные тральщики и адаптированные траулеры используются для целей электронной разведки.
Почти все подводные лодки и крупные надводные суда оборудованы для минирования.
Часть эсминцев и небольших судов может быть не полностью укомплектована.
(2) Подводные лодки. Сейчас насчитывается около 320 дизельных и 60 атомных подводных лодок.
Около 18 атомных и 35 дизельных подводных лодок могут стрелять баллистическими ракетами и несут по три ракеты на каждой;
около 25 атомного и 22 дизельных подводных лодок оснащены крылатыми ракетами, дальность которых около 300 миль; они, как полагают, несут до 8 ракет на каждой.
Остальные учебные или ударные подводные лодки, оснащенные торпедами.
Новый класс атомных баллистических ракет подводных лодок, примерно похожий на американский тип Polaris и способный нести 16 ракет подводного старта, в настоящее время вступает в эксплуатацию (пр.667А); производство ПЛАРБ, по-видимому, составляет не менее 4 в год. Подводные силы распределяются следующим образом:
70 в Балтийском, 150 на Северном, 40 на Черноморском и около 120 на Тихоокеанском флоте.
Ракетные подводные лодки в основном разделены между Северным и Тихоокеанским флотами. Считается, что в последнее время приняты крупные программы строительньства атомных подводных лодок для замены устаревающих дизельных.
(3) Морские баллистические ракеты. Ракеты подводных лодок в Советском инвентаре: Sark, Serb и Sawfly(Р-13, Р-21, Р-27 -ЕТ);
Serb похожа по размерам на Polaris, но, как полагают, имеет гораздо меньшую дальность.
Serb может быть запущен из подводной позиции, но Sark только с поверхности.
Sawfly, впервые показанная в Москве в ноябре 1967 года, как утверждается, имеет дальность 1500-2000 морских миль.
(4) Крылатые ракеты флота. Известно, что некоторые корабли и подводные лодки оснащены крылатыми ракетами Shaddock и Strela (П-5/-6/-35, КСЩ -ЕТ), предназначенными в основном против окораблей. Однако они могут также использоваться против береговых целей и, в случае подводных лодок, будут запускаться с поверхности и с довольно большой дальности.
(5) Морская авиация. В Военно-Морском Флоте СССР нет авианосцев, хотя 2 23-тыс.тонных вертолетных крейсера поступили или скоро поступят на вооружение. Авиация берегового базирования включают около 500 бомбардировщиков и 500 других самолетов (включая вертолеты). Большинство бомбардировщиков базируются вблизи северо-западного и Черноморского побережий Советского Союза.Они включают :
300 Badger Ту-16 с ракетами класса "воздух-земля". Ведется частичная замена этого самолета на Ту-22 Blinder.
50 Ту-20 Bear (Ту-95РЦ -ЕТ) для военно-морских разведывательных миссий.
50 Ил-28 Beagle, с торпедами.
50 летающих лодок Be-6 Madge и около 100 Ми-4 Hound и несколько вертолетов Ка-25 Hormone в роли ПЛО.
Madge заменяют на турбовинтовую амфибию Be-12 Mail.
Около 200 разных транспортных самолетов.
Недавний советский комментарий указывает на возобновление интереса к десантным силам.
Существует небольшой корпус морской пехоты численностью около 12000 человек.
Количество советских кораблей в Средиземном море от 25 до 60, и включает в танкодесантные суда и крейсер вертолетоносец.
ВОЗДУШНЫЕ СИЛЫ Советские ВВС включают в себя следующие пять основных категорий:
(1) Авиация дальнего действия (дальние и средние стратегические бомбардировщики);
(2) Тактические (или фронтовые) ВВС, в состав которых входят истребители и легкие бомбардировщики;
(3) Воздушный элемент командования ПВО (истребители-перехватчики);
4) Морская авиация (полностью наземные); и
(5) Военно-транспортная авиация (включая независимые силы для Воздушно-десантных дивизий).
Всего насчитывается около 9800 боевых самолетов, а общая численность личного состава пяти перечисленных выше категорий составляет около 505 000 человек.
(1) Дальняя Авиация. Сгруппирована по трем основным направлениям: западная часть СССР, Центральная Украина и Дальний Восток: кроме того, он имеет пункты подскока и рассредоточения в Арктике. Численность межконтинентальных бомбардировщиков 150 самолетов - это менее трети сил B-52 Стратегического Авиационного Командования; но есть еще очень сильная группа средних бомбардировщиков для действий на Евразийском театре. Самолеты включают:
(а) около 110 четырехдвигательных Bisos (М-4) и около 90 четырехдвигательных бомбардировщиков большой дальности Bear (Ту-95).
Около 50 из общего числа используются в роли танкеров. Считается, что половина Bear несут крылатую ракету Kangaroo (Х-20 -ЕТ).
(b) Около 600 Badger (Ту-16) и около 150 Blinder (Ту-22) двухместных реактивных средних бомбардировщиков. Около половины Badger оснащены парой ракет воздух-поверхность Kelt (К-11-16 -ЕТ), а усовершенствованный Blinder (Ту-22К -ЕТ), который имеет сверхзвуковую скорость, оснащен ракетой Kitchen (Х-22 -ЕТ).
(2) Фронтовая авиация. В течение последних девяти лет численность советских тактических ВВС оставалась практически неизменной. Всего насчитывается около 4000 самолетов. Они включены в легко-бомбардировочные, истребительные, транспортные, вертолетные и разведывательные части.
Самолеты, находящиеся в эксплуатации, по-прежнему содержат значительную долю устаревших типов, таких как МиГ-17 Fresco, МиГ-19 Farmer, Як-25 Flashlight, и Ил-28 Beagle.
Наиболее заметными высокоэффективными самолетами, находящимися на вооружении, являются перехватчик-истребитель Fishbed (МиГ-21), истребитель-бомбардировщик Fitter (Су-7), сверхзвуковой легкий бомбардировщик Brewer (Як-28Б -ЕТ) (постепенно заменяющий Beagle) и двухмоторный разведывательный самолет Mangrove (Як-25РВ).
Теперь истребители-бомбардировщики могут оснащаться тактическими ракетами класса "воздух-поверхность", аналогичными НАТО-вским Bullpup и Martel.
Сообщается, что из нескольких новых истребителей и истребителей-бомбардировщиков, включая самолет переменной геометрии, напоминающий американский F-111, представленных на московском авиасалоне в июле 1967 года, сверхзвуковой Foxbat (МиГ-25 -ЕТ) вступает в эксплуатацию.
(3) Истребители-перехватчики и (4) Морская авиация. Они рассматрены соответственно в ПВО и ВМФ (см. выше).
(5) Военно-транспортная Авиация. Около 1500 ближне- и среднемагистральных транспортных самолетов, в том числе двухмоторные Ил-14 (Crate) и Ан-24 (Coke), около 600 четырехмоторных Ан-12С (Cub) и Ил-18С (Coot). Несколько тяжелых транспортных Ан-22 также находятся в эксплуатации.
Кроме того, Аэрофлот имеет авиалайнеры, которые могут быть адаптированы для военного использования во время войны;
они включают около 150 дальних самолетов Ту-104, Ту-114, Ту-124 и Ту-134.
Вертолеты используемые сухопутными войсками включают десантные Ми-6 и Ми-8, грузовые Ми-10 и Ми-1 и Ми-4. Ми-12, очень тяжелый грузо-перевозчик, может в ближайшее время быть введен в эксплуатацию. Общее число вертолетов, вероятно, составляет около 1500.
ПОЛУ-ВОЕННЫЕ СИЛЫ И РЕЗЕРВЫ Внутренних и пограничных войск около 250,000.
Кроме того, возможно, около 1,5 миллиона членов организации военной подготовки с частичной занятостью (ДОСААФ) принимают участие в таких мероприятиях, как легкая атлетика, стрельба и парашютный спорт, однако подготовка резервистов и курсы повышения квалификации представляются случайными и нерегулярными. Вместе с тем ДОСААФ оказывает помощь в организации довоенной подготовки в школах, колледжах и рабочих центрах для лиц в возрасте 16 лет и старше.
The Warsaw Pact is a multilateral military alliance formed by a 'Treaty of Friendship, Mutual Assistance and Co-operation', which was signed in Warsaw on 14 May 1955 by the Governments of the Soviet Union, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland and Rumania. Albania denounced the Pact in September 1968, having played no part since 1960. Mongolia, China, North Korea and North Vietnam have all sent observers to past meetings of the Pact, but are not members of it.
In addition to the Warsaw Treaty, the Soviet Union is linked by bilateral mutual aid treaties with Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Rumania and East Germany. Most present members of the Warsaw Pact also have bilateral treaties with each other and most of these treaties have been recently renewed.The Soviet Union concluded status-of-forces agreements with Poland, East Germany, Rumania and Hungary between December 1956 and May 1957, and with Czechoslovakia in October 1968; all these remain in effect, except the one with Rumania.
The Warsaw Treaty Organization consists of two main bodies, the Political Consultative Committee and the High Command of United Armed Forces, both of which have their offices in Moscow. The Political Consultative Committee consists of the First Secretaries of the Communist Party, Heads of Government, and the Foreign and Defence Ministers of the member-countries. It was intended to meet twice a year, but in fact only ten meetings had been held up to July 1969. The Committee has established a Joint Secretariat, consisting of a specially appointed official from each country and a Permanent Commission, whose task is to make recommendations on general questions of foreign policy for members of the Pact. Both these bodies are located in Moscow, with a majority of Russian officials.
According to the treaty, the High Command is directed 'to strengthen the defensive capability of the Warsaw Pact, to prepare military plans in case of war and to decide on the deployment of troops'. The Command consists of a Commander-in-Chief, who has the six Defence Ministers or national Commanders-in-Chief as his deputies; these officers now form the Defence Council of the Pact. Each member-country now appoints a senior serving officer to the Pact's headquarters as its main operational liaison officer. The Warsaw Pact's main staff is reported to include permanent representatives of the general staffs of the member-countries. The post of Commander-in-Chief of the High Command has always been held by Soviet officers; the Chief of Staff is always a member of the Soviet General Staff.
The bulk of the ground forces of the Warsaw Pact is provided by the Soviet Union. They are organized as the Northern Group of Forces, with headquarters at Legnica in Poland; the Southern Group of Forces, with headquarters at TЖkЖl, near Budapest; and the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany (GSFG), with headquarters at Wiinsdorf, near East Berlin. There are five divisions in Czechoslovakia organized as the Central Group of Forces, with headquarters at Milovice. These Forces total 32 divisions, of which about half are tank divisions. Most East European countries have displayed short-range surface-to-surface missile launchers, but there is no evidence that nuclear warheads for these missiles have been supplied to the countries concerned.
Soviet tactical air forces in the Warsaw Pact area are stationed in Poland, East Germany, Hungary and Czechoslovakia. The air forces of the other active Pact members, which consist partly of fighter-interceptors and partly of ground-support aircraft but do not include any medium- or long-range bombers, would be subordinate to the High Command in the event of war. There is an air defence and warning system covering the Warsaw Pact area, whose command is centralized in Moscow and which is directed by the C-in-C of the Soviet Air Defence Command. Soviet MRBMs and other strategic weapons are based in the Soviet Union and remain under Soviet control.
ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯ ВАРШАВСКОГО ДОГОВОРА
Варшавский договор - это многосторонний военный союз, образованный на основе "Договора о дружбе, взаимной помощи и сотрудничестве", который был подписан в Варшаве 14 мая 1955 года правительствами Советского Союза, Албании, Болгарии, Чехословакии, ГДР, Венгрии, Польши и Румынии. Албания денонсировала пакт в сентябре 1968 года, не играя никакой роли с 1960 года. Монголия, Китай, Северная Корея и Северный Вьетнам направляли наблюдателей на прошлые заседания договора, но не являются его членами.
Помимо Варшавского договора, Советский Союз связан двусторонними договорами о взаимопомощи с Болгарией, Чехословакией, Венгрией, Польшей, Румынией и ГДР. Большинство нынешних членов Варшавского договора также имеют двусторонние договоры друг с другом, и большинство из этих договоров были недавно возобновлены. Советский Союз заключил соглашения о статусе сил с Польшей, Восточной Германией, Румынией и Венгрией в период с декабря 1956 года по май 1957 года и с Чехословакией в октябре 1968 года; все они остаются в силе, за исключением соглашения с Румынией.
Организация Варшавского Договора состоит из двух основных органов - политического консультативного комитета и высшего командования Объединенных Вооруженных Сил, оба из которых имеют свои представительства в Москве. В состав политического консультативного комитета входят первые секретари Коммунистической партии, главы правительств, а также министры иностранных дел и обороны стран-членов. Предполагалось, что он будет собираться два раза в год, однако фактически до июля 1969 года было проведено лишь десять заседаний. Комитет учредил совместный Секретариат, состоящий из специально назначенного должностного лица от каждой страны и постоянной комиссии, задача которой состоит в вынесении рекомендаций по общим вопросам внешней политики для членов пакта. Оба эти органа находятся в Москве, где большинство российских чиновников.
Согласно договору, высшее командование направлено "на укрепление обороноспособности Варшавского договора, подготовку военных планов на случай войны и принятие решения о размещении войск". Командование состоит из главнокомандующего, заместителями которого являются шесть министров обороны или национальных главнокомандующих; эти офицеры в настоящее время образуют Совет обороны пакта. В настоящее время каждая страна-член назначает старшего сотрудника в штаб-квартиру пакта в качестве своего главного сотрудника по оперативной связи. Сообщается, что в состав Главного штаба Варшавского договора входят постоянные представители Генерального штаба государств-членов. Должность Верховного Главнокомандующего всегда занимали советские офицеры, начальник штаба всегда был членом советского Генерального штаба.
Основную часть сухопутных войск Варшавского договора обеспечивает Советский Союз. Они организованы как Северная группа войск, со штаб-квартирой в городе Легница в Польше, Южная группа войск, со штаб-квартирой в Текеле, недалеко от Будапешта, и в Группа Советских войск в Германии (ГСВГ), со штаб-квартирой в Винсдорф, возле Восточного Берлина. В Чехословакии имеется пять дивизий, в составе Центральной группы сил со штабом в Миловице. Эти силы насчитывают 32 дивизии, из которых около половины составляют танковые дивизии. В большинстве восточноевропейских стран имеются пусковые установки ракет малой дальности "земля-земля", однако нет никаких свидетельств того, что соответствующие страны получили ядерные боеголовки для этих ракет.
Советские тактические военно-воздушные силы в районе Варшавского договора дислоцируются в Польше, ГДР, Венгрии и Чехословакии. Военно-воздушные силы других активных членов пакта, которые состоят частично из истребителей-перехватчиков и частично из самолетов наземной поддержки, но не включают бомбардировщиков средней или большой дальности, будут подчиняться верховному командованию в случае войны. Существует система противовоздушной обороны и предупреждения, охватывающая район Варшавского договора, командование которой централизовано в Москве и которой руководит командующий советского командования противовоздушной обороны. Советские БРСД и другие стратегические вооружения в СССР и остаются под советским контролем.
