THE MILITARY BALANCE 1991

The last 12 months have been dominated by the Gulf crisis and the massive deployment of US ground, air and sea power which culminated in the recovery of Kuwait in February 1991. Full details of the US order of battle in Operations Desert Shield, Storm and Sabre are shown on pp. 238-42. The US has also provided the major part of the forces participating in OperationProvide Comfort, which established camps in safe havens for Kurdish refugees in northern Iraq. Meanwhile, the plans to carry out a major restructuring of US armed forces, including large-scale reductions in units and manpower, continue to be developed.

The START talks made little progress during the year until the problems delaying the ratification of the CFE Treaty (the apparent dissemblance on the part of the Soviet Union to minimize the effects of the Treaty is fully detailed on p. 30) were resolved. The START Treaty was finally signed in Moscow on 31 July 1991, after intensive negotiations in Geneva where the delegations were reinforced by senior officials; a visit by the Soviet Foreign Minister to Washington where virtually all the outstanding issues were resolved; and a meeting in London between Presidents Bush and Gorbachev at which they agreed that a treaty could be signed after final drafting in Geneva. The main provisions of the Treaty and their implications for the strategic nuclear balance are set out on pp. 216-20.

Nuclear Forces

Strategic Systems

Over the last year there has been no change to ICBM deployment. Nor has there been any progress towards the introduction of rail-mobile MX, as Congress withheld the provision of funds requested for the construction of railway lines and alert shelters and the procurement of rail garrison trains. FY 1991 authority included the procurement of 12 MX missiles and $687.7m for the continued development of MX and SICBM (Midgetman). Although in the long term rail based MX may be deployed, current plans end with the test-flight from a mobile launcher in late 1992. There has been no FY 1992 request for the procurement of rail-cars or further missiles. $548m has been requested for the development of SICBM, which is unlikely to be operational until 1997. The US Air Force (USAF) plans to retire the force of 450 Minuteman II missiles during the period FY 1992 to FY 1997.

The third SSBN armed with Trident D-5 SLBM was commissioned in October 1990 and is now operational. A fourth was commissioned in July 1991, and a further six are in various stages of construction or delivery, including one whose procurement was authorized in FY 1991. No new procurement is currently planned. The retirement of SSBN armed with the Poseidon C-3 SLBM has been accelerated, with deactivation scheduled for completion in 1992. Two Lafayette SSBN with Poseidon C-3 SLBM have been retired; two are still operational. There are now 640 deployable SLBM. The eventual composition of the SSBN fleet is to be 18 Ohio-and Tennessee-class with Trident C-4 and D-5 SLBM. The SSBN base at Holy Loch in Scotland is to be closed, probably in 1992, as submarines equipped with the longer-range Trident SLBM do not need a forward base. The Navy plans to arm Trident D-5 SLBM on the first four SSBN, with W-88 Mark 5 warheads and then, until the Rocky Flats facility resumes production, it will arm further Trident D-5 SLBM with the older Mark 4 warhead. It is reliably reported that insufficient Mark 5 warheads have been produced to arm fully all four SSBN, so their Trident SLBM may carry less than the normal eight MIRV warheads.

There has been no change to the nuclear-armed element of the strategic bomber force, though one conventionally armed B-52G crashed after a mission during Operation Desert Storm. The FY 1991 budget authorized $4.15 bn (reduced from the $5.4 bn requested) for continued development and procurement of B-2 bombers. The purpose of the $2.35 bn authorized for procurement has been left unclear, the House of Representatives and the Senate are in disagreement, with the former totally opposed to the building of any further aircraft beyond the 15 already authorized by Congress, and the Senate favouring further procurement. The FY 1992 request of $4.8 bn for B-2 includes funding for the procurement of four aircraft. The House of Representatives has voted to cut funding to $1.6 bn and ruled that procurement should be terminated at 15 aircraft. Meanwhile, B-2 testing continues, but the aircraft has not yet passed all of its low observability tests. Two aircraft have been delivered; the full flight-test programme will not now be completed until 1995, instead of 1993. The FY 1991 budget authorized the procurement of 100 Advanced Cruise Missiles, which incorporate low observable technologies and the FY 1992 request includes funding for a further 120 missiles.

The Department of Energy Budget Request for FY 1992 is $8.1 bn for warhead research and $3.7 bn for much-needed environmental measures.

Sub-Strategic Nuclear Forces

The elimination of all items covered by the terms of the Intermediate Nuclear Force (INF) Treaty was completed on 6 May 1991 with the destruction of the last Pershing II MRBM. Since June 1988 the US has destroyed 288 Pershing II and GLCM launchers, 403 Pershing IA and II missiles and 443 GLCM.

In 1992 the USAF is to withdraw its F-111E/F force from two bases in the UK, though annual deployment exercises will be instituted to one base which will be maintained on a stand-by basis. The other base will probably house a nuclear-capable F-15E force of up to two squadrons (48 aircraft); the withdrawn F-111s will be modified to F-111G.

Production of Tomahawk (TLAM-N) SLCM continues, but the final production total has been reduced from 758 to 637. Five more SLCM-armed ships have joined the fleet (two improved LosAngeles SSN and three Ticonderoga CG). However, SLCM capability will be much reduced by October 1991 when all four battleships will have been retired. During Operation Desert Storm, the battleships Wisconsin and Missouri fired 52 conventional SLCM and over 1,000 rounds of 16-inch gunfire; 14 other surface ships and two SSN fired conventional SLCM.

Short-Range Nuclear Systems

The programmes to produce a follow-on to Lance SSM and Artillery Fired Atomic Projectiles have been ended, thus increasing the importance of the only remaining short-range nuclear weapon programme - the 400km-range Tactical-Air-to-Surface Missile (TASM). Funding for TASM, for which $119 m was authorized in FY 1991, has been reduced to a request in FY 1992 of only $34.3m.

The last remaining nuclear ship-to-ship weapon, the nuclear ASROC ASW, was withdrawn from service in September 1990. Conventional ASROC remains in service. No funding in FY 1992 has been requested for the Navy's B-90 depth/strike bomb.

Strategic Defense Initiative

The apparent success of Patriot in defence of targets in Israel and Saudi Arabia during the Gulf crisis has given an added impetus to the proponents of SDI. Nevertheless, Congress is, on the whole, far less convinced of the necessity for even a modified SDI than is the administration. Israel is playing down Patriot's capability in order to ensure the continued development of its own Arrow ATBM system. US Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney has authorized the second stage of the Arrow development plan; the US is committed to paying 72% of the estimated $300m cost.

The US has refocused its SDI programme away from the defence of US territory against an all out missile attack, towards a deployment designed to protect the US, its forces overseas and its friends and allies from accidental, unauthorized and limited ballistic missile attack. The new approach is called Global Protection Against Limited Strikes (GPALS). The system is to consist of space- and surface-based sensors for the surveillance and tracking of ballistic missiles of all ranges from launch to impact, and interceptors based on ground, at sea and in space (this last to provide an intercept capability against missiles with ranges in excess of 800 km). In a sense, the SDI and The ater Missile Defense (TMD) programmes have been merged.

GPALS would consist of three main elements, all directed by a survivable command-and control system. The first element would be TMD ground-based interceptors to counter tactical ballistic missiles which can be rapidly transported to trouble spots. The second would consist of about 750 ground-based interceptors, deployed in six areas in the US. The third would consist of approximately 1,000 space-based Brilliant Pebble interceptors. Both the second and third elements are likely to violate the ABM Treaty. The cost of GPALS is currently estimated at $46 bn (in FY 1991), of which $10 bn is for TMD, $24 bn for the US ground-based defences and $12 bn for Brilliant Pebbles.

There are three other TMD programmes under development besides an upgraded Patriot system: ERINT (Extended Range Intercept Technology); THAAD (Theater High-Altitude Area Defense), whose development was only begun in September 1990; and Arrow, the Israeli designed system, which began in 1988 and which has been test-fired a number of times, most recently and successfully on 25 March 1991. There are two programmes for land-based ICBM interceptors: HEDI (High Endo atmospheric Defense Interceptor), first flight-tested in February 1990 when the warhead detonated too early in an otherwise successful test (it is to be flight-tested again in the summer of 1991); and ERIS (Exo atmospheric Re-entry Interceptor Subsystem), first flight-tested in February 1990 in the South Pacific when it successfully intercepted a Minuteman ICBM fired from California and distinguished between the warhead and two decoy balloons.

For FY 1991 the administration requested $4.66 bn for SDI, but Congress approved only $2.89 bn. The Budget Request for FY 1992 is $5.2 bn; the House of Representatives has voted to cut this down to $3.5 bn, of which $858m is to be spent on TMD, and has approved none for research on Brilliant Pebbles. The House Armed Services Committee has ruled that the Army and not SDIO should oversee the TMD programme.

Chemical Warfare

On 13 May 1991 President Bush announced that the US was 'formally foreswearing the use of chemical weapons for any reason, including retaliation, against any state, effective when the convention [being negotiated by the UN Conference for Disarmament in Geneva] enters into force. The US would destroy all stocks of chemicals within ten years of the Convention entering into force'. By September 1990 the US had removed all its CW stocks from depots in Germany and these were shipped to Johnston Atoll in the Pacific to await destruction by incineration at the Chemical Agent Disposal System (JACADS). The destruction process started in June 1990. Destruction of CW may be more difficult to achieve than was originally envisaged. In response to the demands of Pacific nations, President Bush pledged in October 1990 that no further stocks of CW would be shipped to Johnston Atoll for destruction. There are eight CW depots in the US, at which it is planned to destroy CW stocks once the construction of incinerators is complete (construction of only two has begun). Environmental activists oppose incineration and are pressing for other destruction technologies to be employed; opposition groups have been formed at some CW depot localities.

Conventional Forces

The large-scale reductions which are due to take place over the next five years have begun. By the end of FY 1995, active manpower strength will be down by about 22% to 1,653,000, a reduction of 465,000 from the June 1990 total. Reserve manpower will also be reduced.

The order of battle of US forces in the Gulf is shown on pp. 238-42. Comments on their performance in the war are given under the single service headings below. It is highly likely that HQ Central Command, which controlled all operations connected with Middle East operations, will establish a small forward command post in the Gulf.

Ground Forces

By 1995 Army active strength is to be reduced to 520,000, a cut of 25% from FY 1991 strength; the number of divisions will be reduced by ten (six active and four reserve). Two active divisions have already been deactivated. The 9th Motorized Division has been reduced to one brigade and its 'Roundout' brigade given independent status. The 2nd Armoured Division has also been deactivated; two of its brigades were deployed to the Gulf, one was deactivated on its return in May 1991. The second brigade has returned to the NORTHAG area of Germany (it was the forward element of the Division), and there are suggestions that it could form part of one of the new NATO multinational corps, though it is scheduled for deactivation in FY 1992/93. One of the two independent armoured brigades has also been deactivated; the remaining brigade is not at full strength and acts as the enemy (or 'Aggressor' force) at the National Training Centre.

The withdrawal of US troops from Europe was interrupted by the Gulf war and the reductions ordered by Congress will not be fully implemented in FY 1991. Eventually USAREUR is likely to be reduced to one corps of two divisions, with possibly a further brigade in a multinational corps.

Although a number of the many reserve combat support and service support units mobilized (228,000 reservists from all four services recalled, 106,000 deployed) for Operation Desert Shield were deployed to Saudi Arabia, where they performed well, none of the three ARNG manoeuvre brigades mobilized were sent to the Gulf. It is reported that their training was not up to standard, and that there were serious leadership deficiencies. This failure must call into question the 'Roundout' concept, whereby reserve formations form the third brigade of most US-based active divisions. Already there are plans to replace 'Roundout' brigades (with independent brigades or those slated for deactivation) in two 'contingency' divisions, both of which served in the Gulf. The plan to disband four National Guard divisions and reduce reserve manpower is likely to face stiff opposition in Congress.

Approximately 600 M-1 Abrams tanks have been added to the inventory during the last 12 months, though the numbers of older tanks have decreased as they are disposed of, mainly through export. About 450 M-60 tanks have been disposed of. The Military Balance was surprised to learn that there are still over 600 M-47 tanks stored in Italy which we have not listed for many years; they are unlikely to have any operational value, but are accountable under CFE. There are also about 250 M-1 and M-60 tanks stored there. Other equipment deliveries include: some 570 M-2/-3 Bradley fighting vehicles, nearly 50 MLRS, 130 Chapparal mobile SAM systems, 150 AH-64A Apache attack helicopters and over 2,000 Dragon ATGW launchers (though this last item may have been spread over several years). Equipments disposed of include: 150 Improved HAWK SAM launchers; M-167, M-163 SP, and M-42 SP air defence artillery; and about 100 AH-1 attack helicopters.