BULGARIA
Population: 8,450,000.
Military service: Army, 2 years; Navy and Air Force, 3 years.
Estimated GNP 1968: $8.0 billion.
Total regular forces: 154,000.
Defence appropriations 1969: 272 million leva ($234,000,000). 1.16 leva = $1. Army Total strength: 125,000.
4 tank divisions.
8 motorized rifle divisions.
Over 2,000 tanks, mainly T-54s, with some T-34s and T-55s.
Artillery includes over 1,000 85mm, 122mm,
152mm and 203mm pieces.
SA-2 Guideline surface-to-air missiles. Navy Total strength: 7,000.
2 submarines.
2 destroyer escorts.
8 coastal escorts.
2 minesweepers.
4 inshore minesweepers.
10 landing craft.
8 motor torpedo boats.
A small Danube flotilla. Air Force Total strength: 22,000; 250 combat aircraft. (There are 12 aircraft in a Bulgarian combat squadron.)
6 interceptor squadrons with MiG-17s and MiG-21s.
6 interceptor squadrons with MiG-19s.
2 reconnaissance squadrons with MiG-17Cs.
1 reconnaissance squadron with Il-28s.
6 ground-support squadrons with MiG-17s.
20 transport aircraft, including Il-12 and Il-14, and some 40 Mi-4 Hound helicopters.
1 parachute regiment. Para-military forces 15,000, including border troops.
A People's Militia of 150,000.
CZECHOSLOVAKIA
Population: 14,500,000.
Military service: Army, 2 years; Air Force, 3 years.
Estimated GNP 1968: $26.8 billion.
Total regular forces: 230,000.
Defence appropriations 1969: 13,400 million crowns ($1,576,000,000). 8.5 crowns = $1. Army Total strength: 175,000.
4 tank divisions.
9 motorized rifle divisions.
2 airborne brigades.
(These units are at about 70 per cent of full strength.)
Some 2,700 tanks, mostly T-55s with some T-62s.
SA-2 Guideline surface-tС-air missiles. Air Force Total strength: 55,000; 600 combat aircraft.
300 MiG-17, MiG-19 and MiG-21 interceptors.
300 MiG-15, MiG-17 and Su-7 ground-support aircraft.
50 Il-14 and I1-18 transport aircraft, and about
100 helicopters.
Over 300 training aircraft, including 150 L-29s. Para-military forces 35,000, including border troops. A People's Militia of up to 100,000.
GERMANY (Democratic Republic)
Population: 17,200,000.
Military service: Army, 18 months; Navy and Air Force, 2 years.
Estimated GNP 1968: $30 billion.
Total regular forces: 137,000.
Defence appropriations 1969: 6,350 million ostmarks ($1,873,000,000). 3.39 ostmarks = $1. ArmyTotal strength: 90,000.
2 tank divisions.
4 motorized rifle divisions.
About 1,800 tanks, mostly T-54s and T-55s, with some T-34s.
Some 850 artillery pieces including 122mm and
152mm, and about 300 anti-aircraft guns. Navy Total strength: 16,000.
4 destroyer escorts.
25 coastal escorts.
20 minesweepers.
24 coastal minesweepers.
24 ASW patrol vessels.
12 Osa-class missile patrol boats.
18 landing craft.
60 motor torpedo boats (less than 100 tons).
A small number of Mi-4 Hound helicopters. Air Force Total strength: 31,000; 270 combat aircraft. (There are up to 16 aircraft in an East German combat squadron.)
18 fighter-interceptor squadrons with MiG-17s, MiG-19s and MiG-21s.
20 transport aircraft, including An-2s and IL-14s.
30 Mi-1 Hare and Vi-4 Hound helicopters.
Included in this Command is an anti-aircraft division of 9,000 consisting of 5 regiments, equipped with approximately
150 anti-aircraft guns (57mm and 100mm) and
100 SA-2 Guideline surface-to-air missiles. Para-military forces 54,000 border troops, including a Border Command separate from the regular army.
23,000 security troops.
The Betriebskampfgruppen, an armed workers' organization, numbers about 350,000.
HUNGARY
Population: 10,300,000.
Military service : 3 years maximum.
Estimated GNP 1968: $12.7 billion.
Total regular forces: 97,000.
Defence appropriations 1969: 7,952 million forints ($457,000,000). 17.4 forints = $1. Army Total strength: 90,000.
2 tank divisions.
4 motorized rifle divisions.
About 750 tanks, mainly T-55s, with some T-54s.
SA-2 Guideline surface-to-air missiles. Navy There is a Danube flotilla of 11 patrol vessels and 14 other vessels. Air Force Total strength: 7,000; 140 combat aircraft.
9 fighter-interceptor squadrons with MiG-17s, MiG-19s and MiG-21s.
1 light bomber squadron with Il-28s.
10 An-2 and Li-2 transport aircraft.
About 10 Mi-1 Hare and Mi-4 Hound helicopters. Para-military forces 35,000 security troops and border guards, plus a workers' militia of over 100,000.
POLAND
Population: 32,500,000.
Military service: Army, 2 years; Air Force, Navy and special services, 3 years; Internal security forces, 27 months.
Estimated GNP 1968: $38 billion.
Total regular forces: 275,000.
Defence appropriations 1969: 31,936 million zloty ($2,080,000,000). 15.9 zloty = $1. Army Total strength: 185,000.
5 tank divisions.
8 motorized rifle divisions.
1 airborne division.
1 amphibious assault division.
(These divisions are normally at 70% of full strength.)
2,800 tanks, mostly T-54s and T-55s.
SA-2 Guideline surface-to-air missiles. Navy Total strength: 20,000.
5 operational submarines.
3 destroyers.
25 coastal escorts.
24 minesweepers.
35 inshore minesweepers.
12 Osa-class missile patrol boats.
20 torpedo boats (less than 100 tons).
24 landing ships.
50 naval aircraft, mostly MiG-17s, with some IL-28 light bombers and helicopters.
Samlet cruise missiles for coastal defence. Air Force Total strength: 70,000; 750 combat aircraft. (There are from 8-12 aircraft in a Polish squadron.)
6 light bomber squadrons with Il-28s.
45 interceptor squadrons with PZL-15s, MiG-17s, MiG-19s and MiG-21s.
14 ground-support and reconnaissance squadrons with MiG-15s, MiG-17s and Su-7s.
About 40 transport aircraft, including An-2s, Il-12s and Il-14s, and 40 helicopters, including Mi-1Hares and Mi-4Hounds.
About 300 training aircraft. Para-military forces 45,000 security and border troops, including the armoured brigades of the Frontier Defence Force, and operating 20 small patrol boats.
RUMANIA
Population: 20,000,000.
Military service: Army, 1 year; Navy and Air Force, 2 years.
Estimated GNP 1968: $18.1 billion.
Total regular forces: 193,000.
Defence appropriations 1969: 5,395 million lei ($574,000,000). 9.4 lei = $1. Army Total strength: 170,000.
2 tank divisions.
7 motorized rifle divisions.
2 airborne regiments.
Some independent mountain units.
(The army is now at about 90% of full strength.)
1,200 T-34, T-54 and T-55 tanks.
SA-2 Guideline surface-to-air missiles. Navy Total strength: 8,000.
3 coastal escorts.
4 minesweepers.
26 inshore minesweepers.
5 Osa-class missile patrol boats.
12 motor torpedo boats (less than 100 tons).
8 landing craft.
A small Danube flotilla. Air Force Total strength: 15,000; 240 combat aircraft.
18 interceptor squadrons with MiG-15s, MiG-17s, MiG-19s and MiG-21s.
About 10 medium transports including Il-12s, Il-14s and Li-2s.
10 Mi-4 Hound helicopters.
About 150 training aircraft, including Yak-18s and L-29s. Para-military forces50,000, including border troops. A re-activated militia of at least 60,000.
Treaties In the decade following World War II, the Western powers entered into a number of security treaties for the defence of Europe. France and Britain signed the Treaty of Dunkirk in 1947 ; in 1948, a multilateral defence pact, the Brussels Treaty, was signed between Britain, France and the Benelux countries. The extension of Soviet influence and control in Eastern Europe led to the signature of the North Atlantic Treaty, in 1949, by Belgium, Britain, Canada, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal and the United States; Greece and Turkey joined in 1952 and West Germany in 1955. The Treaty unites Western Europe and North America in a commitment to consult together if the security of any one member is threatened, and to consider an armed attack against one as an attack against all, to be met by such action as each of them deems necessary, 'including the use of armed forces, to restore and maintain the security of the North Atlantic area'.
The Paris Agreements of 1954, which relate to the accession to the North Atlantic Treaty of West Germany added a Protocol to the Treaty directed at strengthening the structure of NATO, and revised the Brussels Treaty of 1948, which now includes, in addition to its original members, Italy and West Germany. The parties to the Brussels Treaty are committed to give one another 'all the military and other aid and assistance in their power' if they are the subject of 'armed aggression in Europe'.
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) The North Atlantic Council, which has its Headquarters in Brussels, consists of the Ministers of the fifteen member-countries who normally meet twice a year and, when in permanent session, consists of ambassadors representing each government. They also form the 14-nation Defence Planning Committee, on which France does not sit, and which deals with questions related to NATO's integrated military planning and any other matters in which France does not participate. The Secretary-General and an international staff advise on the political, financial and economic aspects of defence planning. The Council's military advisers are the Military Committee, which directs the NATO military commands. The Military Committee, consisting of permanent military representatives of all members except for France and Iceland (France maintains a liaison staff with the Committee, and Iceland is not represented) is located in Brussels together with the Council. It has an independent Chairman and is served by an integrated, international military staff. The major NATO commanders are responsible to the Military Committee, although they also have direct access to the Council and heads of Governments.
The principal military commands of NATO are the European, with its headquarters in Belgium, and the Atlantic, with its headquarters at Norfolk, Virginia. There is also a third major command, Allied Command Channel, with headquarters at Northwood, near London. The headquarters of the European Command, known as SHAPE (Supreme Headquarters, Allied Powers in Europe), are at Casteau, near Mons, in south-west Belgium. Its Commander, SACEUR (Supreme Allied Commander, Europe) has always been an American general. The Supreme Allied Commander, Atlantic (SACLANT) has also always been American, and the Commander-in-Chief, Channel (CINCCHAN) has always been British.
There is no allied command organization covering strategic nuclear forces as such, but the European and Atlantic Commands participate in the Joint Strategic Planning System at Omaha, Nebraska, where the planning of American bomber and missile forces is integrated with NATO nuclear planning. The United States has committed a small number of Polaris submarines, and Britain her medium bomber force and Polaris submarines, to the planning control of SACEUR, and the United States a larger number of Polaris submarines to SACLANT. Two new permanent bodies for nuclear planning were established in 1966, the Nuclear Defence Affairs Committee (NDAC) and, subordinate to it, the Nuclear Planning Group (NPG). Membership in the NDAC is open to all NATO members, but France, Iceland and Luxembourg do not take part. The NDAC is basically a meeting of Defence Ministers and three meetings have so far taken place. The intention is to associate non-nuclear members in the nuclear affairs of the alliance. The Secretary-General of NATO is Chairman of the NDAC.
The Nuclear Planning Group has seven members and is intended to go further into the details of topics raised in the NDAC. The members in June 1969 were Belgium, Britain, Denmark, Germany, Italy and the United States, with Turkey and Greece sharing two terms of service, by special arrangement. Other countries which have participated earlier are Canada and the Netherlands. Subjects under consideration have included levels of strategic nuclear forces, and the tactical uses of nuclear weapons, with the intention of laying down political guidelines for their use.
A new strategic doctrine for NATO was adopted by the Defence Planning Committee (DPC) in December 1967. This envisaged that NATO would meet attacks on its territory with whatever force was required to defeat them, if need be including the use of nuclear weapons. There would be an emphasis, however, on having forces in being that would be able to meet these attacks at levels appropriate to them. Earlier, in May 1967, the DPC had given political and strategic guidance to NATO's military authorities; this included the concept of political warning time in a crisis, and the possibility of distinguishing between an enemy's military capabilities and his political intentions. A NATO-wide communications system to facilitate political consultation both in planning and in crisis is being set up, and the Skynet satellite network is due to come into operation in 1970. New ways and means are being developed for collecting, evaluating and disseminating intelligence data.
1. Allied Command Europe (ACE) Allied Command Europe is responsible for the defence of all NATO territory in Europe (including Turkey) except Britain, France, Iceland and Portugal. It also has general responsibility for the air defence of Britain. NATO responsibility for the defence of Iceland and Portuguese coastal waters is undertaken by the Atlantic Command.
The Supreme Allied Commander, Europe (SACEUR), is also Commander-in-Chief of United States Forces in Europe, whose headquarters are in Stuttgart. Deputy SACEUR is British; however, the posts of deputy for nuclear affairs and air deputy are now defunct. The European Command has at least 7,000 tactical nuclear warheads in its area, and the number of delivery vehicles (aircraft and missiles) is about 2,250 spread among a number of countries. The nuclear explosives themselves, however, are maintained in American custody. The average explosive yield of the bombs stockpiled in Europe for the use of NATO tactical aircraft is about 100 kilotons, and of the missile warheads, 20 kilotons.
Forces trained and equipped for the defence of the NATO European area are available to SACEUR; there are about 45 such divisions and a considerable number of independent brigades. A further 14 division forces could be brought forward if time allowed. The Command has some 3,000 tactical aircraft based on about 150 standard NATO airfields, and backed up by a system of jointly financed storage depots, fuel pipelines and signal communications.
Certain French forces have remained in Germany, and co-operation between them and NATO forces and commands has been agreed between the commanders concerned. Their presence in Germany has been the subject of a status agreement reached between the French and German governments. France is participating in the improved air defence and radar system to be built by the NATO Air Defence Ground Environment (NADGE) consortium. All NATO military units and commands, including logistics units, have left French soil. Permission to fly over France is at present given to air forces of the members on a yearly basis. A task force, the ACE Mobile Force (AMF), has been formed to act under certain circumstances as a mobile force for NATO as a whole, with particular reference to the northern or southeastern flanks of the NATO area. It consists of 7 infantry battalion groups, an armoured reconnaissance squadron and ground-support fighter squadrons, and is found by eight countries.
The following commands are subordinate to Allied Command Europe:
(a) Allied Forces Central Europe (AFCENT) has command of both the land forces and the air forces in the Central Europe Sector. Its headquarters are at Brunssum, in the Netherlands province of Limburg, and its commander (CINCENT) is a German general. The ground defences of the Central European Command consist of 24 divisions assigned by six countries. All assigned forces with the exception of some Dutch, Belgian and British units and some logistic units, are based in Germany.