In the Gulf war a number of weapons systems, including some which have been in service for a number of years, were used in true operational conditions for the first time. Around 1,800 M-1 tanks were deployed and generally proved to be highly reliable, but, as expected, they consumed vast quantities of fuel. Although there are differing reports as to the vulnerability of the M-1 to T-72 tank fire, its thermal sights were successful. M-2/-3 Bradley fighting vehicles also proved reliable, as did their infra-red sights and 25mm cannon. The MLRS was a particularly potent weapon, and over 10,000 rockets are reported to have been fired. The Army Tactical Missile System (ATACMS), a missile with a range of over 100 km, fired from MLRS launchers, completed its trials by the end of 1990, and a number of ATACMS-capable launchers were deployed and 30 missiles fired at deep targets. Some Copperhead laser-guided artillery rounds were fired at hard targets with a high success rate reported. The Army has plans to increase the range of Patriot SAM so that incoming missiles are not destroyed over their target area, thereby avoiding damage from falling debris. Most types of army helicopters maintained high readiness ratings. The Apache attack helicopter and its Hellftre ATGW were particularly successful. No information is yet available on the size of the equipment stockpile to be retained in the Middle East (one for an armoured division has been suggested), nor of the equipments passed on to other armies in the Gulf. The Military Balance lists all army units and equipments in their pre-Gulf crisis locations. An Armoured Cavalry Regiment from USAREUR in Germany is currently deployed in Kuwait.

Naval Forces

The force restructuring plans for the Navy appear drastic: battle force ships to be reduced from 545 to 451, two aircraft carriers and two air wings to be cut, naval manpower to be cut by 80,000 to 510,000, all by FY 1995. The four battleships, armed with SLCM and 16-inch guns, were all due to have been decommissioned in FY 1991. However, so far, only two have been decommissioned, but have been placed in preservation (as the other two will eventually be), rather than being scrapped. Two battleships (Missouri and Wisconsin) deployed to the Gulf and this has delayed the decommissioning schedule. The other ships planned for decommissioning are 17 destroyers, 36 frigates and 12 attack submarines.

The number of tactical submarines has been reduced by five: two Sturgeons, four Permit-class and the last diesel, the Barbel, were decommissioned; and two further modified Los Angeles-class have been commissioned. The number of operational principal surface combatants has dropped from 220 to 207. The aircraft carrier Midway is scheduled for decommissioning in FY 1991, but is still at sea. Three further Ticonderoga-class cruisers have joined the fleet. There are now ten less destroyers: eight Adams-class and three Coontz-class have been decommissioned, while the first Arleigh Burke which has the AEGIS target acquisition and command-and-control system and mounts two VLS (96 tubes) for Tomahawk, SM-2 ER and ASROC, has been commissioned. Three frigates have been retired.

The value of maintaining a force of strategic mobility shipping with both ro-ro and fast cargo ships was amply demonstrated in the build-up of forces for Operation Desert Shield, as was that of the Ready Reserve Force of cargo vessels, though some problems were encountered with the latter. Even so, some 230 cargo ships had to be taken up from trade to enable the force and all its supplies to be lifted to the Gulf. There are plans to expand defence mobility capability and between $200m and $300m will be allocated annually from FY 1993.

The US Marine Corps (USMC) appears to be escaping the scale of cuts imposed on the other services. Manpower is due to fall to 171,000 by FY 1995, a reduction of only 12% compared to the Army's 25% and the Air Force's 23%. None of the Marine Corps divisions are to be disbanded. Although the USMC did not carry out an operational amphibious landing during the Gulf war - the raison d'etre of the Corps - it did prove its availability by deploying over twothirds of the Corps in the Gulf (two divisions ashore and two brigades afloat). Marine reserve combat units were mobilized and deployed with 1st MEF and performed well in action. The value of afloat prepositioning was well demonstrated by the fact that the first US tanks to arrive in Saudi Arabia came from the marine prepositioning squadron at Diego Garcia, and were landed on 15 August, some 20 days before the first army tanks arrived from the US. During the year the USMC received its first M-1 tanks, and borrowed some from the Army in Saudi Arabia. For the second year, the House of Representatives has restored funds ($625m) for the development of the Osprey tilt-rotor aircraft programme (estimated to cost over $30 bn) which the Department of Defense wishes to terminate.

Air Forces

The main changes to the US Air Force include: the conversion of all FB-111A to F-111G; their transfer from SAC to TAC; the disbandment of the Alaskan Air Command and the transfer of its assets to the Pacific Air Command. Aircraft numbers have not altered radically, though both F-15 and F-16 holdings have increased, the latter by over 100 aircraft. Information is now available to allow The Military Balance to estimate the numbers of aircraft 'in store' which we were unable to do last year.

The Gulf war demonstrated the extraordinary power and effectiveness of all elements of the USAF. A number of aircraft types and weapons systems were employed operationally for the first time. The value of low observable technology was confirmed by the success of the F-117A which, while representing only a small proportion of available aircraft, accounted for a large proportion of the destruction of high value targets. Electronic combat as a concept was proved by EF-111 aircraft employing ECM to jam successfully Iraqi radars on the relatively infrequent occasions when these risked destruction from F-4Gs armed with HARM anti-radiation missiles. The only two E-8 JSTARS aircraft still under development were deployed and played a vital part in the intelligence-gathering and target acquisition process. While AWACS performed excellently in controlling allied aircraft, the system was not fully tested due to the Iraqi Air Force's refusal to give battle. Precision Guided Munitions (PGM) proved their effectiveness and justified their high cost compared with that of traditional ordnance.

The USAF is scheduled to lose ten tactical fighter wings and manpower strength will be reduced by 134,000 to 437,000 by FY 1995. The withdrawal of air assets from Europe has begun. The tactical reconnaissance wing at Zweibriicken has been disbanded; the F-16 tactical fighter wing at Hahn is scheduled to disband by the end of September 1991. Over the next two years a major part of the force stationed in the UK will be withdrawn, including two A-10 and two F-111 tactical fighter wings which will be replaced by two squadrons of F-15E. The number of combat aircraft in the UK is likely to drop from 250 to 48. The withdrawal of the F-16 wing from Torrejon in Spain began in July 1991.

There are plans under way to create a number of composite wings which would join aircraft squadrons of different types from the three main air force commands: SAC providing tankers for in-flight refuelling, TAC providing FGA and fighters, and MAC providing transport. These composite wings, which, on occasion, could have an AWACS element, would be tailor-made for quick deployment and immediate operations.

The Air Force has decided on its advanced tactical fighter option and has chosen the Lockheed Boeing-General Dynamics YF-22. The proposed buy is 650 aircraft (reduced from 750) at an estimated cost of $95 bn, with production due to start in 1996. $1.6bn has been included in the FY 1992 request, but already voices are claiming that the programme cost is unsupportable. The request also includes $2.8 bn for six C-17 strategic transports with a further 12 planned for FY 1993.

The Department of Defense has released some details of a previously classified programme to develop a Tri-Service Standoff Attack Missile (TSSAM) with a conventional warhead. TSSAM would be delivered by B-2 bombers which could carry 16 missiles, provide the Army with a longer-range (said to be 185 km) missile than ATACMS which would also be fired from MLRS launchers, and the Navy with a shorter-range, but more powerfully armed missile than Tomahawk SLCM. TSSAM could also be delivered by B-52, F-16, A-6 and F/A-18 aircraft.

Defence Spending

The administration's original FY 1991 budget request was for $295.1 bn; Congress authorized $272.95 bn, a reduction of 7.5%. Since then, the Department of Defense has had to meet the additional cost of Operation Desert Shield (in FY 1990) and Desert Storm and Sabre in FY 1991. The FY 1990 budget agreement specified that the costs of Operation Desert Shield were to be treated as emergency funding requirements. FY 1990 costs were met by shifting $800m from previously appropriated funds and by a supplemental appropriation of $2.l bn.

The FY 1991 supplemental budget, approved by Congress, requested $15 bn to be placed in a Working Capital Account together with contributions from other countries, which have pledged a total of $53.8 bn. The cost of the war up to 30 April 1991 is estimated at $40 bn, but the final cost may be as much as $60 bn. As at 20 June 1991, contributions totalling $43 bn had been received. Some items of expenditure under the supplemental budget are being queried, such as replacements for lost aircraft and full replacement of ammunition expended, at a time when forces are being reduced and equipment holdings cut.

For FY 1992 the administration has submitted a request for a $278.3 budget authority which has already been subject to recommendations for change by the House of Representatives Armed Services Committee, who wish to see a greater proportion spent on conventional weapons and who cut proposed spending on SDI and the B-2 bomber, but left the total requested intact. The House of Representatives approved a $290.8 bn defence budget authorization and endorsed the House Armed Services Committee's proposal for cuts to both the SDI and B-2 programmes. Funding for reserve forces was increased to allow 1,000 more men to be recruited instead of the reduction of over 107,000 proposed by the Department of Defense. The Budget Request has still to be considered by the Senate.

The Secretary of Defense has stated that planned spending from FY 1991 to FY 1995 inclusive will be $131 bn less than that estimated in the January 1990 request. The Budget Request for FY 1993 is $279.9 bn.

Explanatory Note:

Each year the US government presents its Defense Budget to Congress for the next two fiscal years, together with a long term spending plan covering a further three years. Until approved by Congress the Budget is referred to as the Budget Request, after approval it becomes the Budget Authority (BA), and authorizes funds for immediate and future disbursement. The term Total Obligational Authority (TOA) represents the value of direct defence programmes for each fiscal year regardless off in ancing (i.e. from previous fiscal years and receipts from earned income or interest). The term 'outlay' represents actual expenditure; each year the government estimates what the outlay will be, the difference between this and the BA providing for contingencies. However, moneys authorized, particularly in the procurement and construction areas, are rarely all spent in the year of authorization, though contracts are signed which commit the government to payment in future years. On average, carried forward authorities constitute some 40% of each year's outlay, while similarly some 40% of each year's BA will be carried forward to future years.

Соединенные Штаты Америки

В последние 12 месяцев доминировали кризис в Персидском заливе и массовое развертывание сухопутных, воздушных и морских сил США, которое завершилось восстановлением Кувейта в феврале 1991 года. Полная информация о боевом порядке США в операциях Desert Shield, Storm и Sabre приведена на стр. 238-42. США также предоставили большую часть сил, участвующих в операции Provide Comfort, которые создали лагеря в безопасных убежищах для курдских беженцев на севере Ирака. Между тем, планы по проведению масштабной реструктуризации вооруженных сил США, включая масштабные сокращения подразделений и живой силы, продолжают разрабатываться.

Переговоры по СНВ в течение года практически не продвинулись вперед до тех пор, пока не были решены проблемы, задерживающие ратификацию ДОВСЕ (явное притворство со стороны Советского Союза с целью минимизации последствий договора подробно описано на стр. 30). Договор о СНВ был окончательно подписан в Москве 31 июля 1991 года, после интенсивных переговоров в Женеве, где делегации были усилены старшими должностными лицами; визит министра иностранных дел СССР в Вашингтон, где были решены практически все нерешенные вопросы; и встреча в Лондоне между президентами Бушем и Горбачевым, на которой они договорились, что договор может быть подписан после окончательной разработки в Женеве. Основные положения договора и их последствия для стратегического ядерного баланса, изложены на стр. 216-20.

Ядерные силы США

Стратегические системы

За последний год никаких изменений в развертывании МБР не произошло. Кроме того, не было достигнуто никакого прогресса в деле внедрения подвижного состава МХ, поскольку Конгресс не выделил средства, запрошенные для строительства железнодорожных линий и аварийных укрытий, а также закупки железнодорожных гарнизонных поездов. 1991 ф.г. включал закупку 12 ракет MX и $687,7 млн для дальнейшей разработки MX и SICBM (Midgetman). Хотя в долгосрочной перспективе может быть развернут железнодорожный MX, текущие планы заканчиваются испытательным полетом с мобильной пусковой установки в конце 1992 года. На 1992 год не поступало никаких запросов на закупку железнодорожных вагонов или других ракет. США было запрошено на разработку SICBM, которая вряд ли будет функционировать до 1997 года. Военно-воздушные силы США (ВВС США) планируют вывести 450 ракет Minuteman II в период с 1992 по 1997 год.

Третья ПЛАРБ вооруженная БРПЛ Trident D-5 была введена в эксплуатацию в октябре 1990 года и в настоящее время функционирует. Четвертая была введена в эксплуатацию в июле 1991 года, а еще шесть находятся на различных стадиях строительства или поставки, в том числе одна, закупка которой была разрешена в 1991 финансовом году. В настоящее время никаких новых закупок не планируется. Отставка ПЛАРБ, вооруженных БРПЛ Poseidon C-3, была ускорена, а дезактивация запланирована на завершение в 1992 году. Две ПЛАРБ Lafayette с БРПЛ Poseidon C-3 были отправлены в отставку; две все еще работают. Сейчас 640 развернутых БРПЛ. Окончательный состав флота ПЛАРБ должен быть Ohio -и Tennessee с БРПЛ Trident C-4 и D-5. База ПЛАРБ в Холи-Лох в Шотландии должна быть закрыта, вероятно, в 1992 году, так как подводные лодки, оснащенные более дальним ПЛАРБ Trident, не нуждаются в передовой базе. ВМС планируют вооружиться БРПЛ Trident D-5 на первые четыре ПЛАРБ, с боеголовками W-88 Марка 5, а потом, Rocky Flats возобновляет производство, это приведет к дальнейшему вооружению БРПЛ Trident D-5 старыми боеголовками Марка 4. Достоверно сообщается, что было произведено недостаточно боеголовок Mark 5, чтобы полностью вооружить все четыре ПЛАРБ, поэтому их БРПЛ Trident может нести меньше, чем обычные восемь боеголовок MIRV.

Не было никаких изменений в ядерном вооружении элемента стратегических бомбардировочных сил, хотя один условно вооруженный B-52G разбился после миссии во время операции "Буря в пустыне". Бюджет за 1991 установил $4.15 млрд (сокращение на $5,4 млрд.) для дальнейшего развития и закупок бомбардировщиков B-2. Цель $2,35 млрд, разрешенных для закупок, была оставлена неясной, Палата представителей и Сенат не согласны с тем, что первый полностью выступает против строительства каких-либо дополнительных самолетов за пределами 15 уже утвержденных Конгрессом, а Сенат выступает за дальнейшие закупки. Запрос на 1992 ф.г. на $4,8 млрд для B-2 включает финансирование закупки четырех самолетов. Палата представителей проголосовала за сокращение финансирования до $1,6 млрд и постановила, что закупки должны быть прекращены после 15 самолетов. Между тем, испытания B-2 продолжаются, но самолет еще не прошел все свои испытания на низкую заметность. Было поставлено два самолета; полная программа летных испытаний теперь будет завершена не в 1993 году, а в 1995 году. Бюджет на 1991 финансовый год санкционировал закупку 100 современных крылатых ракет, которые включают малозаметные технологии, а запрос на 1992 финансовый год предусматривает финансирование еще 120 ракет.

Бюджетный запрос Министерства энергетики на 1992 финансовый год составляет $8,1 млрд на исследования боеголовок и $3,7 млрд на столь необходимые экологические меры.

Субстратегические Ядерные Силы

Ликвидация всех пунктов, охватываемых условиями договора о промежуточных ядерных силах (РСМД), было завершено 6 мая 1991 года с уничтожением последней БРСД Pershing II. С июня 1988 года США уничтожили 288 пусковых установок Pershing II и GLCM, 403 ракеты Pershing IA и II и 443 GLCM.

В 1992 году ВВС США должны вывести свои силы F-111E/F с двух баз в Великобритании, хотя ежегодные учения по развертыванию будут проводиться на одной базе, которая будет поддерживаться на резервной основе. На другой базе, вероятно, будут размещены ядерные силы F-15E до двух эскадрилий (48 самолетов); выведенные F-111 будут модифицированы в F-111G.

Производство Tomahawk (TLAM-N) SLCM продолжается, но итоговый объем производства был сокращен с 758 до 637. Еще пять кораблей вооруженных КРМБ присоединились к флоту (два улучшенных ПЛА Los Angeles и три КР Ticonderoga). Однако возможности КРМБ будут значительно сокращены к октябрю 1991 года, когда все четыре линкора будут выведены. Во время операции "Буря в пустыне "линкоры Wisconsin и Missouri выпустили 52 обычных КРМБ и произвели более 1000 выстрелов из 16-дюймовых орудий; 14 других надводных кораблей и две ПЛА выпустили обычные КРМБ.

Ядерные Системы Малой Дальности

Были прекращены программы производства ТБР Lance и артиллерийских атомных снарядов, что повысило значение единственной оставшейся программы создания ядерного оружия малой дальности - тактической ракеты класса "воздух-поверхность" (ТАСМ) дальностью 400 км. Финансирование для TASM, для которых $119 млн было запрошено в 1991 финансовом году, свелась к просьбе в 1992 ф.г. только 34,3 млн долл.

Последнее оставшееся ядерное оружие класса "корабль-корабль" - ядерная ПЛУР ASROC было снято с вооружения в сентябре 1990 года. Обычный ASROC остается в эксплуатации. В 1992 финансовом году не было запрошено финансирование для ВМС на глубинные бомбы B-90.

Стратегическая Оборонная Инициатива

Очевидный успех Patriot в защите целей в Израиле и Саудовской Аравии во время кризиса в Персидском заливе придал дополнительный импульс сторонникам СОИ. Тем не менее Конгресс, в целом, гораздо менее убежден в необходимости даже модифицированной СОИ, чем администрация. Израиль преуменьшает возможности Patriot, чтобы обеспечить дальнейшее развитие своей собственной системы ПРО Arrow. Министр обороны США Дик Чейни санкционировал второй этап плана развития Arrow; США обязуются выплатить 72% от предполагаемой стоимости $300 млн.

США переориентировали свою программу СОИ с защиты территории США от полного ракетного нападения на развертывание, предназначенное для защиты США, их сил за рубежом и их друзей и союзников от случайного, несанкционированного и ограниченного нападения баллистических ракет. Новый подход называется глобальной защитой от ограниченных ударов (GPALS). Система должна состоять из датчиков космического и наземного базирования для наблюдения и слежения за баллистическими ракетами всех дальностей от запуска до удара, а также перехватчиков, базирующихся на Земле, на море и в космосе (это последнее должно обеспечить возможность перехвата ракет с дальностью свыше 800 км). В некотором смысле программы СОИ и противоракетной обороны театра военных действий (TMD) были объединены.

GPALS будет состоять из трех основных элементов, все из которых управляются живучей системой командования и управления. Первым элементом будут наземные перехватчики TMD для противодействия тактическим баллистическим ракетам, которые могут быть быстро доставлены в проблемные места. Второй будет состоять примерно из 750 наземных перехватчиков, развернутых в шести районах США. Третий будет состоять примерно из 1000 космических перехватчиков Brilliant Pebble. Второй и третий элементы могут нарушить договор по ПРО. Стоимость GPALS в настоящее время оценивается в $46 млрд (в 1991 финансовом году), из которых $10 млрд приходится на TMD, $24 млрд - на наземную оборону США и $12 млрд - на Brilliant Pebbles.

Помимо модернизированной системы Patriot разрабатываются еще три программы TMD: ERINT (Extended Range Intercept Technology); THAAD (Theater High-Altitude Area Defense), разработка которой была начата только в сентябре 1990 года; и Arrow, израильская разработанная система, которая началась в 1988 году и которая была испытана несколько раз, последний раз и успешно 25 марта 1991 года. Есть две программы для наземных ракет-перехватчиков: HEDI (High Endo atmospheric Defense Interceptor), первые летные испытания в феврале 1990 года, когда боеголовка взорвалась слишком рано, в противном случае успешного тестирования (должны быть летные испытания еще летом 1991 года); и ERIS (Exo atmospheric Re-entry Interceptor Subsystem), первые летные испытания в феврале 1990 года в южной части Тихого океана, когда он успешно осуществил перехват МБР Minuteman запущенной из Калифорнии и различивший БЧ и два ложных воздушных шара.

За 1991 финансовый год администрация запросила $4,66 млрд для СОИ, но Конгресс одобрил только $2,89 млрд. Бюджетный запрос на 1992 финансовый год составляет $5,2 млрд; Палата представителей проголосовала за сокращение этого до $3,5 млрд, из которых $858 млн должны быть потрачены на TMD, и не одобрила ни одного исследования по Brilliant Pebbles. Комитет по вооруженным силам Палаты представителей постановил, что армия, а не SDIO должна контролировать программу TMD.

Химическое оружие

13 мая 1991 года президент Буш объявил, что США "формально предвидят применение химического оружия по любой причине, включая возмездие, против любого государства, начиная с момента вступления в силу Конвенции [обсуждаемой Конференцией ООН по разоружению в Женеве]. США уничтожат все запасы химических веществ в течение десяти лет после вступления Конвенции в силу". К сентябрю 1990 года США вывезли все свои запасы ХО со складов в Германии, и они были отправлены на атолл Джонстон в Тихом океане в ожидании уничтожения путем сжигания в системе утилизации химических веществ (JACADS). Процесс уничтожения начался в июне 1990 года. Уничтожение ХО может оказаться более труднодостижимым, чем первоначально предполагалось. В ответ на требования тихоокеанских государств Президент Буш в октябре 1990 года пообещал, что никакие дополнительные запасы ХО не будут отправлены на атолл Джонстон для уничтожения. В США есть восемь складов ХО, на которых планируется уничтожить запасы ХО после завершения строительства мусоросжигательных заводов (началось строительство только двух). Экологические активисты выступают против сжигания и настаивают на использовании других технологий уничтожения; в некоторых районах складов ХО были сформированы оппозиционные группы.

Обычные Вооруженные Силы

Начались широкомасштабные сокращения, которые должны произойти в течение следующих пяти лет. К концу 1995 финансового года численность активной живой силы сократится примерно на 22% до 1 653 000 человек, что на 465 000 человек меньше, чем в июне 1990 года. Резервная живая сила также будет сокращена.

Боевое расписание США в Персидском заливе показано на стр. 238-42. Комментарии по поводу их деятельности на войне приводятся ниже в разделе "Единая служба". Весьма вероятно, что штаб Центрального командования, который контролировал все операции, связанные с операциями на Ближнем Востоке, создаст небольшой передовой командный пункт в заливе.

Сухопутные Силы

К 1995 году действующая численность армии должна быть сокращена до 520 000 человек, что составляет 25% от численности армии 1991 года; число дивизий будет сокращено на десять (шесть действующих и четыре резервных). Две активные дивизии уже деактивированы. 9-я моторизованная дивизия была сокращена до одной бригады, а ее бригаде Roundout был придан независимый статус. 2-я бронетанковая дивизия также была дезактивирована; две его бригады были развернуты в заливе, одна была дезактивирована по возвращении в мае 1991 года. Вторая бригада вернулась в район NORTHAG в Германии (она была передовым элементом дивизии), и есть предположения, что она может войти в состав одного из новых многонациональных корпусов НАТО, хотя ее деактивация запланирована на 1992/93 финансовый год. Одна из двух отдельных бронетанковых бригад также была дезактивирована; остальная бригада не находится в полном составе и действует как противник (или "агрессор") в Национальном учебном центре.

Вывод американских войск из Европы был прерван войной в Персидском заливе, и сокращения, предписанные Конгрессом, не будут полностью выполнены в 1991 финансовом году. В конечном счете USAREUR, вероятно, будет сокращен до одного корпуса из двух дивизий, возможно, с дальнейшей бригадой в многонациональном корпусе.

Хотя ряд многочисленных резервных подразделений боевой поддержки и служебной поддержки, мобилизованных (228 000 резервистов из всех четырех служб призваны, 106 000 развернуты) для операции Desert Shield, были развернуты в Саудовской Аравии, где они показали хорошие результаты, ни одна из трех мобилизованных маневренных бригад ARNG не была отправлена в залив. Сообщается, что их подготовка была не на должном уровне и что имелись серьезные недостатки в руководстве. Эта неудача должна поставить под сомнение концепцию "округления", согласно которой резервные формирования образуют третью бригаду большинства действующих дивизий, базирующихся в США. Уже есть планы по замене "Roundout" бригад (независимыми бригадами или теми, которые планируется дезактивировать) в двух "аварийных" дивизиях, обе из которых служили в заливе. План расформирования четырех дивизий Национальной гвардии и сокращения резервных сил, вероятно, столкнется с жесткой оппозицией в Конгрессе.

За последние 12 месяцев к инвентарным запасам было добавлено около 600 танков M-1 Abrams, хотя количество старых танков уменьшилось по мере их утилизации, главным образом за счет экспорта. Утилизировано около 450 танков М-60. Военный баланс был удивлен, узнав, что в Италии все еще хранится более 600 танков M-47, которые мы не перечисляли в течение многих лет; они вряд ли будут иметь какую-либо оперативную ценность, но подотчетны в соответствии с ДОВСЕ. Там же хранятся около 250 танков М-1 и М-60. Другие поставки оборудования включают в себя: около 570 боевых машин M-2/-3 Bradley, почти 50 РСЗО, 130 мобильных комплексов ЗРК Chapparal, 150 ударных вертолетов AH-64A Apache и более 2000 пусковых установок ПТУР Dragon (хотя эти последние, возможно, были поставлены в течение нескольких лет). Размещенное оборудование включает: 150 улучшенных пусковых установок ЗРК HAWK; артиллерию ПВО M-167, M-163 и M-42 ЗСУ; и около 100 ударных вертолетов AH-1.

В ходе войны в Персидском заливе ряд систем вооружения, в том числе некоторые из них, находившиеся на вооружении в течение ряда лет, впервые были использованы в реальных условиях эксплуатации. Было развернуто около 1800 танков М-1, которые в целом оказались весьма надежными, но, как и ожидалось, потребляли огромное количество топлива. Хотя существуют различные сообщения об уязвимости М-1 к танковому огню Т-72, его тепловые прицелы были успешными. Боевые машины M-2/-3 Bradley также оказались надежными, как и их инфракрасные прицелы и 25-миллиметровая пушка. РСЗО были особенно мощным оружием, и, как сообщается, было выпущено более 10 000 ракет. Армейский тактический ракетный комплекс (ATACMS), ракета с дальностью более 100 км, выпущенная из пусковых установок РСЗО, завершила свои испытания к концу 1990 года, и был развернут ряд пусковых установок ATACMS, и 30 ракет были выпущены по дальним целям. Некоторые артиллерийские снаряды с лазерным наведением Copperhead были выпущены по защищенным целям с высокой вероятностью успеха. Армия планирует увеличить дальность действия ЗРК Patriot, чтобы входящие ракеты не уничтожались над их районом цели, тем самым избегая повреждений от падающих обломков. Большинство типов армейских вертолетов сохранили высокие рейтинги готовности. Ударный вертолет Apache и его ПТУР Hellftre были особенно успешными. До сих пор нет никакой информации о размерах запасов техники, которые должны быть сохранены на Ближнем Востоке (один для бронетанковой дивизии был предложен), а также об оборудовании, переданном другим армиям в заливе. Военный баланс перечисляет все армейские подразделения и оборудование в их местах до кризиса в Персидском заливе. В настоящее время бронекавалерийского полк из USAREUR в Германии дислоцируется в Кувейте.