The tactical air forces available consist of about 2,000 aircraft, of which about 350 are USAF fighter-bombers. There are also British Canberras, Canadian CF-104s and the F-104Gs of the German and other air forces. American and German forces are equipped with Sergeant and Pershing surface-to-surface missiles at corps and army level, and a number of countries have Honest John rockets and missile artillery at divisional level. An integrated early-warning and air-defence system has been developed for Britain, West Germany, the Low Countries and north-eastern France. 28 Hawk and Nike surface-to-air missile battalions have been deployed in the Command.
The Command is sub-divided into Northern Army Group (NORTHAG) and Central Army Group (CENTAG). Northern Army Group is responsible for the defence of the sector north of the GЖttingen-Liege axis. It includes the British, Belgian and Dutch divisions, four of the German divisions, and the Canadian brigade. It is supported by Second Allied Tactical Air Force, which is composed of British, Dutch, Belgian and German units. The American forces and seven German divisions are under the Central Army Group, supported by the Fourth Allied Tactical Air Force which includes American, German and Canadian units, and an American army Air Defence Command.
(b) Allied Forces Northern Europe (AFNORTH) has its headquarters at Kolsaas in Norway, and is responsible for the defence of Norway, Denmark, Schleswig-Holstein and the Baltic approaches. The Commander is a British general. Most of the Danish and Norwegian land, sea and tactical air forces are earmarked for it, and most of their active reserves are assigned to it. Germany has assigned one division (stationed in Schleswig), two combat air wings and her Baltic fleet.
(c) Allied Forces Southern Europe (AFSOUTH) has its headquarters in Naples, and its Commander (CINCSOUTH) is an American admiral. It is responsible for the defence of Italy, Greece and Turkey, and for safeguarding communications in the Mediterranean and the Turkish territorial waters of the Black Sea. The land forces assigned to it include 14 divisions from Turkey, 9 from Greece and 7 from Italy, as well as the tactical air forces of these countries. Other formations from these three countries have been earmarked for AFSOUTH, as have the United States Sixth Fleet, which would become Strike Force South in the event of war, and certain naval and maritime forces of Greece, Italy, Turkey and Britain. For geographical reasons the ground-defence system is based on two separate commands: the Southern, comprising Italy and the approaches to it, and the South-Eastern, comprising Greece and Turkey. There is, however, an overall air command and a single naval command (NAVSOUTH), responsible to AFSOUTH: its headquarters are in Malta, and its Commander is an Italian admiral.
A special air surveillance unit, Maritime Air Forces Mediterranean (MARAIRMED), was activated at Naples in November 1968. Operating Italian, British and American patrol aircraft from bases in Sicily, Malta and Italy, MARAIRMED is designed to intensify aerial observation of Soviet fleets in the Mediterranean and Near East. Its Commander, an American rear-admiral, is immediately responsible to CINCSOUTH. At the Defence Ministers' meeting in May 1969, plans drafted in January of that year for an Allied On-Call Naval Force for the Mediterranean were ratified. An initial force would be founded upon a force of at least three destroyers, contributed by Italy, Britain and the United States, and three other destroyers provided by the Mediterranean countries, depending upon the area of operation.
2. Allied Command Atlantic (ACLANT) The Atlantic Allied Command has its headquarters at Norfolk, Virginia. In the event of war, the duties of Supreme Allied Commander Atlantic (SACLANT), who is an American admiral, with a British deputy, are (a) to participate in the strategic strike, and (b) to protect sea communications from attack by hostile forces. With the exception of Standing Naval Force Atlantic (STANAVFORLANT), SACLANT has no forces permanently assigned to his command in peacetime. However, for training purposes and in the event of war, forces are earmarked by Britain, Canada, Denmark, Netherlands, Portugal and the United States for assignment. Although these forces are predominantly naval, they also include ground forces and land-based air forces. (France no longer provides any forces, but there are arrangements for co-operation between French naval forces and those of SACLANT.) SACLANT is responsible for the North Atlantic area from the North Pole to the Tropic of Cancer, including Portuguese coastal waters. There are five subordinate commands: Western Atlantic Command, Eastern Atlantic Command, Iberian Atlantic Command, Striking Fleet Atlantic and Submarine Command. The nucleus of the Striking Fleet Atlantic has been provided by the American Second Fleet with two or three attack carriers, but their nuclear role is now being partly shared with the missile-firing submarines.
The multi-national naval squadron of escort ships known as STANAVFORLANT was formed in January 1968 and comes under the authority of SACLANT. It normally consists, at any one time, of four destroyer-type ships; by the end of 1969 seven countries (Britain, Canada, Germany, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal and the United States) will at various times have taken part.
There are about 450 escort vessels serving in the navies that come under SACLANT, of which a high proportion are wholly or partly designed for anti-submarine warfare (ASW). Most NATO navies are equipping and training their submarine forces primarily for ASW, and over 150 submarines are potentially available in the Atlantic for such duties. The NATO powers also have about 500 long-range land-based maritime patrol planes in operation, a large majority of which are stationed on or near American coasts. The American Navy possesses about 800 carrier-borne specialist anti-submarine fixed-wing aircraft and helicopters. The overall total that could be quickly operational from all carriers on Atlantic sea stations is probably around 350. (These figures include units earmarked for Channel Command.)
3. Allied Command Channel (ACCHAN) The wartime role of Channel Command is to exercise control of the English Channel and the southern North Sea. Many of the smaller warships of Belgium, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom are earmarked for this Command, as are some maritime aircraft. France no longer provides any forces, but there are arrangements for co-operation between French naval forces and those of ACCHAN. The Commander (CINCHAN) is a British admiral who also acts as the major Subordinate Commander, Eastern Atlantic Area, under SACLANT, and has his headquarters at Northwood, Middlesex. The Channel Committee, consisting of the naval chiefs-of-staff of the three countries concerned, acts as an advisory body to CINCHAN.
СЕВЕРО-АТЛАНТИЧЕСКИЙ ДОГОВОР
Договоры В десятилетия после Второй мировой войны, западные державы заключили ряд договоров безопасности для обороны Европы. Франция и Великобритания подписали Дюнкеркский договор в 1947 году; в 1948 году был подписан многосторонний оборонный пакт, Брюссельский договор, между Великобританией, Францией и странами Бенилюкса. Усиление советского влияния и контроля в Восточной Европе привело к подписанию Североатлантического договора в 1949 г. Бельгией, Великобританией, Канадой, Данией, Францией, Исландией, Италией, Люксембургом, Нидерландами, Норвегией, Португалией и США; Греция и Турция присоединились в 1952 году, а Западная Германия - в 1955 году. Объединенные договором страны Западной Европы и Северной Америки взяли на себя обязательство консультироваться друг с другом, если один из участников находится под угрозой, и рассматривать вооруженное нападение на одну как нападение на всех всех, и должны быть выполнены такие действия, какие каждый из них сочтет необходимым, включая применение вооруженной силы с целью восстановления и последующего сохранения безопасности Североатлантического региона'
Парижские соглашения 1954 года, которые касаются присоединения к Североатлантическому договору Западной Германии, добавили к Договору протокол, направленный на укрепление структуры НАТО, и пересмотрели Брюссельский договор 1948 года, который теперь включает, помимо его первоначальных членов, Италию и Западную Германию. Стороны Брюссельского договора обязуются оказывать друг другу "всю военную и иную помощь и содействие в их силах", если они являются объектом "вооруженной агрессии в Европе".
Организация Североатлантического договора (НАТО) Североатлантический совет, штаб-квартира которого находится в Брюсселе, состоит из министров пятнадцати стран-членов, которые обычно встречаются два раза в год, на постоянных сессиях из послов, представляющих каждое правительство. Они также образуют Комитет по оборонному планированию в составе 14 государств, в котором Франция не заседает и который занимается вопросами, связанными с комплексным военным планированием НАТО, и любыми другими вопросами, в которых Франция не участвует. Генеральный секретарь и международный персонал консультируют по политическим, финансовым и экономическим аспектам оборонного планирования. Военные советники Совета являются военным комитетом, который руководит военным командованием НАТО. Военный комитет, состоящий из постоянных военных представителей всех членов, за исключением Франции и Исландии (Франция поддерживает связь с комитетом, а Исландия не представлена), находится в Брюсселе вместе с Советом. Он имеет независимого председателя и обслуживается интегрированным международным военным персоналом. Главные командующие НАТО несут ответственность перед Военным комитетом, хотя они также имеют прямой доступ к Совету и главам правительств.
Основными военными командованиями НАТО являются европейское, со штаб-квартирой в Бельгии и Атлантическое, со штаб-квартирой в Норфолке, штат Виржиния. Существует также третье основное командование, Канала, со штаб-квартирой в Нортвуде, недалеко от Лондона. Штаб Европейского командования, известный как SHAPE (Верховный штаб союзных держав в Европе), находятся в Касто, недалеко от Монса, на юго-западе Бельгии. Ее командующий, SACEUR (Верховный главнокомандующий ОВС НАТО в Европе), всегда был американским генералом. Верховный главнокомандующий ОВС НАТО на Атлантике (ВГК ОВС НАТО на Атлантике) также всегда была американец, а командующий Каналом (CINCCHAN) всегда был англичан.
Нет никакой организации Союзного Командования, охватывающей стратегические ядерные силы как таковые, но европейское и Атлантическое командования участвуют в совместной системе стратегического планирования в Омахе, Небраска, где планирование американских бомбардировочных и ракетных сил интегрировано с ядерным планированием НАТО. Соединенные Штаты передали небольшое количество подводных лодок Polaris и Великобритания средне-бомбардировочную авиацию и подводные лодки Polaris, под управление планирования ВГК ОВС НАТО в Европе и Соединенные Штаты большое число подводных лодок Polaris в ВГК ОВС НАТО на Атлантике. В 1966 году были учреждены два новых постоянных органа по ядерному планированию - Комитет по делам ядерной обороны (NDAC) и подчиненная ему группа ядерного планирования (NPG). Членство в NDAC открыто для всех членов НАТО, но Франция, Исландия и Люксембург не принимают участия. NDAC - это в основном встреча министров обороны, и к настоящему времени состоялось три встречи. Намерение состоит в том, чтобы ассоциировать неядерных членов в ядерные дела Североатлантического союза. Генеральный секретарь НАТО является председателем NDAC.
Группа по ядерному планированию состоит из семи членов и намерена более подробно рассмотреть темы, поднятые в NDAC. Членами в июне 1969 года были Бельгия, Великобритания, Дания, Германия, Италия и Соединенные Штаты, причем Турция и Греция по специальной договоренности имели два срока службы. Другими странами, которые участвовали ранее, являются Канада и Нидерланды. Рассматриваемые темы включают уровни стратегических ядерных сил и тактическое применение ядерного оружия с целью выработки политических руководящих принципов их применения.
Новая стратегическая доктрина НАТО была принята комитетом оборонного планирования (DPC) в декабре 1967 года. Это предусматривало, что НАТО будет отвечать на нападения на своей территории с любой силой, необходимой для их поражения, в случае необходимости, включая применение ядерного оружия. Бы упор, однако, чтобы выполнить эти нападения на уровне, соответствующих ему. Ранее, в мае 1967 года, DPC дал политическое и стратегическое руководство военным властям НАТО; это включало концепцию времени политического предупреждения в условиях кризиса и возможность проведения различия между военным потенциалом противника и его политическими намерениями. В настоящее время создается общая система связи НАТО для содействия политическим консультациям как в процессе планирования, так и в условиях кризиса, а спутниковая сеть Skynet должна вступить в строй в 1970 году. Разрабатываются новые пути и средства сбора, оценки и распространения разведывательных данных.
1. Командование ОВС НАТО в Европе (ACE) Командование НАТО в Европе отвечает за оборону всей территории НАТО в Европе (включая Турцию), за исключением Великобритании, Франции, Исландии и Португалии. Оно также несет общую ответственность за противовоздушную оборону Великобритании. Ответственность НАТО за оборону Исландии и португальских прибрежных вод несет Атлантическое командование.
Верховный главнокомандующий ОВС НАТО в Европе (SACEUR) также является главнокомандующим силами Соединенных Штатов в Европе, штаб-квартира которых находится в Штутгарте. Заместитель SACEUR - британец; должности заместителя по ядерным вопросам и заместителя по воздушным перевозкам в настоящее время не действуют. Европейское командование имеет по меньшей мере 7000 тактических ядерных боеголовок в своем районе, а количество средств доставки (самолетов и ракет) составляет около 2250 распределенных среди ряда стран. Однако сами ядерные заряды находятся под американским контролем. В среднем мощность бомб, складированных в Европе для тактической авиации НАТО составляет около 100 килотонн, а ракетных боеголовок, 20 килотонн.
Силы, подготовленные и оснащенные для обороны Европейского региона НАТО, имеющиеся в распоряжении SACEUR; насчитывается около 45 дивизий и значительное число независимых бригад. Если позволит время, можно было бы перебросить еще 14 дивизий. Командование имеет около 3000 тактических самолетов, базирующихся примерно на 150 стандартных аэродромах НАТО, и обеспеченных системой совместно финансируемых складов хранения, топливопроводов и связью.
Некоторые французские силы остались в Германии, и сотрудничество между ними и силами и командованием НАТО было согласовано между соответствующими командующими. Их присутствие в Германии был предметом соглашения, достигнутого между правительствами Франции и Германии. Франция участвует в усовершенствованной системе противовоздушной обороны и радиолокации, которая будет создана консорциумом НАТО по наземной ПВО (NADGE). Все воинские части и командования НАТО, включая подразделения тылового обеспечения, покинули французскую территорию. Разрешение на полеты над Францией в настоящее время предоставляется военно-воздушным силам государств-членов на ежегодной основе. Была сформирована целевая группа - Мобильные силы ACE (AMF), которая при определенных обстоятельствах будет действовать в качестве мобильных сил для НАТО в целом, с уделением особого внимания северным или юго-восточным флангам района НАТО. Она состоит из 7 пехотных батальонных групп, бронетанкового разведывательного эскадрона и эскадрилий истребителей наземной поддержки, и находится в восьми странах.
В подчинении командования ОВС НАТО в Европе находятся:
(a) Силы союзников в Центральной Европе (AFCENT) командование как сухопутными, так и военно-воздушными силами в центральноевропейском секторе. Его штаб-квартира находится в Брунсуме, в нидерландской провинции Лимбург, а его командующий (CINCENT) - немецкий генерал. Наземная оборона Центральноевропейского командования состоит из 24 дивизий, назначенных шестью странами. Все назначенные силы, за исключением некоторых голландских, бельгийских и британских подразделений и некоторых подразделений тылового обеспечения, базируются в Германии.