Военно-Морские Силы

Планы реструктуризации сил для Военно-Морского Флота представляются радикальными: боевые корабли должны быть сокращены с 545 до 451, два авианосца и два воздушных крыла должны быть сокращены, морская живая сила должна быть сокращена на 80 000 до 510 000, все к 1995 году. Четыре линкора, вооруженные КРМБ и 16-дюймовыми пушками, должны были быть выведены из эксплуатации в 1991 году. Однако до сих пор только два из них были выведены из эксплуатации, но были помещены в консервацию (как и два других в конечном итоге будут), а не утилизированы. Два линкора (Missouri и Wisconsin) развернуты в заливе, и это задержало график вывода из эксплуатации. Кроме того, планируется вывести из эксплуатации 17 эсминцев, 36 фрегатов и 12 ударных подводных лодок.

Число тактических подводных лодок было сокращено на пять: две Sturgeons, четыре Permit и последняя дизельная, Barbel, были выведены из эксплуатации; и еще два модифицированных Los Angeles были введены в эксплуатацию. Число действующих надводных кораблей основных классов сократилось с 220 до 207. Авианосец Midway планируется вывести из эксплуатации в 1991 году, но он все еще находится в море. Еще три крейсера класса Ticonderoga присоединились к флоту. В настоящее время эсминцев стало на десять меньше: восемь типа Adams и три типа Coontz были выведены из эксплуатации, в то время как первый Arleigh Burke, который имеет систему обнаружения и управления целями AEGIS и монтирует два VLS (96 труб) для Tomahawk, SM-2 ER и ASROC, был введен в эксплуатацию. Три фрегата были отправлены в отставку.

Ценность поддержания силы стратегической мобильности судоходства как с ро-ро, так и с быстроходными грузовыми судами была наглядно продемонстрирована в наращивании сил для операции Desert Shield, как и в случае с готовыми резервными силами грузовых судов, хотя с последними возникали некоторые проблемы. Тем не менее, около 230 грузовых судов должны были быть взяты из торговли, чтобы позволить силам и всем их поставкам быть доставленным в залив. В ближайшее время планируется расширить возможности мобильности обороны и между $200 и $300 млн ежегодно будет выделяться в 1993 ф.г..

Корпус морской пехоты США (USMC), похоже, избегает масштабов сокращений, наложенных на другие службы. Численность личного состава должна сократиться до 171 000 человек к 1995 году, что составляет всего 12% по сравнению с 25% армии и 23% ВВС. Ни одна из дивизий морской пехоты не должна быть расформирована. Хотя в ходе войны в Персидском заливе морская пехота США не осуществила оперативной высадки десанта - смысл существования корпуса - она доказала свою готовность, развернув более двух третей корпуса в заливе (две дивизии на берегу и две бригады на плаву). Боевые части морского резерва были мобилизованы и развернуты с 1-й МЭФ и хорошо зарекомендовали себя в действии. Ценность плавучего склада была хорошо продемонстрирована тем фактом, что первые американские танки, прибывшие в Саудовскую Аравию, прибыли из морской складской эскадры в Диего-Гарсии и были высажены 15 августа, примерно за 20 дней до прибытия первых армейских танков из США. В течение года USMC получил свои первые танки M-1 и заимствовал некоторые из армии в Саудовской Аравии. Уже второй год Палата представителей восстанавливает средства ($625 млн) на развитие программы конвертопланов Osprey (стоимость которой оценивается более чем в $30 млрд), которую Министерство обороны хочет прекратить.

Военно-Воздушные Силы

Основные изменения в ВВС США включают: преобразование всех FB-111A в F-111G; их перевод из SAC в TAC; расформирование Аляскинского Воздушного командования и передачу его активов Тихоокеанскому воздушному командованию. Количество самолетов не изменилось радикально, хотя численность и F-15, и F-16 увеличились, последний более чем на 100 самолетов. В настоящее время имеется информация, позволяющая военному балансу оценить количество самолетов "в запасе", что мы не смогли сделать в прошлом году.

Война в Персидском заливе продемонстрировала чрезвычайную мощь и эффективность всех элементов ВВС США. Впервые в эксплуатации был применен ряд типов самолетов и систем вооружения. Ценность мало заметной технологии была подтверждена успехом F-117A, который, хотя и представлял собой лишь небольшую долю имеющихся самолетов, обеспечивал значительную долю уничтожения целей высокой ценности. Электронная борьба как концепция была доказана самолетами EF-111, использующими РЭБ для успешного глушения иракских радаров в относительно редких случаях, когда они рисковали быть уничтоженными F-4G, вооруженными противорадиационными ракетами HARM. Только два самолета E-8 JSTARS, которые все еще находятся в стадии разработки, были развернуты и сыграли жизненно важную роль в процессе сбора разведданных и сбора целей. В то время как АВАКС отлично справлялся с управлением самолетами союзников, система не была полностью протестирована из-за отказа иракских ВВС дать бой. Высокоточные управляемые боеприпасы (PGM) доказали свою эффективность и оправдали свою высокую стоимость по сравнению с традиционными боеприпасами.

ВВС США планируют расформировать десять тактических истребительных крыльев, а численность личного состава будет сокращена на 134 000 до 437 000 К 1995 году. Начался вывод воздушных средств из Европы. Тактическое разведывательное крыло в Цвейбрикене было расформировано; тактическое истребительное крыло F-16 в Хане планируется расформировать к концу сентября 1991 года. В течение следующих двух лет большая часть сил, дислоцированных в Великобритании, будет выведена, в том числе два A-10 и два тактических истребителя F-111, которые будут заменены двумя эскадрильями F-15E. Количество боевых самолетов в Великобритании, скорее всего, сократится с 250 до 48. Вывод крыла F-16 из Торрехона в Испании начался в июле 1991 года.

В настоящее время планируется создать ряд составных крыльев, которые будут объединять авиационные эскадрильи различных типов из трех основных командований ВВС: SAC, обеспечивающий танкеры для дозаправки в полете, TAC, обеспечивающий ИБ и истребители, и MAC, обеспечивающий транспорт. Эти составные крылья, которые иногда могут иметь элемент AWACS, будут специально разработаны для быстрого развертывания и немедленных операций.

ВВС определились со своим передовым вариантом тактического истребителя и выбрали Lockheed Boeing-General Dynamics YF-22. Предлагаемая закупка составляет 650 самолетов (уменьшена с 750) по ориентировочной стоимости $95 млрд, производство которых должно начаться в 1996 году. $1,6 млрд были включены в запрос на 1992 ф.г., но уже голоса утверждают, что стоимость программы не является приемлемой. Запрос также включает в себя $2,8 млрд за шесть С-17 стратегических транспортов с 12 запланированных по итогам 1993.

Министерство обороны обнародовало некоторые детали ранее засекреченной программы по разработке трехступенчатой ударной ракеты (TSSAM) с обычной боеголовкой. TSSAM будет поставляться бомбардировщиками B-2, которые могут нести 16 ракет, обеспечить армию ракетой большей дальности (как говорят, 185 км), чем ATACMS, которые также будут обстреливаться из пусковых установок РСЗО, а военно-морской флот - ракетой меньшей дальности, но более мощно вооруженной, чем КРМБ Tomahawk. TSSAM также может быть доставлена самолетами B-52, F-16, A-6 и F/A-18.

Расходы на Оборону

Первоначальный бюджетный запрос администрации на 1991 финансовый год составлял $295,1 млрд; Конгресс санкционировал $272,95 млрд, сокращение на 7,5%. С тех пор Министерство обороны должно было покрыть дополнительные расходы на операцию Desert Shield (в 1990 ф.г.) и Desert Storm и Sabre в 1991 году. В бюджетном соглашении 1990 финансового года оговаривалось, что расходы на операцию Desert Shield должны рассматриваться как чрезвычайные потребности в финансировании. Расходы за 1990 были встречены смещения $800 метрах от ранее выделенных средств и дополнительных ассигнований в размере $2.1 bn.

В дополнительном бюджете на 1991 финансовый год, утвержденном Конгрессом, было предложено разместить 15 млрд. долл.США на счете оборотных средств вместе со взносами других стран, которые обязались внести в общей сложности 53,8 млрд. долл. США. Стоимость войны до 30 апреля 1991 года оценивается в $40 млрд, но окончательная стоимость может составить до $ 60 млрд. По состоянию на 20 июня 1991 года были получены взносы на общую сумму $43 млрд. В настоящее время запрашиваются некоторые статьи расходов по дополнительному бюджету, такие как замена утраченных воздушных судов и полная замена израсходованных боеприпасов, в то время как силы сокращаются, а запасы оборудования сокращаются.

На 1992 финансовый год администрация представила просьбу о выделении бюджетных ассигнований в размере $278,3, которые уже были рекомендованы к изменению Комитетом по вооруженным силам Палаты представителей, который хотел бы видеть большую долю расходов на обычные вооружения и который сократил предлагаемые расходы на СОИ и бомбардировщик B-2, но оставил всю запрошенную сумму нетронутой. Палата представителей одобрила утверждение оборонного бюджета в размере $290,8 млрд. и одобрила предложение комитета по вооруженным силам Палаты представителей о сокращении как программ СОИ, так и программ B-2. Финансирование резервных сил было увеличено, чтобы позволить набрать еще 1000 человек вместо сокращения более чем на 107 000, предложенного Министерством обороны. Бюджетный запрос еще предстоит рассмотреть сенату.

Министр обороны заявил, что запланированные расходы с 1991 по 1995 год включительно будут на $131 млрд меньше, чем предполагалось в заявке на январь 1990 года. Бюджетный запрос на 1993 финансовый год составляет $279,9 млрд.

Пояснительная записка:

Каждый год правительство США представляет Конгрессу свой оборонный бюджет на ближайшие два года вместе с долгосрочным планом расходов, охватывающим еще три года. До утверждения Конгрессом бюджет называется бюджетным запросом, после утверждения он становится бюджетным органом (БА) и санкционирует выделение средств для немедленного и будущего распределения. Термин совокупный обязательственный орган (TOA) представляет собой стоимость прямых оборонных программ для каждого финансового года независимо от того, что было в прошлом (т. е. от предыдущих финансовых лет и поступлений от заработанных доходов или процентов). Термин "расходы" представляет собой фактические расходы; каждый год правительство оценивает, каковы будут расходы, разница между этим и БА, предусматривающим непредвиденные расходы. Однако санкционированные денежные средства, особенно в области закупок и строительства, редко расходуются в год выдачи разрешения, хотя заключаются контракты, которые обязывают правительство выплачивать их в последующие годы. В среднем, перенесенные полномочия составляют около 40% расходов каждого года, в то время как аналогично около 40% БА каждого года будут перенесены на будущие годы.

THE UNTIED STATES

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: 2,029,600 (222,300 women) (excl Coast Guard).
RESERVES:
READY RESERVE: 1,721,700. Selected Reserve and Individual Ready Reserve to augment active units and provide reserve formations and units:

NATIONAL GUARD: 583,500. Army (ARNG) 446,700; Air (ANG) 116,800.

RESERVE: 1,138,200. Army 654,300; Navy 240,200; Marines 86,500; Air Force 157,200.
STANDBY RESERVE: 29,200. Trained individuals for mob: Army 1,100; Navy 11,800; Marines 1,400; Air Force 14,900.
RETIRED RESERVE: 175,500. Trained individuals to augment support and training facilities:

Army 87,300; Navy 28,800; Marines 5,200; Air Force 54,200.

STRATEGIC NUCLEAR FORCES:^a

NAVY: 640 SLBM in 34 SSBN.
SSBN (incl 6 in refit):
12 Ohio (SSBN-726)

4 with 24 UGM-133A Trident D-5(96 msl)

8 with 24 UGM-93A Trident C-4(192 msl)
12 Franklin (SSBN-640):

6 with 16 Trident C-4: (96 msl)

6 with 16 UGM-73A Poseidon C-3(96 msl)
8 Madison (SSBN-627)

6 with 16 Trident C-4: (96 msl)

2 with 16 Poseidon C-3(32 msl)
2 Lafayette (SSBN-616) with(32 msl) 16 Poseidon C-3 msl)

STRATEGIC AIR COMMAND (SAC):

2 Air Forces. 8 div (1 trg/spt).
ICBM: 1,000. 6 strategic msl wings (20 sqn, each with 5 launch control centres):

3 wings (9 sqn) with 450 Minuteman II (LGM-30F).

3 wings (10 sqn)with 500 Minuteman III (LGM-30G).

1 sqn with 50 Peacekeeper (MX; LGM-118A); in mod Minuteman silos.
AIRCRAFT: 277 cbt ac; plus 28 in store;

14 bbr wings (10 B-52, 4 B-1B).
BOMBERS:
LONG-RANGE: 277; plus 24 in store.

4 wings (6 sqn)with 96 B-1B; plus 1 in store.

4 wings (5 sqn)with 84 B-52H (with AGM-86B ALCM); plus 11 in store.

6 wings (7 sqn) with 103 B-52G; plus 12 in store:

5 sqn (70 ac) with ALCM/SRAM; plus 7 in store.