Тактические военно-воздушные силы состоят из около 2000 самолетов, из которых около 350 являются истребителями-бомбардировщиками ВВС США. Есть также британские Canberra, канадские CF-104 и F-104G немецких и других военно-воздушных сил. Американские и немецкие войска оснащены ракетами Sergeant и Pershing класса "земля-земля" на корпусном и армейском уровне, а в ряде стран имеются ракеты Honest John и ядерная артиллерия дивизионного уровня. Комплексная система раннего предупреждения и противовоздушной обороны была разработана для Великобритании, Западной Германии, стран Бенилюкс и северо-восточной Франции. 28 Hawk и Nike зенитных ракетных дивизионов были развернуты в командовании.
Командование подразделяется на Северную группу армий (NORTHAG) и Центральную группы армий (CENTAG). Северная группа армий отвечает за оборону сектора к северу от оси Геттинген-Льеж. В нее входят британские, бельгийские и голландские дивизии, 4 немецкие дивизии и канадская бригада. Она поддерживается 2-ми союзных тактическими ВВС, которые состоят из британских, голландских, бельгийских и немецких подразделений. Американские войска и 7 германских дивизий в Центральной группе армий, поддерживаются 4-ми союзническими тактическими ВВС, которые включает американские, немецкие и канадские части, и американское командование ПВО.
(b) Силы союзников в Северной Европе (AFNORTH) имеют штаб-квартиру в Кольсаасе в Норвегии и отвечают за оборону Норвегии, Дании, Шлезвиг-Гольштейнского и Балтийского проходов. Командующий британский генерал. Большая часть сухопутных, морских и тактических военно-воздушных сил Дании и Норвегии предназначена для него, и большая часть их активных резервов закреплена за ним. Германия назначила одну дивизию (дислоцированную в Шлезвиге), два боевых воздушных крыла и свой Балтийский флот.
(b) Силы союзников в Южной Европе (AFSOUTH) со штаб-квартирой в Неаполе, их командующий (CINCSOUTH) - американский адмирал. Она отвечает за оборону Италии, Греции и Турции, а также за охрану коммуникаций в Средиземном море и турецких территориальных водах Черного моря. В состав сухопутных войск входят 14 дивизий из Турции, 9 из Греции и 7 из Италии, а также тактические военно-воздушные силы этих стран. Другие формирования из этих трех стран, а также 6-й флот Соединенных Штатов, который станет ударной силой на юге в случае войны, и некоторые военно-морские и морские силы Греции, Италии, Турции и Великобритании были предназначены для AFSOUTH. По географическим причинам система наземной обороны базируется на двух отдельных командованиях: Южном, включающем Италию и подходы к ней, и Юго-Восточном, включающем Грецию и Турцию. Существует, однако, общее воздушное командование и единое военно-морское командование (NAVSOUTH), ответственное перед AFSOUTH: его штаб-квартира находится на Мальте, а командующий итальянский адмирал.
В ноябре 1968 года в Неаполе было создано специальное подразделение воздушного наблюдения военно-морские сил Средиземноморья (MARAIRMED). Управляет итальянскими, британскими и американскими патрульными самолетами с баз на Сицилии, Мальте и Италии, MARAIRMED призвана активизировать воздушное наблюдение за советскими флотами в Средиземном море и на Ближнем Востоке. Его командир, американский контр-адмирал, отвечает на CINCSOUTH. На совещании министров обороны в мае 1969 года были ратифицированы планы, разработанные в январе того же года для Военно-Морских сил союзников по вызову для Средиземноморья. Первоначальные силы будут основаны на силах по меньшей мере трех эсминцев, предоставленных Италией, Великобританией и Соединенными Штатами, и трех других эсминцев, предоставленных средиземноморскими странами, в зависимости от района операции.
2. Командование НАТО на Атлантике (ACLANT) Штаб Атлантического командования союзников находится в Норфолке, штат Вирджиния. В случае войны в обязанности верховного главнокомандующего ОВС НАТО в Атлантике (SACLANT), являющегося американским адмиралом, с британским заместителем входит (а) участие в стратегическом ударе и (b) защита морских коммуникаций от нападения враждебных сил. За исключением постоянных Военно-Морских Сил Атлантики (STANAVFORLANT), SACLANT не имеет сил, постоянно назначенных его командованию в мирное время. Однако для целей подготовки и в случае войны силы выделяются Великобританией, Канадой, Данией, Нидерландами, Португалией и Соединенными Штатами. Хотя эти силы в основном морские, они также включают и сухопутные силы и ВВС. (Франция не предоставляет каких-либо сил, но есть договоренности о сотрудничестве между французскими военно-морскими силами и ВГК ОВС НАТО на Атлантике.) SACLANT отвечает за Североатлантический регион от Северного полюса до Тропика Рака, включая прибрежные воды Португалии. Есть пять подчиненных командований: Западно-Атлантическое командование, Восточно-Атлантическое командование, Иберийское Атлантическое командование, Ударный флот Атлантики и командование подводными силамии. Ядро ударного флота Атлантики было представлено американским 2-м флотом с двумя или тремя авианосцами, но их ядерная роль теперь частично делится с ракетными подводными лодками.
Многонациональная эскадра эскортных кораблей, известная как STANAVFORLANT, была сформирована в январе 1968 года и подчиняется SACLANT. Как правило, она состоит из четырех кораблей типа эсминцев; к концу 1969 года в ней примут участие семь стран (Великобритания, Канада, Германия, Нидерланды, Норвегия, Португалия и Соединенные Штаты).
В военно-морских флотах насчитывается около 450 эскортных кораблей, которые входят в SACLANT, из которых большая часть полностью или частично предназначена для противолодочной войны (ПЛО). Большинство военно-морских сил НАТО оснащают и обучают свои подводные силы главным образом для борьбы с ПЛ, и более 150 подводных лодок потенциально доступны в Атлантике для выполнения таких обязанностей. Кроме того, державы НАТО имеют в своем распоряжении около 500 морских патрульных самолетов большой дальности наземного базирования, подавляющее большинство которых базируется на американском побережье или вблизи него. Американский военно-морской флот насчитывает около 800 палубный специализированных противолодочных самолётов и вертолетов. Общее число, которое может быть быстро введено в действие всеми авианосцами на Атлантическом океане, вероятно, составляет около 350. (Эти цифры включают подразделения, предназначенные для командования Канала.)
3. Союзное Командование Канала (ACCHAN) в военное время командование Канала должно осуществлять контроль над Ла-Маншем и южной частью Северного моря. Многие из малых военных кораблей Бельгии, Нидерландов и Соединенного Королевства, а также некоторые морские самолеты и вертолеты предназначены для этого командования. Франция больше не предоставляет никаких сил, но существуют договоренности о сотрудничестве между французскими военно-морскими силами и силами ACCHAN. Командующий (CINCHAN) - британский адмирал, который также действует в качестве главного подчиненного командующего, Восточной Атлантики, в SACLANT, и имеет свою штаб-квартиру в Нортвуде, Миддлсекс. Комитет Канала, состоящий из начальников генеральных штабов ВМС трех стран, выступает в качестве консультативного органа CINCHAN.
BELGIUM
Population: 9,650,000.
Military service: 12-15 months.
Estimated GNP 1968: $21.0 billion.
Total armed forces: 102,400.
Defence budget 1969: 26,041 million Belgian francs ($519,000,000). 50.2 BF = $1. Army Total strength: 78,000.
2 mechanized divisions of two brigades each.
1 paracommando regiment.
700 M-24, M-41 and M-47 tanks. The M-47s are being replaced by 334 Leopards.
M-75 and AMX-VTT armoured personnel carriers.
105mm, 155mm and 203mm howitzers.
2 battalions and 4 batteries of Honest John rocket-launchers.
2 battalions Hawk surface-to-air missiles.
4 squadrons of Dornier and Piper light aircraft, and Alouette II helicopters.
The mechanized divisions are assigned to NATO.
1 mechanized reserve brigade.
1 motorized reserve brigade.
1 parachute battalion of the paracommando regiment, and the reserve mechanized brigade are earmarked for assignment to NATO. Navy Total strength: 4,400.
7 fleet minesweepers.
22 coastal minesweepers.
16 inshore minesweepers.
2 support ships.
2 S-58 helicopters. Air Force Total strength: 20,000; 208 combat aircraft. (There are 18-25 aircraft in a Belgian combat squadron.)
2 AWX squadrons with F-104G.
2 fighter-bomber squadrons with F-104G.
2 fighter-bomber squadrons with F-84F.
1 reconnaissance squadron with RF-84F.
The F-84F are to be replaced by Mirage 5B.
50 C-47, C-54, C-119, Pembroke and DC-6 transport aircraft.
11 HSS-1 helicopters.
8 surface-to-air missile squadrons with Nike-Ajax or Nike-Hercules missiles.
All squadrons, including the missile squadrons, are assigned to NATO, except for 1 transport squadron. Para-military forces A Gendarmerie of 13,000.
BRITAIN
Population: 55,500,000.
Voluntary military service.
Estimated GNP 1968: $103 billion. * The figure for 1967 was calculated at the pre-devaluation exchange rate of £1=$2.80.
Total armed forces : 405,000 (inc. forces enlisted outside Britain).
Defence budget 1969-70: £2,266 million ($5,438,000,000). £1=$2.40. Army Total strength: 198,000 (including 20,000 enlisted outside Britain). Major units:
22 armoured and armoured car regiments,
29 artillery regiments,
14 engineer regiments,
52 infantry battalions,
3 parachute battalions and
6 Gurkha battalions.
Of these units, 72 are organized in 2 armoured, 12 infantry, 1 parachute and 2 Gurkha brigades. Deployment*: * The British Government has announced its intention of withdrawing all British forces from Malaysia and Singapore and from the Persian Gulf by the end of 1971.
Part of the rundown, of Army, Navy and Air Force units, may take place between July 1969 and June 1970. See also p. 20.
The British Army of the Rhine, based in Germany, has a current strength of 48,500.
It consists of 2 armoured and 4 infantry brigades, organized in 3 divisions.
A large part of one of the infantry brigades is stationed in Britain although it remains part of BAOR.
In West Berlin there is 1 brigade.
In Britain there are - in addition to the BAOR part brigade - 6 infantry brigades, a parachute brigade and 23 unbrigaded battalion equivalents.
In Hong Kong there are 1 British and 1 Gurkha brigade;
in Singapore 1 Gurkha brigade;
in Brunei 1 battalion;
in the Persian Gulf 2 battalions;
in Cyprus 2 battalions (1 with the United Nations force);
in Malta 2 battalions.
There are also minor units in Gibraltar, Libya and the Caribbean. Equipment: The Chieftain medium tank with a 120mm gun has now replaced the Centurion in six of the ten armoured regiments in Germany.
Tactical nuclear artillery in BAOR includes 3 regiments with Honest John missiles and 203mm howitzers.
The 105mm self-propelled Abbot, and the American 155mm and 175mm heavy self propelled guns, have replaced all the
25-pounders and 5.5-inch guns previously in service. Reserves: The Territorial and Army Volunteer Reserve numbers approximately 45,000, and the regular army reserves 60,000. Navy Total strength: 92,000 (including marines).
2 aircraft carriers (23,000 and 43,000 tons).
2 commando ships.
2 assault ships.
1 cruiser.
6 guided-missile destroyers.
2 other destroyers.
19 ASW frigates.
35 other escort vessels.
3 fleet ballistic-missile submarines.
3 nuclear-powered hunter-killer submarines
22 other submarines.
44 coastal minesweepers.
1 inshore minesweeper.
1 ice patrol ship.
120 support ships.
The third fleet ballistic-missile submarine became available for operational service in 1969.
There will be four in all. Each will be nuclear powered and will carry 16 Polaris A3 missiles. The Fleet Air Arm has a nuclear and conventional strike capability with Buccaneer Mark 2 light jet bombers.
Air defence is provided by Phantom Mark 1 and Sea Vixen Mark 2 all-weather fighters.
The Commando ships carry troops in Wessex and Wasp helicopters.
Wessex and Wasp helicopters are also used for ASW, and are to be joined by a squadron of Sea King helicopters. The Royal Marines total about-9,000 men, and provide 4 Commandos of 800 men each. Reserves: There are about 9,000 men and women in the volunteer naval and marine reserves, and some 3,500 regular reserves. Air Force Total strength: 115,000; some 1,800 aircraft, of which 750 are combat aircraft.
The Royal Air Force consists of 6 Home commands - Strike Command, Coastal Command, Air Support Command, Training Command,
Maintenance Command and Signals Command - and 3 smaller Overseas commands - Near East Command, Far East Command and RAF Germany.
(1) Strike Command, which was formerly responsible for Britain's nuclear deterrent,*
* It was announced in July 1969 that the strategic nuclear deterrent role had been taken over by the Polaris submarines of the Royal Navy.
consists of:
Vulcan bombers in a tactical role, but with a nuclear capability should this become necessary;
Victor aircraft, mainly in an air-to-air refuelling capacity; and a fighter-interceptor force responsible chiefly for the defence of British airspace.
The air-defence element of Strike Command is assigned to NATO.
Other aircraft currently in operation include Canberra photo-reconnaissance aircraft, Lightning interceptors and Phantoms.
Approximate numbers of aircraft are:
50 Vulcan 2 (with bombs or Blue Steel air-to-surface nuclear missiles).
24 Victor 1 tankers.
10 Victor 2 reconnaissance.
10 Canberra PR-7 photo-reconnaissance.
70 Lightning interceptors.
100 Phantoms (from a total of 160 ordered).
(2) Coastal Command is equipped with about 40 Shackleton aircraft for long-range ASW and maritime reconnaissance.
(3) Air Support Command has 10 Belfast, 22 Britannia, 5 Comet and 14 VC-10 aircraft for long-range airlift.
Medium-range transports include 28 Argose, and the force of Hastings and Beverley has now been replaced by the turbo-prop C-130E Hercules.
10 short-range Andover are in service with the Command.
Helicopter transport is provided by Whirlwinds and Wessex Mark 2s.
2 ground-attack squadrons of Hunter Mark 9 are included in the Command.
(4) RAF Germany, whose present strength is about 6,600 men, is equipped with
80 Canberra strike and reconnaissance aircraft (the strike squadrons have both nuclear and conventional roles),
18 Hunter reconnaissance aircraft and 30 Lightning interceptors.
The Hunters will eventually be replaced with a mixed force of F-4M Phantoms and P-1127 Harriers.
(5) Near East Air Force in Cyprus includes about
20 Vulcan bombers (with nuclear capacity and assigned to CENTO) and 1 squadron of Lightning interceptors.
Some Shackleton and Canberra reconnaissance aircraft are based in Malta.
Gulf Air Force in Bahrein has Shackletons and Hunter ground-attack aircraft.
(6) Far East Air Force, based on Singapore, contains Canberra, Hunter, Lightning and Shackleton combat aircraft;
Hercules and Andover transports; Whirlwind helicopters; light aircraft such as Pioneers and Twin Pioneers; and
Bloodhound 2 surface-to-air missiles.
A squadron of Whirlwind helicopters is stationed in Hong Kong.
(7) There are 11 squadrons of the Royal Air Force Regiment, whose chief role is ground defence of airfields.
The Bloodhound and Tigercat surface-to-air missiles are now in service with these units.
The BMEWS (Ballistic Missile Early Warning System) station at Fylingdales provides early warning of aircraft and missile threats
to the United Kingdom and other NATO countries, and Bloodhound 2 surface-to-air missile squadrons protect some British airfields. Reserves: The Volunteer reserves number about 400, and the regular reserves about 10,000.
CANADA
Population: 21,000,000.
Voluntary military service.
Estimated GNP 1968: $US 62.6 billion.
Total armed forces: 98,300.
Defence budget 1969-70: $Can. 1,812 million ($US 1,678,000,000). $Can. 1.08 = $US1. Army** Total strength: 37,300.
**The Canadian Armed Services have been unified since February 1968 but, for purposes of comparison with other countries, are presented here in traditional form.
In Europe: 1 mechanized infantry brigade group of 5,400 men,
with 56 Centurion tanks, 400 armoured personnel carriers, 24 155mm SP howitzers, and 1 Honest John surface-to-surface missile battery.
In May 1969 the Canadian Government announced Canada's intention to reduce her land and air forces stationed in Europe.
In Canada: The Mobile Command land units are being reorganized into 4 combat groups, without any increase in total troop strength.
Each group will comprise 2 reduced infantry battalions, 1 reduced armoured regiment, 1 reduced artillery regiment, and supporting units.
1 group will be earmarked as reinforcement for NATO Command in Europe.
2 air transportable battalions are committed to Allied Command Europe (ACE) Mobile Force.
The other groups at present contribute to North American ground defence, and UN commitments.
All Canadian operational land forces and tactical air forces are assigned to the Mobile Command.
In UNFTCYP (Cyprus): 460 men
Army reserves number 23,000 men. Navy Total strength: 18,300.
1 light aircraft carrier (ASW).
22 destroyer escorts (ASW).
4 submarines.
6 coastal minesweepers.
1 anti-submarine hydrofoil.
3 support ships.
The Naval Air Force consists of:
4 coastal squadrons of CL-28 Argus.
1 squadron of Tracker fixed-wing carrier-borne aircraft.
1 squadron of Sea King helicopters (in service on the aircraft carrier and some of the destroyer escorts).
Naval reserves total about 2,800 men and women. Air Force Total strength: 42,700; about 300 combat aircraft. (Canadian squadrons consist of from 6 to 18 aircraft).
In Europe: 4,000 men, 4 strike-attack and 2 reconnaissance squadrons, equipped with CF-104 Starfighters.
In Canada (NORAD):
3 CF-101 Voodoo squadrons,
2 surface-to-air Bomarc B missile squadrons and
27 surveillance and control radar squadrons are assigned to NORAD.
1 CF-100 squadron is operated in an electronic warfare training role.
Mobile Command:
1 DHC-5 Buffalo squadron.
2 helicopter squadrons.
2 CF-5 tactical squadrons are being formed.
Air Transport Command:
2 squadrons with C-130 Hercules.
1 squadron with CC-106 Yukon.
1 squadron with CC-109 Cosmopolitan and Falcon.
Other transport aircraft include C-45s and DHC-4 Caribous.
Air Force reserves number 800, and the aircraft they operate include six squadrons equipped with DHC Otter.
DENMARK
Population: 4,900,000.
Military service: 12-14 months (it is planned to reduce this to 12 months in 1970).
Estimated GNP 1968: $12.5 billion.
Total armed forces: 45,500.
Defence estimates 1969-70:2,521 million Danish kroner ($336,000,000). Dkr. 7.5 = $1. Army Total strength: 28,000.
4 armoured infantry brigades and one battalion group with Centurion tanks.
3 artillery battalions with Honest John and 203mm howitzers (without nuclear warheads).
2 armoured infantry brigades and support units to be formed from reservists within 72 hours.
Local defence reservist units form 15 infantry battalion groups and 15 artillery batteries.
A volunteer Army Home Guard of 54,000. Navy Total strength: 7,000.
2 fast frigates.
4 submarines.
4 coastal escorts.
8 minelayers.
8 coastal minesweepers.
4 inshore minesweepers.
16 fast patrol boats.
9 seaward defence craft.
8 Alouette III helicopters.
Volunteer Naval Home Guard: 4,000. Air Force Total active strength: 10,500; 105 combat aircraft. (There are 16 aircraft in a Danish combat squadron.)
3 fighter-bomber squadrons with F-100D/F.
2 interceptor squadrons with F-104G.
1 interceptor squadron with Hunters.
1 reconnaissance squadron with RF-84F.
1 transport squadron with C-47, C-54 and Catalina.
1 search and rescue squadron with S-61 helicopters.
4 Nike-Ajax and Nike-Hercules batteries located around Copenhagen.
4 semi-mobile Hawk squadrons to supplement the Nike squadrons.
A volunteer Air Force Home Guard of 11,000.
FRANCE
Population: 50,600,000.
Military service: 12-16 months (selective).
Estimated GNP 1968: $115 billion.
Total armed forces: 503,000.
Estimated defence expenditure 1969: 31,000 million francs ($5,586,000,000).* 5.55 francs = $1.
* Including certain items of the military nuclear programme not shown in the budget estimates of the Defence Ministry.
France has responsibilities towards the countries of the Union Africaine et Malgache, which includes all the African members of the
former French Community except Mali.
French strategic doctrine has been moving during 1969 from massive retaliation directed against all possible enemies, to a more graduated
response which takes account, in particular, of the projected introduction of tactical nuclear weapons in the early 1970s. Army Total strength: 328,000. There are
2 mechanized divisions in Germany,
1 independent brigade in West Berlin, and
3 mechanized divisions, 1 air-portable division and an independent parachute regiment in France.
The air-portable division combines parachute troops with an amphibious brigade and supporting arms, and makes up the permanent element
of a strategic reserve.
The AMX-30 medium tank-some 275 are now in service - has replaced the M-47 Patton in 5 armoured regiments, while
the AMX-13 light tank and the EBR heavy and AML light armoured cars have been rearmed with a 90mm gun.
The artillery has SP AMX 105mm and 155mm howitzers, and 30mm anti-aircraft twin barrelled guns.
There are 4 battalions of Honest John rocket-launchers in Germany and 1 in France
(the nuclear warheads formerly held under double-key arrangements with the USA were withdrawn in 1966); and
3 surface-to-air missile regiments with Hawk.
Combat troops stationed overseas number about 12,000, including
2 regiments in French Somaliland and
5 regiments in the rest of Africa and Madagascar, a detachment in Algeria,
3 battalions in the Indian Ocean and Pacific territories, and 1 regiment in the Caribbean. There are, in addition,
3,000 French officers and NCOs serving either on secondment or on contract with the armed forces of independent African countries.
The remaining troops are stationed in metropolitan France for local defence, and have only light arms and equipment.
Their peacetime strength is six brigades, including 2 mountain brigades.
Mobilization would add up to a further 15 brigades, making a total of up to 21 brigades, or up to 80 infantry and some 5 armoured car regiments. Navy Total strength: 70,000. The fleet is deployed with the
Mediterranean squadron at Toulon, the
Atlantic squadron at Brest, and the Marine Commando and a submarine squadron at Lorient.
2 22,000-ton aircraft carriers.
1 14,000-ton helicopter/aircraft carrier.
1 10,000-ton helicopter carrier.
2 amphibious assault ships.
2 anti-aircraft cruisers.
2 guided-missile frigates (with Masurca surface-to-air missiles and Malafon ASW missiles).
18 fleet destroyers (4 with Tartar surface-to-air missiles).
24 frigates.
19 attack submarines.
14 coastal escorts.
14 fleet minesweepers.
41 coastal minesweepers.
8 tank landing ships.
14 other landing craft.
A Marine Commando of 600 men.
4 Fleet Ballistic Missile Submarines (FBMS) are scheduled for completion between 1970 and 1975. The first FBMS is now being tested.
The Naval Air Force, consisting of 11,500 men and about 275 combat aircraft, includes:
53 Etendard IV-M fighter-bombers,
19 Etendard IV-P reconnaissance aircraft,
38 F-8E Crusader interceptors,
60 Alize patrollers and 4 Super Frelon ASW heavy helicopters, all of which can be flown from the aircraft carriers. There are also
38 Atlantic and 15 Neptune maritime reconnaissance aircraft which are flown from shore bases, and about
50 Alouette III and S-58 helicopters.
3 frigates, 6 fleet and 30 coastal minesweepers are in reserve. Air Force Total strength: 105,000; 475 combat aircraft.
(a) The Strategic Air Command (CFAS) has a first-line strength of
40 aircraft organized in 3 mixed bomber wings, each of 3 Mirage IVA bomber squadrons and 1 C-135F tanker squadron.
The force is adapted to low-level penetration with 80-kiloton atomic bombs.
A group with 27 IRBMs, organized in 3 squadrons of 9 missiles each, is being formed and will start to enter service in the early 1970s.
Construction of missile silos and underground operations centres has begun in Haute-Provence.
(b) The Air Defence Command (CAFDA) has
2 squadrons with Mirage IIIC interceptors,
2 squadrons with Vautour IIN all-weather interceptors,
4 squadrons with Super-Mystere B2 interceptors and
2 squadrons with Mystere IVA fighters.
The various components of this command are co-ordinated by the automatic STRIDA II air-defence system installed at
HQ in Taverny and in major radar stations.
(c) The Tactical Air Force (FATAC) has 2 subordinate Tactical Air Commands: 1st CATAC, and 2nd CATAC, which would eventually command
the air component of the Strategic Reserve. FATAC controls
8 squadrons with Mirage IIIE fighter-bombers,
3 squadrons with F-100D fighter-bombers,
2 squadrons with Mystere IVA fighter-bombers and
3 squadrons with Mirage IIIRD tactical reconnaissance aircraft.
(d) The Air Transport Command (COTAM) has
2 squadrons with C-160 Transall and 5 squadrons with N-2501 Noratlas tactical transports,
1 squadron with DC-6 and Br-765 Sahara heavy transports,
2 mixed squadrons and 4 squadrons with H-34 and Alouette II helicopters.
1 squadron of A-1D Skyraider fighter-bombers is stationed in Madagascar;
1 squadron of A-1D and one mixed transport squadron are stationed in French Somaliland. Reserves and Para-military forces The regular forces could be supplemented in time of emergency by up to 390,000 reservists,
and by the Gendarmerie and the CRS (Compagnies Republicaines de Securite) who total about 80,000 (plus up to 60,000 reserves).
GERMANY (Federal Republic)
Population: 58,500,000 (excluding West Berlin).
Military service: 18 months.
Estimated GNP 1968: $132 billion.
Total armed forces: 465,000.
Defence budget 1969: DM 21,204 million ($5,301,000,000). DM4 = $1. Army Total strength: 328,000 (including the Territorial Force of 35,000).
12 armoured brigades.
16 armoured infantry brigades.
2 mountain brigades.
2 airborne brigades.
1,500 M-48A2 Patton and 1,800 Leopard (with 105mm guns) medium tanks.
105mm, 155mm, 175mm and 203mm artillery.
11 battalions with Honest John and 4 battalions with Sergeant surface-to-surface missiles.
7,000 HS-30 and M-113 armoured personnel carriers.
1,000 tank destroyers with 90mm guns or antitank missiles.
About 500 Bell-47, UH-1D Iroquois and Alouette II helicopters.
The Territorial Force is held for rear-area duties, and is not assigned to NATO. Navy Total strength: 36,000.
11 coastal submarines.
10 destroyers.
8 destroyer escorts.
24 support ships.
6 coastal escorts.
2 minelayers.
16 coastal minesweepers.
36 fast minesweepers.
19 inshore minesweepers.
40 fast patrol boats.
24 landing craft.
The Naval Air Force has 6,000 men and about 100 combat aircraft, consisting of
4 fighter-bomber and reconnaissance squadrons with F-104G, and
2 maritime patrol squadrons with Br-1150 Atlantics. Air Force Total strength: 101,000; 600 combat aircraft.
(There are up to 15-20 aircraft in German fighter, fighter-bomber and light-strike squadrons, and up to 18 aircraft in reconnaissance and transport squadrons.)
4 interceptor squadrons with F-104G.
10 fighter-bomber squadrons with F-104G.
4 light ground-attack strike squadrons with G-91.
4 reconnaissance squadrons with G-91.
4 heavy reconnaissance squadrons with F-104G.
(88 F-4 Phantom II are on order.)
6 transport squadrons with Noratlas and C-160 Transall.
4 squadrons of UH-1D transport helicopters.
6 battalions Nike-Hercules surface-to-air missiles.
9 battalions Hawk surface-to-air missiles.
4 battalions Pershing surface-to-surface missiles.
The air force is assigned to NATO. Para-military forces and reserves About 30,000 Border Police, equipped with Saladin scout cars, and regional police units.
Trained reservists number about 750,000.
GREECE
Population: 8,750,000.
Military service: Army and Navy, 30 months; Air Force, 23 months.
Estimated GNP 1968: $7.4 billion.
Total armed forces: 159,000.
Defence budget 1969: 11,450 million drachmas ($382,000,000). 30 drachmas = $1. Army Total strength: 118,000.
11 infantry divisions in three corps (4 divisions are kept close to full strength).
1 armoured division with M-47 and M-48 Patton tanks.
1 Commando brigade.
105mm, 155mm and 203mm howitzers.
2 battalions of Honest John surface-to-surface missiles.
1 surface-to-air missile battalion with Hawk.
All the Greek Army is assigned to or earmarked for NATO. Navy Total strength: 18,000.
2 submarines.
8 destroyers.
4 destroyer escorts.
7 coastal patrol vessels.
2 minelayers.
16 coastal minesweepers.
6 fast patrol boats.
10 tank landing ships.
6 medium landing ships. Air Force Total strength: 23,000; 215 combat aircraft. (There are up to 18 aircraft in Greek fighter and fighter-bomber squadrons.)
3 interceptor squadrons with F-5A/B.
2 fighter-bomber squadrons with F-104G.
5 fighter-bomber squadrons with F-84F.
1 photo-reconnaissance squadron with RF-84.
About 30 C-47 and C-119G transport aircraft.
Bell-47, H-19 and A/B 205 helicopters.
1 surface-to-air missile battalion with Nike-Ajax and Nike-Hercules.
7 tactical squadrons and 1 transport squadron are assigned to the 6th Allied Tactical Air Force. Para-military forces and reserves Gendarmerie: 23,000.
Trained reserves: 200,000.
ITALY
Population: 53,700,000.
Military service: Army and Air Force, 15 months; Navy, 24 months.
Estimated GNP 1968: $72 billion.
Total armed forces: 420,000 (excluding Carabinieri).