2 sqn (33 ac) with Harpoon or bombs (conventional role only); plus 5 in store.
RECCE: 59; plus 6 SR-71A/B in store.

4 wings: 7 sqn:

1 with 17U-2R/RT.

1 with 23 TR-1A/B.

2 with 19 RC-135.
COMMAND: 33

4 sqn:

1 with 4 E-4A/B.

3 with 29 EC-135.
TANKER: 651: (plus 39 in store): 6 wings: 55 sqn (52 with ac, incl 1 trg):

30 USAF with 436 KC-135.

6 USAF with 57 KC-10A tkr/tpt.

13 ANG with 128 KC-135.

3 AFR with 30 KC-135.

3 KC-10 AFR Associate sqn (no ac).

STRATEGIC RECCE/INTELLIGENCE COLLECTION (SATELLITES)
EARLY WARNING: 5 DSP (Defense Support Program) satellites in geostationary orbit (c. 22,250 miles).
IMAGERY: KH-11: 160-400-mile polar orbit, digital imagery (perhaps 3 operational). KH-12 (Ikon): 1 launched 1989.

AFP-731: Optical imaging satellite with sensors operating in several wavebands. 203-km orbit, at approx 60* inclination; to replace KH-11.

Lacrosse radar-imaging satellite.
OCEAN SURVEILLANCE (OSUS): 4 satellite-clusters to detect ships by infra-red and radar.
NAVIGATIONAL SATELLITE TIMING AND RANGING (NAVSTAR): 11 satellites, components of global positioning system (21 by 1992).
ELINT/COMINT: 2 Chalet (Vortex), 2 Magnum, 2 Jumpseat; 'Ferrets' (radar-monitoring satellites).
NUCLEAR DETONATION DETECTION SYSTEM (NDS): Detects and evaluates nuclear detonations.

Sensors to be deployed in NAVSTAR satellites 1989-92.

STRATEGIC DEFENCES:
US Air Force Space Command: (HQ: Peterson AFB, Colorado).
North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD), a combined US-Cdn org (HQ: Peterson AFB, Colorado).
EARLY WARNING:
SATELLITE EARLY WARNING SYSTEM (SEWS): 1 each over Indian, Atlantic and Pacific Oceans; infra-red surveillance and warning system.

Control and tracking stations at Guam and Pine Gap, Nurrungar (Australia).
BALLISTIC MISSILE EARLY WARNING SYSTEM (BMEWS): 3 stations: Gear (Alaska); Thule (Greenland); Fylingdales Moor (UK).

Radars detect and track satellites, ICBM and IRBM, 4,800-km range.

Thule has been updated with phased-array radar, Fylingdales is in process of update.
SPACETRACK: USAF radars Pirinclik (Turkey), Shemya (Aleutians), Clear, Thule and Fylingdales;

optical tracking systems in New Mexico, at St Margarets (New Brunswick), Choejong-San (S. Korea), San Vito (Italy), Maui (Hawaii),

Diego Garcia (Indian Ocean).
PACIFIC RADAR BARRIER (PACBAR): detection and tracking radars: at Kwajalein Atoll (Marshall Islands), Northern Mariana Islands.
USN SPACE SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM (NAVSPASUR): 3 transmitting, 6 receiving sites field stations in south-east US.
PERIMETER ACQUISITION RADAR ATTACK CHARACTERIZATION SYSTEM (PARCS):

1 north-facing phased-array system at Grand Forks (N. Dakota); 2,800-km range.
PAVE PAWS: phased-array radars in Massachusetts, Georgia, Texas, California; 5,500-km range.
MISCELLANEOUS RADARS: US Army: Kwajalein Atoll (Pacific).

USAF: Ascension Island (Atlantic), Antigua (Caribbean), Kaena Point (Hawaii); MIT Lincoln Laboratory, (Massachusetts).
UNDER DEVELOPMENT: Ground-based Electro Optical Deep Space Surveillance system (GEODSS):

White Sands (New Mexico), Taegu (S. Korea) and Maui (Hawaii), Diego Garcia (Indian Ocean); 1 more planned for Portugal.

AIR DEFENCE:
RADARS:
OVER-THE-HORIZON-BACKSCATTER RADAR (OTH-B):

1 in Maine (operational). 1 in Oregon/N California, 1 in south central US, 1 in Alaska (all 3 under construction).

Range 900 (minimum) to 3,300 km.
NORTH WARNING SYSTEM: to replace DEW line. 15 automated long-range radar stations now operational.

39 short-range (110-150 km) stations due in service by 1992.
DEW LINE: 31 radars: Alaska (7), Canada (20) and Greenland (4) roughly along the 70"N parallel from Point Lay, Alaska to Greenland.
AIRCRAFT:
REGULAR: 72: 1 Air Force, 4 air div:

2 with 18 F-15A (CONUS).

2 with 36 F-15C/D (Alaska).

1 with 18 F-15C/D (Iceland).
ANG: 162: 9 sqn:

3 with 48 F-4D.

5 with 90 F-16A/B.

1 with 24 F-15A (Hawaii).
TAC augmentation: ac on call from Navy, Marine Corps and Air Force.
AAM: Sidewinder, Sparrow.

ARMY: 731,700 (82,400 women).

7 Army HQ, 6 Corps HQ (1 AB).

3 armd div (3 bde HQ, 6 tk, 4 mech inf, 3 SP arty bn, 1 MLRS bty,* 1 AD bn; 1 avn bde) (incl 1 ARNG bde in 1 div).

6 mech div (3 bde HQ, 5 tk, 5 mech inf, 3 SP arty bn; 1 MLRS bty;* 1 AD bn; 1 avn bde) (incl 1 ARNG bde in 3 div).

1 inf div (3 bde HQ, 2 air aslt, 4 mech inf, 4 tk, 3 arty bn, 1 MLRS bty, 1 AD bn; 1 avn bde).

4 lt inf div (3 bde HQ, 9 inf, 3 arty, 1 AD bn; 1 avn bde) (incl 1 ARNG/AR bde in 2 div).

1 air aslt div: (3 bde HQ, 9 air aslt, 3 arty bn; avn bde (7 hel bn: 3 ATK, 2 aslt, 1 comd, 1 med tpt)).

1 AB div (3 bde HQ, 9 para, 1 lt tk, 3 arty, 1 AD, 1 cbt avn bn).

2 indep armd bde (1 tk, 1 mech inf, 1 SP arty bn).

1 mot inf bde (3 motor, 1 arty bn).

1 indep mech bde (1 tk, 2 mech inf, 1 SP arty bn).

2 inf (theatre def) bde (3 inf, 1 lt arty bn, 1 tk coy+).

1 AB bn gp.

9 avn bde (2 army, 5 corps, 2 trg).

3 armd cav regt.

9 arty bde.

1 theatre AD comd.

7 Lance SSM bn (to be 4 bn each 12 launchers).

10 Patriot SAM bn: 5 with 3 bty (all to form 6 bty as eqpt becomes available).

8 HAWK SAM bn.
READY RESERVE:
ARMY NATIONAL GUARD (ARNG): 446,700 (30,400 women): capable after mob of manning

10 div (2 armd, 2 mech, 5 inf, 1 lt inf); 20 indep bde (5 armd, 7 mech, 8 inf (3 lt) incl 5 'Roundout' (1 armd, 3 mech, 1 lt inf) for Regular Army div);

2 armd cav regt;

1 inf gp (Arctic recce: 5 scout bn);

18 fd arty bde HQ.

Indep bn: 5 tk, 3 mech, 1 mtn inf, 42 arty, 4 lt ATK (TOW), 16 AD (3 HAWK, 8 Chaparral, 5 Vulcan Stinger SP), 62 engr.
ARMY RESERVE (AR): 654,300 (102,400 women):

12 trg div, 2 trg bde (no cbt role). 3 indep bde: 1 mech, 1 inf (theatre def), 1 lt inf ('Roundout');

2 arty bde HQ, 73 indep bn (1 tk, 2 inf, 14 arty, 56 engr).
EQUIPMENT:
MBT: some 15,585: 1,013 M-48A5, 2,385 M-60/M-60A1, 5,151 M-60A3, 7,036 M-1/M-1A1 Abrams. (Plus 639 CFE declared M-47 in store).
LIGHT TANKS: 1,265 M-551 Sheridan.
AIFV: 5,524 M-2/-3 Bradley.
APC: some 26,480, incl 4,805 M-577, 12,900 M-113.
TOWED ARTY: 2,323: 105mm: 542M-101, 514M-102, 147 M-119; 155mm: 535 M-114, 585 M-198.
SP ARTY: 3,466: 155mm: 2,437 M-109A1/A2; 203mm: 1,029 M-110A1/A2.
MRL: 227mm: 426 MLRS incl some 30 ATACMS capable.
MORTARS: 107mm: 2,612 (incl 2,029 M-106 SP, 1,692 M-30); 120mm: some.
SSM: 65 Lance launchers.
ATGW: 10,600 TOW (incl 388 M-113, 2,022 Hummer, 2,662 M-901, 5,524 M-2/M-3 Bradley), 7,700 Dragon launchers.
RCL: 3,590 incl 84 mm: Carl Gustav, 90mm and 106mm.
AD GUNS: 20mm: 90 M-167 Vulcan towed, 245 M-163 SP.
SAM: FIM-92A Stinger, 45 Avenger (vehicle-mounted Stinger), 432 M-54 and M-48 SP Chaparral,

400 Improved HAWK, 303 Patriot launchers, 4 ADATS.
AMPHIBIOUS: 18 ships:

5 Frank Besson LST: capacity 32 tk.

13 Runnymede LSM: capacity 7 tk.

Plus craft: some 126 LCM, 26 ACV.
AVIATION: incl eqpt in store.
AIRCRAFT: Some 534, incl 92 OV-1D, 30 RC-12D/G/H/-K, 17 RU-8D, 21 RU-21, 24 RV-1D, 14 C-7, 120 C-12D, 16 C-23A/B, 3 DHC-7,

49 U-8, 116 U-21, 6 UV-18A, 2 UV-20A, 24 T-42.
HELICOPTERS: some 8,458 (1,653 armed hel): 929 AH-1S, 689 AH-64A, 35 AH-6/MH-6,

3,209 UH-1 (being replaced), 5 EH-1H (ECM), 1,041 UH/MH-60A, 66 EH-60A (ECM),

56 CH-47A/B/C, 314 -D, 55 CH-54,

310 OH-6A, 1,749 OH-58A/C/D.

NAVY (USN): 584,800 (57,100 women): 4 Fleets; 2nd (Atlantic), 3rd (Pacific), 6^th (Mediterranean), 7^th (W. Pacific).
SUBMARINES: 121:
STRATEGIC SUBMARINES: 34: (see p. 19).
TACTICAL SUBMARINES: 86: (incl 13 in refit).
SSGN: 15:

7 improved Los Angeles (SSN-751) with 12 Tomahawk SLCM (VLS), 533mm TT (Mk48 HWT, Harpoon, Tomahawk).

8 mod Los Angeles (SSN-719) with 12 Tomahawk SLCM (VLS); plus 533mm TT (Mk48 HWT, Harpoon, Tomahawk).
SSN: 71:

31 Los Angeles (SSN-688) with Mk48 HWT, plus Harpoon; 25 with Tomahawk SLCM.

35 Sturgeon (SSN-637) with Mk48 HWT; plus Harpoon; 15 with Tomahawk SLCM. (Incl 3 capable of special ops).

4 Permit (SSN-594) with Mk48 HWT, plus Harpoon.

1 Narwhal (SSN-671) with Mk48 HWT, Harpoon, Tomahawk.
SUBMARINES, OTHER ROLES: 1:

1 Houston (SSN-609) (special ops).
PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS: 207:
AIRCRAFT CARRIERS: 13 (incl 2 in refit, excl 1 in long refit/refuel and 1 in SLEP).
CVN: 5 (plus Enterprise in long refit/refuel)

5 Nimitz (CVN-68) (96/102,000t).
CV: 8 (plus 1 Kitty Hawk in SLEP):

2 Kitty Hawk (CV-63) (81,000t).

1 Kennedy (CV-66) (80/81,000t).

4 Forrestal (CV-59) (79,250/81,000t).

1 Midway (CV-41) (65,000t).
AIR WING: 13 (average 86 ac, dependent on ship)
Each with:

2 ftr sqn with 24 F-14A; or (Midway) F/A-18A.

3 FGA/attack sqn:

2 lt with 24 F/A-18A or A-7E.

1 med with 10 A-6E.

2 ASW sqn:

1 with 10 S-3A ac; 1 with SH-3H hel.

1 ECM sqn with 4 EA-6B.

1 AEW sqn with 4 E-2C; 4 KA-6D tkr.
BATTLESHIPS: 2 Iowa (BB-61) with 3x3 406mm guns, 8x4 Tomahawk SLCM, plus 4x4 Harpoon SSM.
CRUISERS: 46 (incl 8 in refit):
CGN: 9:

4 Virginia (CGN-38) with 2x2 SM-2MR SAM/ASROC SUGW; plus 2x4 Tomahawk SLCM, 2x4 Harpoon, SH-2F hel (Mk46 LWT),

2x3 ASTT, 2 127mm guns.