Defence budget 1969: 1,204,000 million lire ($1,930,000,000) (excluding Carabinieri). 625 lire = 51. Army Total strength: 313,100.
2 armoured divisions with M-47 and M-60 tanks.
5 infantry divisions.
5 alpine brigades.
4 independent infantry brigades.
1 independent cavalry brigade with M-47 tanks.
1 parachute brigade.
1 rocket brigade (including 2 Honest John battalions).
4 surface-to-air missile battalions with Hawk.
The seven divisions, the five alpine brigades, the cavalry brigade, the rocket brigade and the Hawk battalions are assigned to NATO. Navy Total strength: 42,400.
4 guided-missile light cruisers with Terrier surface-to-air and ASW missiles.
2 destroyer leaders with Tartar surface-to-air missiles.
4 ASW destroyers.
16 ASW destroyer escorts.
10 submarines.
23 coastal escorts.
4 ocean minesweepers.
37 coastal minesweepers.
20 inshore minesweepers.
6 fast patrol boats.
6 motor gunboats.
10 transport ships.
1 marine infantry battalion.
The naval air force includes air-sea rescue units with Bell-47, SH-34, AB-204 and SH-3D helicopters, and three ASW squadrons with S-2 Trackers. Air Force Total strength: 64,500; 450 combat aircraft.
(There are 12-18 aircraft in an Italian combat squadron ['gruppo']. The transport squadrons have 16 aircraft each.)
3 fighter-bomber squadrons with F-84F.
2 fighter-bomber squadrons with F-104G.
2 light-strike squadrons with G-91.
3 AWX squadrons with F-86K.
3 AWX squadrons with F-104G.
2 reconnaissance squadrons with RF-84F.
3 transport squadrons with C-119.
3 Nike-Ajax and Nike-Hercules units.
(The above units are assigned to the 5th Allied Tactical Air Force.)
2 light-strike squadrons with G-91.
1 transport squadron with C-47, Convair 440 and DC-6. Para-military forces and reserves The Carabinieri Corps (mainly security, frontier guard and military police duties): 76,000.
Other security forces number a further 30,000.
Trained reservists total about 635,000.
LUXEMBOURG
Population: 338,000.
Voluntary military service.
Estimated GNP 1968: $0.75 billion.
Total armed forces: 560.
Defence estimates 1969: 401 million Belgian francs ($7,988,000). BF50.2 = $1. Army Total strength: 560.
A light infantry battalion (4 companies) has been formed which, except for 2 companies, has been earmarked for the ACE mobile force (AMF). Para-military forces A Gendarmerie of 350 men.
NETHERLANDS
Population: 12,800,000.
Military service: Army, 16-18 months; Navy and Air Force, 18-21 months.
Estimated GNP 1968: $23 billion.
Total armed forces: 124,000.
Defence estimates 1969: 3,385 million guilders ($940,000,000). 3.6 guilders = $1. Army Total strength: 82,000.
4 armoured infantry brigades, 2 armoured brigades and some corps troops (assigned to NATO).
600 Centurion medium tanks (including those with reserve units)-to be partly replaced by Leopards. AMX-13 light tanks.
AMX-VTT, M-113 and DAF-YP 408 armoured personnel carriers.
105mm, 155mm, 175mm and 203mm SP artillery.
Honest John rocket-launchers.
Army reserves: 1 infantry division, and the remaining corps troops, including an independent infantry brigade to be completed by call-up of
reservists, are earmarked for assignment to NATO. A number of infantry brigades could be mobilized if needed for territorial defence. Navy Total strength: 20,000, including 3,000 marines and 2,000 naval air force.
6 submarines.
2 cruisers (one fitted with Terrier surface-to-air missiles).
1 fast combat-support ship.
18 ASW ocean escorts.
14 coastal escorts.
34 coastal minesweepers.
16 inshore minesweepers.
12 support ships.
1 landing craft.
The naval air force is an ASW and reconnaissance force with about
30 Neptunes and Trackers, and
15 ASW and general purpose helicopters. Air Force Total strength: 22,000; 145 combat aircraft. (With the exceptions stated above, there are 18 aircraft in a Netherlands combat squadron.)
2 interceptor squadrons with F-104G.
2 fighter-bomber squadrons with F-104G.
2 fighter-bomber squadrons with F-84F.
(1 squadron has 25 aircraft.)
1 photo-reconnaissance squadron with RF-104G.
8 surface-to-air missile squadrons with Nike-Hercules (1 squadron is NATO-earmarked).
11 surface-to-air missile squadrons with Hawk.
1 transport squadron with F-27 Friendships (NATO-earmarked).
2 observation and communication squadrons (under Army command) with Alouette III helicopters, and Piper Super-Cub and Beaver light aircraft.
With the exception of the two squadrons mentioned above, the whole Air Force is assigned to NATO. Para-military forces A Gendarmerie (the Royal Marechaussee) of about 3,000 men.
NORWAY
Population: 3,850,000.
Military service: 12-15 months.
Estimated GNP 1968: $8.5 billion.
Total armed forces: 38,000.
Estimated defence expenditure 1969: 2,460 million Norwegian kroner ( $344,000,000). 7.15 kroner = $1. Army Total strength: 21,000.
The army is organized into 5 regional commands, comprising all ground forces.
The regional commands are again divided into a number of ground-defence districts.
Major units are mainly organized in Regimental Combat Teams (RCT).
Peacetime establishment includes a brigade group with M-48 tanks stationed in Arctic Norway, a number of independent battalions and
supporting elements, as well as training units.
Mobilization would produce 11 RCTs plus supporting units. This force would total 130,000. Navy Total strength: 8,000, including 750 coastal artillery.
15 coastal submarines.
5 frigates.
4 coastal minelayers.
10 coastal minesweepers.
2 coastal escorts.
20 gunboats.
About 25 torpedo boats (less than 100 tons).
A number of coastal artillery batteries. Air Force Total strength: 9,000; 130 combat aircraft. (There are 15-18 aircraft in a Norwegian combat squadron.)
1 all-weather fighter squadron with F-104G.
4 fighter-bomber squadrons with F-5A/B.
1 photo-reconnaissance squadron with RF-84F. (Due to be replaced by RF-5A during 1969.)
18 HU-16 Albatross and P-3B Orion maritime patrol aircraft.
15 medium transports including C-47, C-119, C-130H and Twin Otters.
20 UH-1B Iroquois helicopters and 2 Bell-47s.
4 Nike-Ajax and Nike-Hercules sites are located around Oslo (without nuclear warheads).
The Norwegian forces are earmarked for assignment to NATO. Reserve Forces Trained reservists number about 110,000, and there is a home guard, with local defence responsibilities, totalling about 70,000.
PORTUGAL
Population: 9,500,000.
Military service: Army, 18-48 months; Air Force, 18-48 months; Navy, 48 months.
Estimated GNP 1968: $4.9 billion.
Total armed forces: 182,000.
(Of which about 55,000, including those locally enlisted, are in Angola, 40,000 in Mozambique and 27,000 in Portuguese Guinea.)
Defence estimates 1969: 9,214 million escudos (.$321,000,000). 28.7 escudos = $1. Army Total strength: 148,000.
Elements of 2 infantry divisions are stationed in metropolitan Portugal.
1 of these divisions, which has some M-41 and M-47 tanks and is earmarked for assignment to NATO, may be only 50% up to strength.
The other division, reserved for joint Iberian defence, is even lower in numbers.
These units have some 105mm and 155mm howitzers.
The remaining troops (including about 25 infantry regiments) are stationed in the Portuguese provinces in Africa. Navy Total strength: 16,500, including 500 marines.
4 submarines.
13 frigates (including 1 ASW frigate).
13 coastal escorts.
4 ocean minesweepers.
12 coastal minesweepers.
43 patrol launches (many are of less than 100 tons).
5 landing craft (LCT-type). Air Force Total strength: 17,500; 100 combat aircraft.
20 B-26 piston-engined light bombers.
1 interceptor squadron with F-86F Sabre.
1 fighter-bomber squadron with F-84G Thunderjet.
2 light-strike squadrons with G-91.
1 ASW reconnaissance squadron with P-2 Neptune.
About 60 medium transports, including . 12 Noratlas, 40 C-47s, C-54s and DC-6s.
1 squadron of Alouette III helicopters.
Only the Neptune squadron is NATO-assigned.
There is a paratroop regiment of 4,000, which comes under Air Force command; 1 battalion is serving in each of the three African provinces. Para-military forces and reserves National Republican Guard: 15,000.
Reservists with military training total about 500,000.
TURKEY
Population: 34,000,000.
Military service : 2 years
Estimated GNP 1968: $12.0 billion.
Total armed forces: 483,000.
Estimated defence expenditure 1969-70: 4,631 million Turkish lire (5510,000,000). 9.08 lire = $1. Army Total strength: 400,000.
1 armoured division with M-48 tanks.
4 armoured brigades with M-48 tanks.
1 armoured cavalry brigade.
13 infantry divisions, 1 of which is mechanized.
3 mechanized infantry brigades.
2 parachute battalions.
M-113 armoured personnel carriers.
M-24 light tanks and M-36 tank destroyers.
105mm, 155mm and 203mm howitzers.
Honest John rocket-launchers.
Apart from some fortress regiments and territorial defence units, all Turkish Army formations are assigned to NATO.
Trained Army reservists number 450,000. Navy Total strength: 40,000.
10 submarines.
10 destroyers.
15 coastal escorts.
7 minelayers.
16 coastal and inshore minesweepers.
8 motor torpedo boats.
Naval reserves: 70,000. Air Force Total strength: 43,000; 500 combat aircraft. (There are 14-25 aircraft in a Turkish combat squadron.)
1 interceptor squadron with F-5A.
5 interceptor squadrons with F-86D/E/K (being phased out).
1 AWX squadron with F-102A.
2 fighter-bomber squadrons with F-104G.
4 fighter-bomber squadrons with F-5A.
10 fighter-bomber squadrons with F-100C (being phased out).
3 reconnaissance squadrons with RF-84F and F-84Q.
4 transport squadrons (C-47, C-54 and C-130).
2 battalions (6 batteries) of Nike-Hercules surface-to-air missiles.
The Turkish Air Force, including the Nike batteries, is NATO-assigned. Para-military forces Gendarmerie: 20,000 (including three formations organized into infantry brigades).
National Guard: 20,000.
OTHER EUROPEAN COUNTRIES
ALBANIA
Population: 2,100,000.
Military service: Army, 2years; Air Force, Navy and special units, 3 years.
Total regular forces: 38,000.
Defence appropriations 1969: 420 million leks (ї105,000,000). 4 leks = $1. Army Total strength: 30,000.
1 tank brigade.
5 infantry brigades.
About 100 tanks, mostly T-34s.
A few SA-2 Guideline surface-to-air missile launchers.
Some light shore batteries. Navy Total strength: 3,000.
4 submarines.
4 ASW patrol vessels.
8 minesweepers.
18 motor torpedo boats (less than 100 tons).
16 other vessels.
Some rockets deployed around the ports of Durazzo and Valona. Air Force Total strength: 5,000; 60 combat aircraft.
6 air-defence squadrons with MiG-15s, MiG-17s and MiG-19s.
About 20transports, including An-2 and I1-14, and Mi-4 helicopters. Para-military forces 12,500.
AUSTRIA
Population: 7,370,000.
Military service: 9 months.
Estimated GNP 1968: $11.3 billion.
Total armed forces : 50,000.
Defence budget 1969: 3,720 million schillings (5144,000,000). 25.9 schillings = $1. Army Total strength: 46,000.
3 armoured infantry brigades.
4 mountain infantry brigades.
3 reserve brigades.
3 independent air-defence battalions.
Artillery and engineer units.
M-47 and M-60 medium tanks.
M-41 and AMX-13 light tanks.
105mm and 155mm howitzers
84mm Carl Gustav anti-tank weapons.
Some RM 130 rocket launchers.
35mm Oerlikon and 40mm Bofors AA guns. Air Force* Total strength: 4,000; 18 combat aircraft.
* Austrian air units are an integral part of the Army but have been listed separately.
18 J-29F Tunnanyst fighter-bombers.
21 Cessna L-19 light reconnaissance aircraft.
11 Magister and 7 Vampire jet trainers.
4 DHC-2 Beaver transports.
24 Iroquois, 24 Alouette, 12 Bell Jet Ranger and 12 Bell H-13H helicopters for transport and liaison duties.
20 Saab 105s have been ordered, with delivery due to start in 1970. Para-military forces A Gendarmerie of 11,000.
FINLAND
Population: 4,700,000.
Military service: 7-11 months.
Estimated GNP1968: $7.25 billion.
Total armed forces: 36,400.
Estimated defence expenditure 1969: 549 million markkas ($131,000,000). 4.2 markkas = $1. Army Total strength: 31,400.
1 armoured brigade (below strength).
6 infantry brigades (below strength).
6 artillery regiments.
T-54, T-55 and Comet medium tanks.
PT-76 light tanks and Charioteer tank destroyers.
French and Soviet field artillery.
Vigilant and SS-11 anti-tank missiles.
ZSU-57, 35mm Oerlikon and 40mm Bofors anti-aircraft guns.
Reserves are estimated at 30,000. Navy Total strength: 2,000.
3 frigates (one used as training ship).
2 corvette/gunboats.
2 coastal minelayers.
15 fast patrol boats.
5 inshore minesweepers.
4 coast guard patrol vessels.
13 smaller patrol boats. Air Force Total strength: 3,000; 30 combat aircraft.
38 MiG-21 jet fighter/fighter-bombers are being delivered, of which about 20 have been received.
10 Gnat Mark 1 fighter/reconnaissance aircraft.
4 C-47 and 4 Beaver transport aircraft.
About 120 training aircraft, including 60 Magister, 20 Safir and 8 MiG-15/MiG-21 UTI.
4 Hound, 3 Hare, 2 Alouette II and 1 AB-204B helicopters. Para-military forces About 3,000 frontier defence troops.
SPAIN
Population: 32,700,000.
Military service: Army and Air Force, 18 months; Navy, 24 months.
Estimated GNP 1968: $24.5 billion.
Total armed forces: 289,500.
Estimated defence expenditure 1969-70: 40,381 million pesetas ($577,000,000). 70 pesetas = $1. Army Total strength: 210,000.
1 armoured division with M-47 and M-48 tanks.
1 mechanized infantry division.
1 motorized infantry division.
2 mountain divisions.
10 independent infantry brigades.
1 cavalry brigade.
1 high mountain brigade.
1 air-portable brigade.
1 parachute brigade.
2 artillery brigades - equipment includes 155mm SP howitzers.
1 battalion with Hawk surface-to-air missiles.
About 26,000 soldiers, including elements of 3 divisions, are serving in Spanish Africa,
8,000 in the Canary Islands and a further 6,000 in the Balearics. Navy Total strength: 44,500, including marines.
1 light helicopter carrier.
1 cruiser.
4 submarines.
8 destroyers.
16 frigates.
4 minelayers.
6 corvettes.
25 minesweepers.
3 patrol vessels.
3 torpedo boats.
2 transport ships.
11 landing craft.
3 squadrons of ASW helicopters.
1 squadron of light helicopters.
A Marine Corps of 9,000 men.
Naval reserve personnel total 250,000. Air Force Total strength: 35,000; 186 combat aircraft.
55 F-86F interceptors.
20 F-104G interceptors.
10 F-5 fighter-bombers.
50 HA Saeta fighter-bombers.
20 He-111 light bomber and reconnaissance aircraft.
6 Hu-16B Albatross ASW aircraft.
25 armed T-6 trainers.
Over 150 transport and communications aircraft, including C-47s, C-54s, 6 Caribous, and Spanishbuilt Alcotan, Halcon and Azor.
250 training aircraft, including T-6, T-33 and TF-104G.
SWEDEN
Population : 8,000,000.
Military service: Army and Navy, 9-15 months; Air Force, 9-14 months. Reserve liabilities up to the age of 47.
Estimated GNP 1968 : $26.5 billion.
Total armed forces: 750,000 (total mobilizable strength).
Defence estimates 1969-70: 5,680 million Swedish kronor ($1,099,000,000). 5.17 kronor = $ 1. Army Total strength: 11,000 regular officers and NCOs, 38,000 conscript trainees, and 75,000 reservists called up for 18-40 days' training per year.
On mobilization the total number would become about 600,000.
Centurion tanks mounting a 105mm gun, and Strv-14 light tanks are in service.
The Swedish Strv-S (turretless) tank is entering service with armoured units.
Artillery includes 105mm and 155mm field guns, and 155mm SP guns.
Anti-tank weapons include the SS-11, Bantam, Carl Gustav and Miniman.
1 battalion with Hawk surface-to-air missiles. Navy Total strength: 4,600 regular; 7,000 conscripts.
23 submarines.
1 cruiser.
2 destroyers with Rb-08 ship-to-surface missiles.
6 other destroyers (2 with Seacat surface-to-air missiles).
8 fast anti-submarine frigates.
1 fleet minelayer.
27 minesweepers.
17 heavy torpedo boats.
25 other motor torpedo boats (less than 100 tons).
5 regiments of coastal artillery using 75mm and 120mm guns, and Rb-08 surface-to-ship missiles.
Naval helicopters include 13 Vertol and 12 Alouette II. Air Force Total strength: 24,000 (including 5,700 regulars and 8,600 civilians) ; 650 combat aircraft.
10 attack squadrons with A-32A Lansen (with air-to-surface missiles).
16 all-weather fighter squadrons with J-35 Draken.
3 all-weather fighter squadrons with J-32B Lansen.
5 reconnaissance/day-fighter squadrons with S-32 and S-35.
6 squadrons with Bloodhound 2 surface-to-air missiles.
A fully computerized and semi-automatic control and air surveillance system, with which all components of the Swedish air defence are
coordinated, is now operating. This is known as Stril 60 and is similar to the American SAGE. Para-military forces The voluntary defence organizations have about 325,000 members in peacetime, of whom about 100,000 are women.
SWITZERLAND
Population: 6,200,000.
Military service: 4 months initial basic training, followed by regular reservist training of about three weeks a year for 8 years,
two weeks for 3 years, and one week for 2 years.
Estimated GNP1968 : $16.9 billion.
Total armed forces: 644,500 total mobilizable strength; reservists can be fully mobilized within 48 hours.
Defence budget 1969: 1,770 million Swiss francs ($412,000,000). 4.3 francs = $1. Army Total strength: 2,500 regular training cadre, 17,000 conscript trainees, and about 570,000 reservists capable of rapid mobilization.
The militia-style army is organized into 4 corps.
1 corps, for the defence of the Alps, consists of 3 mountain divisions;
the other 3 corps, for the defence of the plain, consist of 1 armoured division and 2 infantry divisions each.
There are also 17 frontier, fortress and 'redoubt' brigades.
The mechanized formations are equipped with 300 Centurion and 200 AMX-13 tanks, and 800 M-113 armoured personnel carriers.
150 Swiss-built PZ-61 medium tanks are also with the mechanized divisions.
There are 48 artillery battalions with 150mm and 155mm guns and SP howitzers. Air Force (including Air Defence troops)* Total strength: 2,000 regular, 5,000 conscript trainees, and 48,000 reservists capable of rapid mobilization.
* Swiss Air Force and Air Defence Troops are an integral part of the Army, but are listed here separately.
Maintenance is carried out by civilian employees. About 400 combat aircraft.
5 squadrons of Hunter F-58 interceptors with Sidewinder air-to-air missiles.
2 squadrons of Mirage IIIS interceptor/ground attack aircraft.
1 squadron of Mirage IIIR fighter/reconnaissance aircraft.
13 squadrons of Venom FB 50 ground-support fighters.
3 Ju-52/3 and 6 Do-27 transport aircraft.
100 Alouette II/III and Bell-47G helicopters.
About 40 anti-aircraft batteries with Oerlikon twin 35mm cannon.
2 battalions of Bloodhound 2 missiles, with at least 68 launchers.
YUGOSLAVIA
Population : 20,300,000.
Military service: Army, 18 months; Navy and
Air Force, 24 months.
Estimated GNP 1968: $9.6 billion.
Total armed forces: 218,000.
Defence estimates 1969: 7,318 million dinars ($585,000,000).
Defence expenditure 1968: 6,784 million dinars ($543,000,000). 12.5 dinars = $ 1. Army Total strength : 180,000.
1 armoured division with M-47, T-54 and T-55 tanks.
8 infantry divisions with some T-34 tanks.
45 independent brigades and regiments, including an airborne and a marine infantry brigade.
PT-76 reconnaissance tanks, and 650 M-4 Sherman.
M-3 and BTR-50/60P armoured personnel carriers.
105mm and 155mm howitzers, SU-100 self propelled guns.
SA-2 Guidelinesurface-to-air missiles.
SU-57 anti-aircraft guns.
Army reserves (for bringing existing units up to war strength only): 450,000. Navy Total strength: 18,000.
4 submarines.
3 destroyers.
20 coastal escorts.
20 motor gunboats (less than 100 tons).
4 coastal minesweepers.
15 inshore minesweepers (some less than 100 tons).
7 Cra-class missile patrol boats with Styx guided missiles.
Some 45 motor torpedo boats (most less than 100 tons).
70 landing craft.
20-30 batteries of coastal artillery. Air Force Total strength : 20,000; 315 combat aircraft.
50 MiG-21 Fishbed C/D fighter-interceptors.
100 F-86D and CF-86D/E fighter-interceptors.
120 F-84G Thunderjet ground-attack aircraft.
15 Jastreb light ground-attack fighters.
The Kraguj close-support aircraft is now in squadron service.
30 RT-33A and F-86E photo-reconnaissance aircraft.
25 medium transport aircraft including C-47s and Il-14s. 8 surface-to-air missile batteries with SA-2 Guideline.
About 40 helicopters including 20 Whirlwinds(made in Yugoslavia) and 15 Mi-4 Hounds. Para-military forces 19,000 Frontier Guards.
The territorial defence force being formed is planned to reach a strength of up to 3 million men and women.
AUSTRALASIA
The security of Australia and New Zealand is primarily assured by the tripartite treaty known as ANZUS between these two countries and the United States, which was signed in 1951 and is of indefinite duration. Under this treaty each agrees to 'actto meet the common danger' in the event of armed attack one it her metropolitan or island territory of any one of them or on armed forces, public vessels, or aircraft, in the Pacific. The forward deployment of Australasian forces in Asia is governed by the ANZAM arrangement and by SEATO, as described in the preceding section.
АВСТРАЛИЯ
Безопасность Австралии и Новой Зеландии в первую очередь обеспечивается четырехсторонним договором, известным как ANZUS между этими двумя странами и Соединенными Штатами, который был подписан в 1951 году и действует бессрочно. Согласно этому договору каждый должен реагировать на общие опасности в случае вооруженного нападения на метрополию или островные территории любой из них или вооруженных сил, кораблей или летательных аппаратов, в Тихоокеанском регионе. Передовое развертывание Австралазийских сил в Азии регулируется соглашением ANZAM и осуществляется по морю, как описано в предыдущем разделе.
AUSTRALIA
Population: 12,250,000.
Two years' selective military service.
Estimated GNP 1968 : $US 26.8 billion.
Total armed forces: 87,150.
Defence estimates 1969-70: $A 1,104 million ($US 1,225,000,000). $A1 = $US1.11 Army Total strength: 46,700.
9 infantry battalions, including 1 battalion group in Malaysia,
and a task force (3 infantry battalions with supporting arms and services) in South Vietnam.
2 battalions of the Pacific Islands Regiment.
1 tank regiment with Centurions.
1 Special Air Service regiment.
1 Logistic Support Force.
3 field artillery regiments.
1 light anti-aircraft regiment.
1 aviation regiment.
About 50 Sioux and Alouette III helicopters.
The Citizen Military Force of 38,000 (not included in the above total) is found from reservists, and is intended to form
25 infantry battalions with supporting arms and services, which will include one battalion each in Papua and New Guinea. Navy Total strength: 17,500.
1 light fleet carrier (used for ASW).
3 fleet submarines (2 operational).
3 guided-missile destroyers.
3 gun destroyers.
4 ASW frigates.
6 coastal minesweepers.
20 patrol boats.
1 fast troop transport.
Carrier-borne aircraft include 10 A-4G Skyhawk fighter-bombers, 14 S-2E Tracker ASW aircraft,
and a helicopter squadron with Wessex Mark 31s.
The Navy Citizen Military Force (reservists) numbers 4,350. Air Force Total strength: 22,950; 230 combat aircraft.
1 squadron of CanberraB-20 light jet bombers.
3 squadrons oМ Mirage III-O fighters (with Matra air-to-air missiles).
1 squadron of Australian Sabre fighters (with Sidewinder air-to-air missiles).
1 squadron of P-3B Orion and 1 squadron of
P-2H Neptune maritime reconnaissance aircraft.
Delivery of F-111C was due to begin this year.
87 Aermacchi MB 326 light-strike/jet trainers are on order (of which 45 have been delivered).
24 C-130 Hercules and 22 CV-2B Caribou medium transports.
2 helicopter squadrons with UH-1B Iroquois.
There is a Citizen Air Force (reservists) of 1,000 men.
Voluntary military service (supplemented by selective national service for the Army).
Estimated GNP 1968: $US 5.0 billion.*
Total armed forces : 13,135.
Defence estimates 1969-70: $NZ 88,800,000 ($US 98,000,000). $NZ 1 = $US 1.1.
* Adjusted to post-November 1967 devaluation rate of exchange. Army Total strength: 5,740.
1 infantry battalion (less 2 companies) in Malaysia.
2 infantry companies and an artillery battery in Vietnam.
Regular troops form the nucleus of a Combat Brigade Group, a Logistic Support Force, a Reserve Brigade Group and a Static Support Force.
These units would be completed by the mobilization of Territorials (reserves).
There are about 10,700 in the Territorial Army. Navy Total strength: 2,920.
1 general purpose frigate (with Seacat surface-to-air missiles).
3 ASW frigates (2 with Seacat surface-to-air missiles).
2 escort minesweepers.
1 survey ship.
1 support ship.
12 patrol craft (less than 100 tons).
2 Wasp helicopters (one operates from the general purpose frigate).
3,000 naval reservists. Air Force Total strength: 4,475; 33 combat aircraft.
1 squadron of Canberra B(l)12 light jet bombers.
1 squadron of Vampire FB.9 fighter-bombers.
(14 Skyhawk A-4K have been ordered as replacements with delivery due in early 1970).
5 P-3B Orion maritime reconnaissance aircraft.
5 C-130 Hercules, 15 Devon and 9 Bristol Mark31 medium transports.
1 transport squadron is deployed in Singapore.
5 Iroquois and 6 Sioux helicopters - (9 further Iroquois and 7 further Sioux are on order).
Part V: Southern Africa
RHODESIA General Population: 4,700,000 (240,000 white population).
Military service: 12 months (white population).
Estimated GNP 1968: $1,142 million.
Total armed forces : 4,600.
Defence budget 1968-69: p.s.R7,700,000 ($21,560,000). $2.8 = p.s.R1. Army Total strength: 3,400.
1 Special Air Service squadron.
2 infantry battalions (one has a few Ferret scout cars).
1 artillery battery.
There is an establishment for three brigades, 2 being based on regular infantry battalions.
These brigades would be brought up to strength by calling out the Territorial battalions referred to below. Air Force Total strength: 1,200; about 80 combat aircraft.
1 squadron Hunter day-fighter/ground-attack.
1 squadron Vampire day-fighter/ground-attack.
1 squadron Canberralight bombers.
1 squadron Provost reconnaissance.
1 squadron of transports, including C-47s.
1 squadron Alouette III helicopters. Reserves: Total strength :4,000.
All the white population who have completed their 12 months' military training are assigned to Territorial battalions for three years of part-time training.
These reserve units are divided between active Territorial battalions, based on the cities, and reserve Territorial battalions, based on country districts.
The establishment of the reserves is for 8 battalions and one field artillery battery.
It is also likely that the majority of the ground personnel servicing the regular Air Force units are Air Force reservists or non-white civilians employed by the Air Force. Para-military forces Total strength: 6,400 active; 28,500 reservist.
The British South African Police (BSAP) are in many ways a para-military force, in that they have military equipment such as small arms
and would be responsible for much of the internal security of Rhodesia in the event of civil disturbances or a military threat from outside.
The white population forms only about a third of the active strength, but nearly three-quarters of the Police reserves.
SOUTH AFRICA
Population: 19,500,000. (3,720,000 white population).
Military service: 9-12 months in Citizen Force.
Estimated GNP 1968: $14.0 billion.
Total armed forces: 39,700 (regular); 85,500 when fully mobilized.
Defence estimates 1969-70: 272 million rand ($381,000,000). 1 rand = $1.4. Army Total strength: 28,000 (5,700 regular and 22,300 Citizen Force under training at any one time;
the total Citizen Force available is about 60,000, i.e., personnel who have received training).
100 Centurion 5 and about 100 Sherman and Comet medium tanks.
Several hundred AML-60, AML-90 and Staghound armoured cars and Ferret scout cars.
Saracen armoured personnel carriers and Cessna light reconnaissance aircraft.
Most light arms and ammunition are manufactured in South Africa. Navy Total strength: 2,500 regular, and 1,200 Citizen
Force under training at any one time.
2 destroyers carrying Wasp ASW helicopters.
6 frigates (including 3 modernized. for ASW detection).
12 minesweepers.
10 seaward-defence boats.