2 California (CGN-36) with 2 SM-2MR; plus 2x4 Harpoon, 1x8 ASROC , 2x3 ASTT, 2 127mm guns.

1 Truxtun (CGN-35) with 1x2 SM-2ER SAM/ASROC; plus 2x3 ASTT, 1 SH-2F hel, 1 127mm guns.

1 Long Beach (CGN-9) with 2x2 SM-2ER; plus 2x4 Tomahawk, 2x4 Harpoon, 1x8 ASROC, 2x3 ASTT, 2 127mm guns.

1 Bainbridge (CGN-25) with 2x2 SM-2ER plus 2x4 Harpoon, 1x8 ASROC, 2x3 ASTT.
CG: 37: 19 Ticonderoga (CG-47 Aegis):
5 Baseline 1 with 2x2 SM-2MR/ASROC; plus 2x4 Harpoon, 2 127mm guns, 2x3 ASTT, 2 SH-2F or SH-60B hel.
14 Baseline 2/3, with 2 VLS Mk 41 (61 tubes each) for combination of SM-2ER, and Tomahawk. Other weapons as Baseline 1.
9 Belknap (CG-26) with 1x2 SM-2ER/ASROC; plus 2x3 ASTT, 2x4 Harpoon, 1 127mm gun, 1 SH-2F hel.
9 Leahy (CG-16) with 2x2 SM-2 ER/ASROC; plus 2x3 ASTT, 2x4 Harpoon.
DESTROYERS: 49: (incl some 7 in refit).
DDG: 18:

1 Arleigh Burke (DDG-51 Aegis) with 2 VLS Mk 41 (32 tubes fwd, 64 tubes aft) for combination of Tomahawk, SM-2ER and ASROC;

plus 2x4 Harpoon, 1 127mm gun, 2x3 ASTT, 1 SH-60B hel.

4 Kidd (DDG-993) with 2x2 SM-2 MR/ASROC; plus 2x3 ASTT, 2 SH-2F hel, 2x4 Harpoon, 2 127mm guns.

5 Coontz (DDG-37) with 1x2 SM-2 ER; plus 1x8 ASROC, 2x3 ASTT, 1 127mm gun. 8 with 2x4 Harpoon.

8 Adams (DDG-2) with 1 SM-1; plus 1x8 ASROC, 2x3 ASTT, 2 127mm guns; Harpoon SSM.
DD: 31 Spruance (DD-963) (ASW):

20 Baseline 1, with 1x8 ASROC, 2x3 ASTT, 1 SH-2F hel; plus 2x4 Harpoon, 2 127mm guns; 7 with 2x4 Tomahawk.

11 Baseline 2, with 1 VLS Mk41 (Tomahawk), 2x3 ASTT, 1 SH-60B hel; plus 2 127mm guns, 2x4 Harpoon.
FRIGATES: 97: (incl some 12 in refit).
FFG: 51 Oliver Hazard Perry (FFG-7), all with 2x3 ASTT; 24 with 2 SH-60B hel; 27 with 2 SH-2F hel; all plus 1 SM-1MS/Harpoon.
FF: 46 Knox (FF-1052) (18 in NRF) with 1x8 ASROC, 1 SH-2F hel, 4 ASTT; plus Harpoon (from ASROC launcher), 1 127mm gun.
ADDITIONAL IN STORE: 2 BB, 2 CC, 13 DDG, 2 FFG, 2 FF.
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS: 30: Note: Mainly responsibility of Coast Guard.
MISSILE CRAFT: 6 Pegasus PHM with 2x4 Harpoon.
PATROL, INSHORE: 24<.
MINE WARFARE: 28:
MINELAYERS: None dedicated, but mines can be laid from attack submarines, aircraft and surface ships (limited).
MINE COUNTERMEASURES: 28:

7 Avenger (MCM-1) MCO.

16 Aggressive (MSO-422)/Acme (MSO-509) MCO (16 with NRF).

5 MSB-15 MSI<.
AMPHIBIOUS: 65:
COMMAND: 2 Blue Ridge: capacity 700 tps.
LHA: 6:

1 Wasp: capacity 1,900 tps, 60 tk; with 6 AV-8B ac, 12 CH-46, 4 CH-53, 4 UH-1N, 4 AH-1T hel; plus 12 LCM-6 or 3 LCAC.

5 Tarawa: capacity 1,700 tps, 100 tk, 4 LCU, 6 AV-8B ac, 12 CH-46, 4 CH-53, 4 UH-1N, 4 AH-1T hel.
LPH: 7 Iwo Jima: capacity 1,750 tps, 4 AV-8B ac, 2 CH-46, 10 CH-53, 1 UH-1N hel.
LPD: 13: 11 Austin, 2 Raleigh: capacity 930 tps, 4 tk.
LSD: 12:

7 Whidbey Island with 4 LCAC or 21 LSM: capacity 450 tps, 40 tk.

5 Anchorage with 4 LCAC or 15 LCM: capacity 350 tps, 38 tk.
LST: 20 Newport (3 NRF): capacity 400 tps, 10 tk.
LKA (amph cargo ships): 5 Charleston: capacity 360 tps, 10,000 tonnes stores.
CRAFT: some 86:

33 LCAC: capacity 1 MBT.

53 LCU-1610: capacity 3 MBT.

Numerous LCVP, LCU, LCM.
SUPPORT AND MISCELLANEOUS: 180:

(Total includes 86 USN ships, 85 ships of the Military Sealift Command Fleet Auxiliary Force, and 9 AGOR owned by the US Navy,

but operated by civil research institutes.)
UNDERWAY SUPPORT: 56:

AO: 28: 5 Cimarron,! Wichita, 10 Henry Kaiser, 5 Neosho, 1 Mispittion.

AOE: 4 Sacramento.

AE: 13: 8 Kilauea, 5 Suribachi.

AF: 11: 7 Mars, 1 Rigel, 3 Sirius.
MAINTENANCE AND LOGISTICS: 75: 9 AD, 12 AS, 1 AR, 12 AT, 14 AOT, 2 AK, 2 AH, 23 salvage/rescue (3 NRF).
SPECIAL PURPOSES: 10: 2 comd, 7 technical spt, 1 avn trg.
SURVEY AND RESEARCH: 39: 18 Stalwart AGOS (towed array). 3 Victorious AGOS (SWATH). 9 AGOR, 9 AGHS.

NAVAL AVIATION: (About 120,000) incl 13 attack carrier air wings.
AIRCRAFT:
FIGHTER: 26 sqn (4 NR) with F-14A.
FGA/ATTACK: 47 sqn:

18 med (2 NR) with A-6E.

7 lt (1 NR) with A-7E.

22 (3 NR) with F/A-18A.
ELINT: 2 sqn with EA-3, EP-3.
ECM: 14 sqn (1 NR) with EA-6B.
MR: 37 (13 NR) land-based sqn with P-3B, P-3C, P-3CIII.
ASW: 6 sqn with S-3A, 6 with S-3B.
AEW: 15 sqn (2 NR) with E-2C.
COMD: 1 sqn with EC-130Q (TACAMO).
OTHER: 14 spt sqn with C-130F, LC-130F/R, EC-130G/Q, C-2A, CT-39, C-131, UC-12B ac; and hel (see below).
TRAINING:

5 'Aggressor' sqn with F-5E/F, T-38, A-4, F-16N.

17 trg sqn with T-2B/C, T-34C, T-44, T-47 ac and hel (see below).
HELICOPTERS:
ASW: 36 sqn:

10 with SH-60B (LAMPS Mk III).

11 (3 NR) with SH-2F (LAMPS Mk I).

15 with SH-3H (SH-60F to replace).
MCM: 4 sqn: 2 with RH-53D, 2 with MH-53E.
MISC: 6 spt sqn with SH-3, 4 with CH-46, 1 with CH-53E.
TRG: 2 sqn with TH-57A/B/C.
EQUIPMENT: 1,242 (incl 187 NR) cbt ac plus 427 in store; 416 (incl 58 NR) armed hel.
AIRCRAFT:

F-14: 377. -A: 288 (ftr, incl 48 NR); -A plus: 68 (ftr) -D: 21 (ftr); plus 137 in store.

F/A-18: 421. -A: 167 (FGA, incl 36 NR); -B: 18* (trg); -C: 193 (FGA); -D: 43*(trg);plus 135 in store.

F-5E/F/T-38: 33 (trg).

F-16: 26. -N: 22 (trg); TF-16N: 4 (trg).

A-4: 273 (trg). -E/-F: 64 (trg); TA-4F/J: 209 (trg).

A-6: 384. -E: 253 (FGA, incl 13 NR); EA-6B: 83 (ECM, incl 4 NR); KA-6D: 48 (tkr incl 8 NR).

A-7E: 25. 12 (FGA, NR); TA-7C: 13 (trg).

E-2C: 90. 80 (AEW, incl 10 NR); TE-2B: 10 (trg).

A-3:10. EA-3:9 (ELINT, incl 4 NR); KA-3B: 1(tkr).

P-3: 306. -B: 65 (MR, NR); -C: 217 (MR, incl 18 NR); EP-3:17 (ELINT); RP-3:7; plus 155 in store.

S-3A/B: 130(ASW).

C-130:20. EC-130Q:7 (comd); -F/LC-130F/R: 13(misc).

CT-39: 14 (misc). C-2A: 35 (tpt). C-9B: 19 (tpt).

T-2B/C: 173 (trg). US-3: 5 (tpt). T-39D/N: 18 (trg). T-44: 54 (trg). T-45: 4 (trg).
HELICOPTERS:

HH-1K: 2 (attack, NR).

RH-53D: 15 (MCM, incl 12 NR); MH-53E: 30 (MCM).

SH-60: 169 -B: 126 (ASW); -F: 45 (ASW).

HH-60H: 16 (cbt spt, NR).

SH-2F/G: 108 (ASW, incl 24 NR).

SH-3D/G/H: 135 (ASW incl 12 NR).

CH-46: 40 (tpt, trg) being updated.
MISSILES:

AAM: AIM-120 AMRAAM being delivered. AIM-7 Sparrow, AIM-54A/C Phoenix, AIM-9 Sidewinder.

ASM: AGM-78D Standard ARM, AGM-45 Shrike, AGM-88A HARM (anti-radiation); AGM-84 Harpoon.

RESERVES:
NAVAL RESERVE SURFACE FORCES: 40 ships: 18 FF, 16 MCMV, 3 amph and 3 spt/misc vessels. Incl in main Navy entry.

Crewed by about 70% active USN and 30% NR.
AVIATION: 217 cbt ac; 58 armed hel.
2 attack carrier wings: 14 sqn:

4 lt attack (1 with 12 A-7E; 3 with 36 F/A-18).

2 med attack with 20 A-6E.

4 ftr with 48 F-14.

2 AEW with 10 E-2C.

1 ECM with EA-6A/B.

1 tkr with KA-6D.

2 MR wings: 13 sqn with 108 P-3A/B/C.

1 tac spt wing: 14 sqn:

2 composite with TA-4F/A-4F.

1 spt with C-131H.

11 spt with C-9B.

1 hel wing: 9 sqn:

5 ASW (2 with 12 SH-3D, 3 with 24 SH-2F).

1 lt attack with 6 HH-1K.

1 MCM with 12 RH-53D.

2 cbt spt sqn with 16 HH-60.

(To form: aircrew associate units).
COMBAT SUPPORT FORCES (provision of units for MCM, underwater ops, ashore construction, cargo handling).
AUGMENT FORCES (provision of additional manpower to regular org).

MARINE CORPS: 195,700 (9,200 women).
GROUND: 3 div (1 bde HQ, 3 inf (with 9 inf, 1мarmd inf bn with LAV-25), 1 arty regt, 1 recce, 1 tk, 1 cbt engr, 1 aslt amph bn).
3 Force Service Support Groups.
2 bn Marine Corps Security Force (1 each in Atlantic and Pacific).
Marine Security Guard Bn (1 HQ, 8 region coy)
RESERVES (MCR):
1 div: (3 inf, 1 arty regt; 2 tk, 1 armd inf (with LAV-25), 1 aslt amph, 1 recce, 1 cbt engr bn).
1 Force Service Support Group.
EQUIPMENT:
MBT: 716 M-60A1 (123 in store), 44 M-1Al Abrams.
LAV: 416 LAV-25 (25mm gun) (56 in store), 345 LAV (variants, incl ATGW) (38 in store).
APC: 1,323 AAV-7A1 (all roles) (109 in store).
SP ARTILLERY: 155mm: 131 M-109A3 (18 in store); 203mm: 107 M-110A2.
TOWED ARTILLERY: 105mm: 335 M-101A1; 155mm: 537 M-198 (72 in store).
MORTAR: 81mm: 473 (8 in store).
ATGW: 1,348 TOW, 1,572 Dragon, 96 LAV-AT (TOW) (in store: 234 TOW, 72 Dragon, 16 LAV-AT).
RCL: 83mm: 1,417 (198 in store).
SAM: 1,929 Stinger (18 in store).

AVIATION: 3 active air wings.
AIR WING: (no standard org but an optimal option is shown below): 162 fixed-wing aircraft, 156 hel:

48 F/A-18, 20 A-6, 60 AV-8B, 6 EA-6B, 12 OV-10, 12 KC-130, 60 CH-46, 48 CH-53, 24 AH-1, 24 UH-1.
AIRCRAFT:
FIGHTER/ATTACK: 12 sqn with F-18A/D.
FGA: 12 sqn:

8 lt with AV-8B.

4 med with A-6E.
RECCE: 1 sqn with 8 RF-4B.
ECM: 1 sqn with 12 EA-6B.
FAC: 2 sqn with 24 OV-10A/D.
COMD: 1 sqn with 12 F/A-18D.
TANKER: 3 sqn with KC-130T.
TRAINING: 3 sqn.
HELICOPTERS: 30 sqn:
ARMED: 6 lt attack/utility sqn with AH-1/UH-1N.
TRANSPORT: 15 med with CH-46E, 9 hy with CH-53 (5 with -A/-D, 4 with -E).
TRAINING: 4 sqn.
SAM:

2 bn with Improved HAWK.

3 bn with Stinger.

RESERVES (MCR):
AVIATION: 1 air wing: 96 cbt ac, 24 armed hel.
AIRCRAFT:
FIGHTER/ATTACK: 2 sqn with 24 F-4S; 2 with 24 F-18A.
FGA: 4 sqn with 48 A-4M.
ECM: 1 sqn with 6 EA-6A.
FAC: 1 sqn with 12 OV-10A.
TANKER: 2 tkr/tpt sqn with 18 KC-130T.
HELICOPTERS:
ARMED: 2 attack sqn with 24 AH-1J.
TRANSPORT: 3 sqn (2 med with 24 CH-46D/E, 1 hy with 14 CH-53A).
UTILITY: 3 sqn with 24 UH-1N.
SAM: 1 bn with HAWK.
EQUIPMENT: 523 cbt ac (incl 96 MCR); 12 armed hel (incl 24 MCR).
AIRCRAFT:

F-18A/-B/-C/-D: 223 (FGA incl 24 MCR, 36* trg).

AV-8B: 193.178 (FGA, 18*trg); TAV-8B: 15*(trg).

F-4S: 24 (ftr, MCR).

A-4M: 53 (FGA, 48 MCR, 5* trg).

A-6: 54. -E: 30 (attack); EA-6A: 6 (ECM, MCR); -B: 18 (ECM).

OV-10A/D: 55 (FAC, incl 12 MCR).

F-5E/F: 13 (trg, MCR).

KC-130: 66. -F: 8 (OCU); -R: 14; -T: 44 (tkr, incl 18 MCR).
HELICOPTERS:

AH-1J/T/W: 134.122 (armed, incl 24 MCR), 12 trg.

UH-1N: 104 (incl 24 MCR, 8 trg).

CH-460/E: 230 (tpt, incl 24 MCR, 6 HMX, 20 trg).

CH-53: 215. -A/-D: 103 (tpt, incl 14 MCR; 6 trg); -E: 112 (tpt, incl 16 trg).

RH-53D: 7 (MCR).

VH-60A: 9 (VIP tpt).

VH-3D: 11 (VIP tpt).
MISSILES:

SAM: Improved HAWK, Stinger.

AAM: Sparrow, Sidewinder.

ASM: Maverick.

COAST GUARD (By law a branch of the Armed Forces; in peacetime operates under and is funded by the Department of Transportation.

Budgets are not incl in the figures at p. 18):

Budget 1990: BA $3.304 bn.

1991: BA $3.408 bn.

1992: Request $3.678 bn.

Strength: 37,300 (includes 2,900 women).
PATROL VESSELS: 144:
PATROL, OFFSHORE: 48:

12 Hamilton high endurance with HH-65A LAMPS Dolphin hel, 2x3 ASTT, 4 with 1 76mm gun, 3 with Harpoon SSM (4 in refit).

13 Bear med endurance with 1 76mm gun, HH-65A hel.

15 Reliance med endurance with 1 3 inch gun, hel deck.

8 other med endurance cutters.
PATROL, INSHORE: 96: 38 Farallon PCI, 2 Cape Higgon, 3 Sea Hawk SES, 53 Point Hope<.
SUPPORT AND OTHER: 13: 3 icebreakers, 9 icebreaking tugs, 1 trg.
AVIATION: 78 ac, 151 hel.
FIXED WING: 4 E-2C, 41 HU-25A, 31 HC-130H, 1 VC-4A, 1 VC-11A.
HELICOPTERS: 9 CH-3E, 36 HH-3F (being replaced with HH-60J), 10 HH-60J, 96 HH-65A.

COAST GUARD RESERVE: 18,000.
Selected: 12,070; Ready 5,360; Standby 580.

STRATEGIC SEALIFT:
Military Sealift Command, in addition to the Fleet Auxiliary Force, operates and administers strategic sealift resources.
TOTAL SEALIFT SHIPS: 268:
ACTIVE: 65:
STRATEGIC MOBILITY: 41: 2 ro-ro veh ships, 4 ro-ro container, 3 AK, 22 tankers, 8 fast veh/cargo, 2 hospital.
AFLOAT PREPOSITIONING: 24: 2 AK, 4 barge lift, 13 Maritime Prepositioning (to support MEB), 1 semi-submersible heavy lift ship, 4 AOT.
RESERVE: 203: (in preservation in CONUS ports).
READY RESERVE FORCE (RRF): 93 (5 to 20 days' reactivation notice):

48 AK (incl 18 veh carriers), 9 gasoline tkr, 1 pax, 8 crane ships, 20 ro-ro, 7 barge lift.
NATIONAL DEFENSE RESERVE FLEET (NDRF): 110 (60 to 90 days' reactivation notice, but many ships very old and of doubtful serviceability):

28 dry cargo, 11 tkr, 71 'Victory' WW II cargo.
AUXILIARY STRATEGIC SEALIFT. A further 359 US-flag and effectively US-controlled ships potentially available to augment these holdings.

AIR FORCE: 517,400 (73,600 women); 4,084 cbt ac (incl ANG, AFR); plus 1,000+ in store.
STRATEGIC: (organization: see p. 19).
TACTICAL: 24 active cbt wings, comprising some 94 sqn (sqn may be 18 or 24 ac).
FIGHTER: 4 interceptor sqn with F-15.
FGA: 72 tac ftr sqn:

18 with F-15.

24 with F-16.

9 (2 trg) with F-111.

13 with A-10.

6 Wild Weasel (1 trg) with F-4.

2 with F-117.
SUPPORT:
RECCE: 2 sqn with RF-4C.
AEW: 1 Airborne Warning and Control wing; 4 sqn (incl 1 trg) with E-3.
EW: 4 sqn with EC-130, EF-111.
FAC: 7 tac air control sqn:

3 with OA-10A.

2 with OV-10.

1 with OA-37B.

1 with CH-3 hel.
SPECIAL OPERATIONS (4,100): 3 wing, 11 sqn (see p. 26).
TRAINING:

1 'Aggressor' sqn with F-16.

31 trg sqn with F-16, T-37, T-38, T-39, T-41, T-43, UV-18, Schweizer 2-37, C-5, C-12, C-130, C-141 ac and UH-60, HH-3, HH-53, U/TH-1 hel.
TRANSPORT: 34 sqn:

22 strategic: 5 with C-5; 17 with C-141.

12 tac airlift with C-130.

Units with KC-10, C-135, VC-137, C-140, C-9, C-12, C-20, C-21.
SAR: 7 sqn (incl SAC msl spt), HH-3, UH-1, UH-60 hel.
MEDICAL 3 medical evacuation sqn with C-9.
WEATHER RECCE: 1 sqn with WC-135.
TRIALS/weapons trg units with F-4, F-5, F-15, F-16, T-38, C-141 ac. UH-1 hel.
EQUIPMENT:
STRATEGIC: 277 cbt ac (plus 28 in store).

B-52: 187: -G: 103 (70 with ALCM, 33 with Harpoon plus 12 in store); -H: 84 strike (with ALCM) plus 11 in store.

B-1B: 96 (strike, trg); plus 1 in store.

U-2R/RT: 17 (recce).

TR-1A/B: 23.

E-4B: 4 (comd/control).

C-135: 658: RC-135: 19 (surveillance, comd/control); EC-135: 29 (ELINT, comd); KC-135: 594 (tankers; 436 USAF, 128 ANG, 30 AFR),

plus 37 in store.

KC-10A: 57 tkr/tpt, plus 2 in store.
TACTICAL: 3,813 cbt ac; (incl 770 ANG, 237 AFR plus 1,088 in store); no armed hel.

F-4: 515. -D: 48 (ftr, ANG); -E: 224 (FGA, incl 42 AFR, 82 ANG; 24* OCU); -G: 81 (Wild Weasel); RF-4C: 162 (recce: 36 USAF, 126 ANG).

Plus 467 in store (incl 21 RF-4C).

F-15: 923: -A/B/C/D: 93 (ftr, incl 24 ANG); 639 (FGA); 113* (OCU); -E: 78 (FGA). Plus 119 in store.

F-16: 1,384. 1,059 (FGA; incl 108 AFR, 182 ANG); 235* (OCU); 90 (ftr, ANG), plus 272 in store.

F-111: 294. -A: 29* (OCU); -D: 36 (FGA), 12* (OCU); -E/F/G: 185 (FGA); plus 38 in store, EF-111A: 32 (ECM).

F-117:45.35 (FGA), 9* (trg), 1 test; plus 10 in store.

A-7: 270 (ANG); plus 35 in store.

A-10A: 382 (FGA, incl 72 ANG, 87 AFR); 91* (OCU); plus 168 in store.

E-3: 21 (AEW), plus 14 in store.

EC-18B: 4 (Advanced Range Instrumentation).

E-8A: 2 (JSTARS ac).

WC-135B: 5 (weather recce).

AC-130: -A: 10 (special ops, AFR); -H: 9 (special ops, USAF); EC-130/E/H: 20 (ECM, incl 8 ANG);

HC-130H/N/P: 53 (31 special ops; 22 SAR incl 8 ANG, 14 AFR); MC-130E/H: 18 (special ops); WC-130E/H: 10 (weather recce, AFR).

OA-37B: 44 (FAC, incl 36 ANG).

OA-10: 54 (FAC, incl 18 ANG).
TRANSPORT:

C-5: 115. -A: 69 (strategic tpt; incl 11 ANG, 28 AFR); -B: 46 (incl 6 OCU).

C-141B: 250 (218 strategic tpt, 16 OCU, 8 ANG, 8 AFR).

C-130: 518. 490 (tac tpt, incl 172 ANG, 120 AFR); 28 (trg, incl 8 ANG).

C-135: 12.

VC-137B/C: 7 (VIP tpt).

C-9A:23. -A: 20 (19 medical, 1 cmd spt); VC-9C:3 (VIP).

C-12: 86 (liaison). C-20A/B/C: 13 (tpt). C-21A: 84.

C-22A/B: 5 (tpt). C-26A: 13 (tpt).
TRAINING: MiG-21: 24. MiG-23: 4. T-37B: 606. T-38: 807. T-39: 4. T-41A/C: 100. T-43A: 19. T-46: 3. TC-135S: 1. UV-18A: 2. Schweizer 2-37: 8.
HELICOPTERS:

CH/HH-3: 55. 49 (trg, SAR), 6 (special ops).

CH/HH-53: 13 (trg).

MH-53-J: 41 Pave Low (special ops), incl 12 on mod programme at any time.

MH-60G: 39. 7 (SAR), 32 (special ops).

UH/HH-60J: 25 (test, trg).

UH-1H/N: 28: UH-1H, 69: UH-1N.
MISSILES:

AAM: AIM-9E/H/J/P Sidewinder, AIM-7C/D/E/F/M Sparrow.

ASM: 1,100 AGM-69A SRAM; 1,500 AGM-86B ALCM; 26,111 AGM-65A/B/D/G Maverick,

6,324 AGM-45 Shrike; 5,557 AGM-88A/B HARM; AGM-78A/D Standard; AGM-84A Harpoon.

RESERVES:
AIR NATIONAL GUARD (ANG): 23 wings, 92 sqn; 806 cbt ac.
FIGHTER: 162 ac. 9 AD sqn (see p. 20).
FGA: 28 sqn; 608 ac. 4 with 84 F-4E; 12 with 270 A-7D/K; 4 with 72 A-10;8 with 182 F-16.
RECCE: 6 sqn (TAC) with 126 RF-4C.
EW: 1 sqn (AFSOC) with 8 EC-130E (ANG).
FAC: 3 sqn (TAC): 2 with 36 OA-37B, 1 with 18 OA-10.
TRANSPORT: 21 sqn (MAC):

19 tactical with 172 C-130A/B/E/H.

2 strategic: 1 with 11 C-5; 1 with 8 C-141B.
TANKER: 13 sqn (SAC) with 115 KC-135E.
SAR: 3 sqn (MAC) with 8 HC-130 ac, 14 MH-60G hel.
TRAINING: 8 sqn with 142 ac.
AIR FORCE RESERVE (AFR): 21 wings, 57 sqn (37 with ac); 237 cbt ac.
FGA: 12 sqn (TAC): 5 with 108 F-16; 2 with 42 F-4D/E; 5 (incl 1 trg) with 87 A-10.
TRANSPORT: 17 sqn (MAC):

14 tactical with 120 C-130B/E/H; 1 weather-recce with 10 WC-130E/H.

3 strategic: 2 with 28 C-5A, 1 with 8 C-141B.
TANKER: 3 sqn (SAC) with 30 KC-135E.
SPECIAL OPERATIONS: 2 sqn (AFSOC):

1 with 10 AC-130A.