3 Daphne-type deep-diving submarines are on order. Delivery of the first is expected in 1970; of the remainder in 1971. Air Force Total strength: 5,000 regular, and 3,000 Citizen Force under training at any one time; 230 combat aircraft (including Citizen Air Force).
15 Buccaneer Mark 50 light jet bombers.
9 Canberra B-12 light jet bombers.
20 Mirage III-EZ fighter-bombers equipped with
AS-20 and AS-30 air-to-surface missiles.
16 Mirage III-CZ interceptors.
Other combat aircraft include 4 Mirage III-RZ, 30 F-86 Mark 6 and at least 40 Vampire FB-5.
7 Shackleton maritime reconnaissance aircraft.
44 C-47, 7 C-130B, 1 Viscount and 4 Skymaster transport aircraft.
9 Transallare on order from France.
Over 80 helicopters, including 60 Alouette, 8 Wasps and 16 Super Frelons.
Training aircraft include 60 Macchi jet trainers; at least 225 are being produced in South Africa under the designation Impala.
(Crotale surface-to-air missiles have been ordered from France.)
The Citizen Air Force operates 8 squadrons with C-47 and about 100 Harvard aircraft (each able to carry eight 19-lb fragmentation bombs).
Approximately 150 Harvard are in storage or used for training.
Impala jet trainers are to replace some of the front-line and Citizen Force Harvard. Para-military forces Police: 32,700, plus 12,000 reservists. Equipped with 430 patrol trucks and 80 APCs.
Kommandos (part-time rural militia) : 58,000.
Organized in 205 units, including infantry, armoured car and air sections (250 privately owned light aircraft).
Almost all South African forces are drawn from the European population.
a. Эти цифры показывают количестве средств доставки, не принимая во внимание фактические или потенциальные возможности MRV или MIRV Minuteman 3, Poseidon или SS-9.
b. Эти таблицы исключают тактические самолеты (например, F-4, F-104, Buccaneer) и тактические ракеты большой дальности, такие как Pershing, которые в некоторых обстоятельствах могут иметь ядерную роль, сравнимую с ролью средних бомбардировщиков и MRBMs.
c. Советские БРПЛ включают баллистические и крылатые ракеты надводного старта.
Табл.2. Системы доставки ядерного оружия в 1969-70
ПРИМЕЧАНИЕ. Утверждают, что мобильная БРПД (Scrooge), мобильная БРСД (Scamp)и БРПЛ (Sawfly) были показаны на московских парадах, но, как полагают, еще не в эксплуатации.
L = Жидкое топливо. S = Твердое топливо. SL = Долгохранимое жидкое топливо. T = Турбореактивный двигатель. SLM = Корабельная ракета. SLBM = Баллистическая ракета подводных лодок. SLCM = крылатая ракета подводных лодок. SRM = ракета малой дальности. CRM = крылатая ракета. LGM = ракеты шахтного базирования. UGM = подводная ракета. MGM = Мобильная ракета.
a. Эта таблица исключает Minuteman 3 и Poseidon, поскольку эти ракеты еще не функционируют.
b. Считались не оперативными.
c. Имя не указано.
d. Подводного старта.
ASM = ракета класса "воздух-поверхность".
a. Радиус действия максимален без заправки топливом в полете. Во многих случаях полный диапазон или полная боевая нагрузка существенно уменьшают одна другую.
b. На больших высотах (50 000 футов).
c. На вооружении китайских ВВС (см. стр. 40).
Табл.3. Военные расходы и национальные экономики
* Только заявленные расходы на оборону.
** Включает некоторые статьи военной ядерной программы, не указанные в бюджете Министерства обороны. Показатель 1969 года рассчитывается по курсу девальвации после августа 1969 года,
t за исключением финансовой помощи Западному Берлину, которая, если она будет включена, будет гласить:
ОБЩЕЕ ЗАМЕЧАНИЕ. В колонке 1 представлена смета расходов на оборону в 1968 году. В колонке 2 представлены запланированные расходы на оборону на текущий год, в большинстве случаев согласно заявлениям национальных правительств. Выражая процентные показатели в колонках 4, 5, 6 и 7, ВНП рассчитывается в рыночных ценах, и поэтому в некоторых случаях эти процентные показатели могут отличаться от показателей, устанавливаемых национальными правительствами и международными организациями.
При пересчете национальных валют в доллары обычно пересчитываются по текущим обменным курсам, о чем сообщается Международному Валютному Фонду. (См. также предисловие) ВНП для восточноевропейских стран, СССР и Китая оценивается в эквивалентах покупательной способности на Западе.
Табл.4. Численность вооруженных сил 1969
Табл.5. Основные выявленные сделки с оружием июль 1968 - июль 1969
ПРИМЕЧАНИЕ
В этой таблице перечислены основные соглашения, заключаемые как между фирмами, так и между правительствами, и охватывающие как кредитные, так и кассовые операции, за исключением случаев, когда это оговорено.
Эта таблица не включает американскую, советскую или китайскую военную помощь Вьетнаму, Лаосу и Корее или советские поставки другим членам Варшавского договора.
Денежные показатели относятся к оценкам расходов страны-покупателя. Получатели этих денег часто включают субподрядчиков в стране закупки, а также основных подрядчиков в стране поставщика.
(Excluding consideration of strategic weapons and sea power.)
Any assessment of the balance between NATO and the Warsaw Pact involves both comparison of the strengths of men and equipment, including nuclear weapons, and consideration of qualitative characteristics such as geographical advantages, deployment, training and logistic support. Inevitably there are difficulties in giving values to qualitative factors and in deciding on their relevance. The comparisons which follow are therefore primarily a quantitative guide to the balance and necessarily oversimplify what is by its nature a complex problem.
GROUND FORCES The ground forces in the alliance systems are deployed in Northern, Central and Southern Europe. There are, however, difficulties in making precise calculations about this distribution since it might, for example, depend on circumstances whether Soviet formations in Western Russia would be committed to the Baltic area or to Germany. For such reasons Northern and Central Europe are grouped together in the tables which follow and Southern Europe is shown separately.
If French formations are included with NATO, Western forces available in peace-time would be increased by 5 mechanized divisions. These comparisons do not, however, reflect an accurate quantitative assessment, since NATO formations are much larger than those of the Warsaw Pact. (For strengths of military formations see before Part I). It is necessary to take account not only of this difference in size, but also of the other combat troops in formations higher than brigades, and of those men who directly support them. Figures calculated on this basis - and the calculation can only be approximate - give the following comparison for forces in peace-time:
a. Includes, on the NATO side, the commands for which AFCENT and AFNORTH commanders have responsibility (see introduction to NATO section). France is not included. On the Warsaw Pact side it includes the command for which the Pact High Commander has responsibility, but excludes the armed forces of Bulgaria, Hungary and Rumania. Soviet units normally stationed in the Western USSR and such troops as might be committed to the Baltic theatre of operations have, however, been included on the Warsaw Pact side.
b. Includes, on the NATO side, the Italian, Greek, and Turkish land forces and such American and British units as would be committed to the Mediterranean theatre of operations, and on the Warsaw Pact side, the land forces of Bulgaria, Hungary and Rumania, and such Soviet units normally stationed in Hungary and Southern USSR as might be committed to the Mediterranean theatre.
If French forces were included the Western figure for Northern and Central Europe might be increased by some 100,000.
The mobilization of first line reserves and the movement of other reinforcements by both sides would materially alter the above balance during the initial stages of mobilization, when the Warsaw Pact countries would have a superior reinforcement capacity derived in part from their geographical situation. There is also the possibility that the Warsaw Pact might begin to mobilize before NATO did. If, however, a European crisis developed gradually enough to permit full reinforcement, the West would be in a position much more resembling equality, since the NATO countries in fact maintain larger armies than the Warsaw Pact. The figures are for Army/Marines (in thousands) for NATO 3,550 and the Warsaw Pact countries 2,847. If French forces are included, the Western figure becomes 3,878. Of course large numbers of these men are outside Europe, as for example American forces in Asia and Soviet forces on their Far Eastern frontier.
It will be seen that NATO has rather less than half as many tanks as the Warsaw Pact in Northern and Central Europe, though the NATO tanks are generally more modern and their armament is probably better. Bearing in mind the essentially defensive role of NATO the deficiency may be less significant than the figures suggest, particularly as NATO has some 50 per cent superiority over the Warsaw Pact in anti-tank weapons. Conventional artillery is not shown in the table but both sides are about equal in strength: NATO is, however, likely to have superior fire-power because of the greater accuracy of its weapons and the greater lethality of its ammunition, and the logistic capability to sustain higher rates of fire.
AIR FORCES
The aircraft strengths in peace-time are as follows:
The division of tactical aircraft into the categories shown can only be a very approximate one since some aircraft can be adapted to more than one kind of mission. In general NATO has a higher proportion of multipurpose aircraft and NATO aircraft have a greater average capability: they have longer range and over twice the average payload on typical missions. NATO crews get about twice as many flying hours a month on training as their Warsaw Pact counterparts. It is difficult to determine the extent to which the greater performance and versatility of the NATO aircraft would offset the greater numbers of the Warsaw Pact, though it is evident enough that a direct comparison of the two air forces in terms solely of numbers may be misleading, and could undervalue NATO's real capability. But it could be equally misleading to give weight to these qualitative factors without taking into account the different compositions of the two air forces, and the different roles they would be called upon to play in war, conventional or nuclear. There is one other factor. The East enjoys a numerical superiority in Europe but the NATO inventory of aircraft world-wide is far greater than that of the Warsaw Pact. NATO therefore has a greater reinforcement capability.
(Исключая рассмотрение стратегические вооружения и морские силы.)
Любая оценка баланса между НАТО и Варшавским договором предполагает как сопоставление сильных сторон людей и техники, включая ядерное оружие, так и рассмотрение качественных характеристик, таких как географические преимущества, развертывание, обучение и материально-техническое обеспечение. Неизбежно возникают трудности с определением ценности качественных факторов и определением их актуальности. Поэтому нижеследующие сопоставления являются главным образом количественным ориентиром для баланса и неизбежно упрощают то, что по своей природе является сложной проблемой.
СУХОПУТНЫЕ ВОЙСКА Наземные силы в составе систем Североатлантического союза развернуты в Северной, Центральной и Южной Европе. Однако существуют трудности с проведением точных расчетов этого распределения, поскольку оно может, например, зависеть от обстоятельств, будут ли советские формирования на Западе России привержены Балтийскому региону или Германии. По этим причинам Северная и Центральная Европа сгруппированы в нижеследующие таблицы, а Южная Европа представлена отдельно.
Если французские формирования войдут в НАТО, то западные силы, имеющиеся в мирное время, будут увеличены на 5 механизированных дивизий. Однако эти сопоставления не отражают точной количественной оценки, поскольку формирования НАТО значительно больше, чем формирования Варшавского договора. (Силы воинских формирований см. перед частью I). Необходимо учитывать не только эту разницу в численности, но и другие боевые подразделения в формациях выше бригад, а также тех людей, которые непосредственно их поддерживают. Показатели, рассчитаны на этой основе, и расчет может быть только приблизительным - дано следующее сравнение сил в мирное время:
a. Включает, со стороны НАТО, командования, за которые несут ответственность эффективные и AFNORTH командиры (см. введение в раздел НАТО). Франция не включена. Со стороны Варшавского договора она включает командование, за которое отвечает Верховный Главнокомандующий пактом, но исключает вооруженные силы Болгарии, Венгрии и Румынии. Советские части, обычно размещенные на западе СССР, и такие войска, которые могли бы быть направлены на Балтийский театр военных действий, были включены в Варшавский договор.
b. Включает со стороны НАТО, итальянские, греческие и турецких сухопутных силы, и такие американские и британские подразделения, которые будут брошены на Средиземноморский театр военных действий, а со стороны Варшавского договора сухопутные войска Болгарии, Венгрии и Румынии, и такие советские подразделения, которые обычно находятся в Венгрии и на юге СССР которые могли быть переброшены на Средиземноморском ТВД.
Если бы французские войска были включены, то западный показатель для Северной и Центральной Европы мог бы быть увеличен примерно на 100 000.
Мобилизация резервов первой линии и переброска других подкреплений с обеих сторон существенно изменили бы вышеуказанный баланс на начальных этапах мобилизации, когда страны Варшавского договора имели бы более высокий потенциал усиления, частично обусловленный их географическим положением. Существует также вероятность того, что Варшавский договор может начать мобилизацию раньше НАТО. Если, однако, европейский кризис развивался бы достаточно медленно, чтобы позволить полное усиление, Запад был бы в положении, гораздо более напоминающем равенство, поскольку страны НАТО фактически содержат большие армии, чем Варшавский договор. Цифры для армии / морской пехоты (в тысячах) для НАТО 3550 и стран Варшавского договора 2847. Если включить французские войска, то западная цифра составит 3878. Конечно, большое количество этих людей находится за пределами Европы, как, например, американские войска в Азии и советские войска на дальневосточной границе.
Видно, что в Северной и Центральной Европе у НАТО в два раза меньше танков, чем в Варшавском договоре, хотя танки НАТО, как правило, более современные и их вооружение, вероятно, лучше. С учетом по существу оборонительной роли НАТО дефицит может быть менее значительным, чем предполагают цифры, особенно с учетом того, что НАТО имеет примерно 50-процентное превосходство над Варшавским договором по противотанковому оружию. Обычная артиллерия не показана в таблице, но обе стороны примерно равны по силе: НАТО, однако, вероятно, будет иметь превосходящую огневую мощь из-за большей точности своего оружия и большей летальности своих боеприпасов, а также материально-технического потенциала для поддержания более высоких темпов стрельбы.
ВОЗДУШНЫЕ СИЛЫ
Численность самолетов в мирное время составляет:
Разделение тактических самолетов на категории может быть только очень приблизительным, поскольку некоторые самолеты могут быть адаптированы к более чем одной миссии. В целом НАТО имеет более высокую долю многоцелевых самолетов, и самолеты НАТО обладают большей средней грузоподъемностью: они имеют большую дальность и в два раза больше средней полезной нагрузки в типичных миссиях. Экипажи НАТО получают примерно в два раза больше летных часов в месяц на подготовку, чем их коллеги из Варшавского договора. Трудно определить, в какой степени большая производительность и универсальность самолетов НАТО компенсировали бы большее число самолетов Варшавского договора, хотя очевидно, что прямое сравнение двух военно-воздушных сил с точки зрения исключительно численности может вводить в заблуждение и может недооценить реальный потенциал НАТО. Но было бы также неверно придавать вес этим качественным факторам, не принимая во внимание различный состав двух военно-воздушных сил и различные роли, которые они призваны играть в войне, обычной или ядерной. Есть еще один фактор. Восток обладает численным превосходством в Европе, но численность авиации НАТО во всем мире намного больше, чем у Варшавского договора. Поэтому НАТО обладает большим потенциалом покрепления.
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