1 with 8 H/CH-3 hel.
SAR: 3 sqn (MAC) with 14 HC-130H ac, 10 H/CH-3, 5 HH-1H hel.
ASSOCIATE: 21 sqn (personnel only):
MAC: 4 sqn for C-5, 13 for C-141, 1 aero medical for C-9.
SAC: 3 sqn for KC-10.
CIVIL RESERVE AIR FLEET (CRAF): 524 commercial ac (numbers fluctuate):
LONG-RANGE: 406: 255 passenger (Boeing 747, H 0 1 1 , DC-8/-10), 151 cargo (Boeing 707, 747, DC-8/-10).
SHORT-RANGE: 36 (Boeing 727, 737, 757).

SPECIAL OPERATIONS FORCES:

Units only listed - manpower and eqpt shown in relevant single service section.
ARMY: (4,000):

5 SF gp (each 3 bn).

1 Ranger inf regt (3 bn).

1 avn gp.

1 Psychological Operations gp (4 bn).

1 Civil Affairs, 1 sigs, 1 spt bn.
RESERVES:

2 ARNG SF gp (6 bn).

1 ARNG avn bn.

2 AR SF gp (6 bn).

3 AR Psychological Operations gp.

12 AR Civil Affairs HQ (3 comd, 5 bde, 4 gp).

24 AR Civil Affairs coy.
NAVY: (3,360): 1 Naval Special Warfare Command.

2 Naval Special Warfare Gps.

4 Naval Special Warfare units.

7 Sea-Air-Land (SEAL) teams.

2 SEAL delivery veh teams.

3 Special Boat units.

4 amph tpt submarines.

6 Drydeck shelters (DDS).
RESERVES: (1,400):

6 Naval Special Warfare gp det.

2 Naval Special Warfare unit det.

5 SEAL team det.

2 Special Boat sqn.

4 Special Boat unit.

1 engr spt unit.

2 cbt spt special hel sqn.
AIR FORCE: (4,100) 1 air force HQ, 3 wings, 11 sqn:

3 with MC-130.

1 with AC-130.

3 with HC-13O.

3 with MH-53 hel.

1 with MH-60 hel.
RESERVES:

3 sqn (AFSOC):

1 with 10 AC-130A ac (AFR).

1 with 8 HH-3 hel (AFR).

1 with 8 EC-130E(ANG).

DEPLOYMENT: Commanders' NATO appointments also shown, (e.g. COMEUCOM is also SACEUR)

EUROPEAN COMMAND (EUCOM): 303,100:

HQ Stuttgart-Vaihingen (Commander is SACEUR).
ARMY: HQ US Army Europe (USAREUR), Heidelberg (Commander is COMCENTAG).
NAVY: HQ US Navy Europe (USNAVEUR), London (Commander is also CINCAFSOUTH).
AIR FORCE: HQ US Air Force Europe (USAFE), Ramstein (Commander is COMAAFCE).
GERMANY:
ARMY: 192,600 (assigned to CENTAG unless shown otherwise).

V Corps with 1 armd, 1 mech inf div, 1 armd cav regt, 2 arty (incl 2 bn Lance), 1 engr, 1 corps avn bde.

VII Corps with 1 armd, 1 mech inf div, 1 armd cav regt, 3 arty (incl 3 bn Lance), 1 engr, 1 corps avn bde.

1 armd bde (assigned to NORTHAG).

1 inf bde: (Berlin).

Army AD Comd (3 bde with 4 bn (16 bty) HAWK, 7 bn Patriot (24 bty)).

1 engr bde.

Prepositioned equipment (POMCUS) for 2 armd, 3 mech, 1 lt inf div, 1 armd cav regt.

Approx 70% stored in Ge.

EQUIPMENT (incl POMCUS in Ge, Be and Nl): Some 5,000 MBT, 2,200 AIFV, 2,420 arty/MRL/mor, up to 42 SSM, 279 attack hel.
AIR FORCE: 29,900, 284 cbt ac (assigned to 4 ATAF).

1 air force HQ: 2 air div.

4 tac ftr wings: 11 sqn (5 with 133 F-16C/D, 3 with 41 F-4G plus 40 F-16C/D, 3 with 70 F-15).

1 electronic cbt, 2 cbt spt, 1 tac air control wings.

1 tac airlift wing (MAC): incl 16 C-130E and 4 C-9A.

1 special ops sqn (AFSOC) with 3 MC-130E,

2 air base gp.
BELGIUM:
ARMY: 1,500. Approx 15% of POMCUS stored in Be.
NAVY: 120.
AIR FORCE: 600.
GREECE:
ARMY: 250.
NAVY: 180. Base facilities Soudha Bay. Makri (Crete).
AIR FORCE: 1,500, 1 air base gp. Facilities at Iraklion (Crete).
ITALY:
ARMY: 3,900. HQ Vicenza. 1 AB bn gp, 1 arty bty.
NAVY: 6,000. HQ Gaeta, bases at Naples, La Maddalena, 1 MR sqn with 9 P-3C at Sigonella.
MARINES: 300.
AIR FORCE: 3,900: 1 tac gp, 1 air base gp.
MEDITERRANEAN:
NAVY: Some 20,000.

Sixth Fleet: typically 4 SSN, 1 CVBG (1 CV, 6-8 surface combatants, 2 fast support ships), 1 URG (4-6 support ships, 2 or 3 escorts),

1 amph ready gp (3-5 amph ships with 1 MEUC embarked), 1 MPS, 4 depot ships.
NETHERLANDS:
ARMY: 750. Approx 15% of total POMCUS is stored in Nl.
AIR FORCE: 2,000: 14 cbt ac. 1 tac ftr gp with 14 F-15C/D.
NORWAY: Prepositioning for 1 MEB (17 tanks, 24 arty, no aviation assets).
PORTUGAL: (for Azores, see Atlantic Command).
NAVY: 400.
AIR FORCE: 1,200.
SPAIN:
NAVY: 3,700, base at Rota. 1 MR sqn with 9 P-3C.
AIR FORCE: 5,000: 1 air force HQ, 80 cbt ac.

1 tac ftr wing of 3 sqn with 80 F-16C/D (planned redeployment to Italy).

1 tac ftr trg wing (no ac assigned).

1 air base gp.
TURKEY:
ARMY: 1,300.
NAVY: spt facilities at Iskenderun and Yumurtalik.
AIR FORCE: 3,600, facilities at Incirlik. Installations for SIGINT, space tracking and seismic monitoring.
UNITED KINGDOM:
NAVY: 2,400. HQ London, Admin and spt facilities.
AIR FORCE: 22,000: 273 cbt ac.

1 air force HQ: 4 tac ftr wings: 15 sqn (7 with 141 F-111E/F, 1 with 12 EF-111,6 with 120 A-10, 1 with 7 TR-1A).

1 special ops sqn with 5 MH-53 J.

1 comd/control sqn with 4 EC-135H (SAC).

1 SAR sqn with 6 HC-130, 5 MH-53.
NATO REINFORCEMENTS: Committed US-NATO goal to provide from CONUS further 6 div, 37 tac ac sqn,

1 MEB^c (Norway) within 10 days of mob.

PACIFIC COMMAND (USPACOM):
HQ: Hawaii. Controls two subordinate unified commands; US Forces, Korea, and US Forces, Japan.
ALASKA:
ARMY: 9,200. 1 lt inf div.
AIR FORCE: 10,300. 1 air force HQ; 3 sqn (2 with 36 F-15C/D, 1 with 20 A-10).
HAWAII:
ARMY: 18,500. HQ US Army Pacific (USARPAC).

1 lt inf div.

1 ARNG inf bde.
AIR FORCE: 5,400. HQ Pacific Air Forces (PACAF).

1 air div, 1 airlift div (MAC), 1 air base wing, 1 tac ftr sqn with 24 F-15A/B (ANG), 1 comd/control sqn with 3 EC-135.
NAVY: 11,900. HQ US Pacific Fleet, HQ US Third Fleet. Homeport for some 17 submarines, 16 PSC and 10 spt and misc ships.
MARINES: 9,200. 1 MEB (from MEF in Okinawa)^c
PHILIPPINES: ^d
ARMY: 200.
AIR FORCE: 2,200.

1 air force HQ, 1 air div.

1 special ops sqn (AFSOC) with 3 MC-130E, 5 MH-53J.
NAVY: 5,000. Subic Bay base. Maint and log facilities. Naval air station.
MARINES: 600.
JAPAN:
ARMY: 1,800. 1 corps HQ, base and spt units.
AIR FORCE: 15,000: 1 air force HQ; 1 air div: 120 cbt ac.
3 wings (6 sqn) with 72 F-15C/D, 48 F-16, 6 C-12F, 2 C-21A ac, 3 UH-1E/F/N hel.

1 sqn (TAC) with 3 E-3 AWACS.

1 tac tpt gp with 20 C-130.

1 strategic det with KC-135 tkr.

1 SAR sqn (MAC) with 6 HC-130 ac, 3 HH-3 hel.
NAVY: 6,300: Bases: Yokosuka (HQ 7th Fleet). Homeport for 1 CV, 8 surface combatants.

Sasebo. Homeport for 3 submarines, 3 amph ships.
MARINES: 22,000: 1 MEF^e (incl Okinawa).
SOUTH KOREA:
ARMY: 31,500.

1 Army HQ (UN command).

1 inf div, 1 Lance SSM bty, 3 arty (1 SP), 1 MLRS, 1 AD bn.
AIR FORCE: 10,300: 1 air div: 2 wings, 90 cbt ac.

4 sqn (3 with 72 F-16, 1 with 18 RF-4C).

1 tac control gp with 12 OA-10.

1 SAR sqn (MAC) with 4 MH-60G hel.
GUAM:
AIR FORCE: 2,200: 1 air div HQ (SAC): 1 wing (SAC) with KC-135 tkr.
NAVY: 4,300. Naval air station, comms and spt facilities.
AUSTRALIA:
AIR FORCE: 270.
NAVY: 450: comms facility at NW Cape,
SEWS/SIGINT station at Pine Gap, and SEWS station at Nurrungar.
DIEGO GARCIA:
NAVY: 900, 5 MPS (equipment for 1 MEB)/Naval air station, spt facilities.
US WEST COAST:
MARINES: 1 MEF.^c
AT SEA:
PACIFIC FLEET: (HQ Pearl Harbor).

Other main bases Bangor (Washington); San Diego (California); Long Beach (California).

Submarines: 8 Ohio SSBN, 4 SSGN, 29 S SN.

Surface Combatants: 5 CV/CVN, 23 CG/CGN, 9 DDG, 12 DD, 18 FFG, 22 FF.

Amphibious: 1 comd, 3 LHA, 3 LPH, 7 LPD, 6 LSD, 8 LST, 3 LKA.

Surface Combatants divided among two fleets:

Third Fleet (HQ Pearl Harbor): covers Eastern and Central Pacific, Aleutians, Bering Sea, etc. Typically 4 CVBG, 4 URG. Amph Gp.

Seventh Fleet (HQ Yokosuka, Japan): covers Western Pacific, Japan, Philippines, ANZUS responsibilities, Indian Ocean.

Typically 1 CVBG, 1 URG, Amph Gp (1 MEU embarked).
INDIAN OCEAN: (det from Seventh/Second Fleets).

CENTRAL COMMAND (USCENTCOM): Takes command of deployed forces in its region.

HQ USCENTCOM. Mac Dill AFB, Florida.
AT SEA:
Joint Task Force Middle East.
1 comd ship, 1 LPD, 6 PSC, 3 MCO.
1 CVBG in N. Arabian Sea. (Maritime forces are provided from both Atlantic and Pacific fleets.)

SOUTHERN COMMAND (USSOCOM): HQ USSOCOM: Quarry Heights, Panama.
HQ US Southern Air Force (12th Air Force): Bergstrom, Texas.
PANAMA:
ARMY: HQ US Army South, Fort Clayton Panama: 7,100. 1 inf bde (2 inf bn, 1 avn bn).
NAVY: HQ US Naval Forces Southern Command, Fort Amador, Panama: 500. Special boat unit, fleet support.
MARINES: 200.
AIR FORCE: 2,100. 1 air div: A-7, OA-37, C-130 ac.
HONDURAS:
ARMY: 800.

ATLANTIC COMMAND (USLANTCOM):
HQ: Norfolk, Virginia (Commander is SACLANT).
US EAST COAST:
MARINES:
1 MEF.^e
1 Reserve div.
BERMUDA:
NAVY: 1,100.
CUBA:
NAVY: 1,900 (Guantanamo).
MARINES: 400 (Guantanamo).
ICELAND:
NAVY: 1,800. 1 MR sqn with 9 P-3.
AIR FORCE: 1,200. 1 AD sqn with 20 F-15C/D, 1 comd/control sqn with 2 E-3, 1 SAR sqn with 4 HH-3.
MARINES: 90.
PORTUGAL (AZORES):
NAVY: 700. Facilities at Lajes. 1 MR ac det with 3 P-3C (from Rota).
AIR FORCE: 1,300. 1 SAR det (MAC).
UK:
NAVY: 2,000.

SSBN base, Holy Loch. (Closing 1992).

1 AS, 1 floating dock. To spt about 8 SSBN.

Comms and int facilities, Edzell, Thurso.
AT SEA:
ATLANTIC FLEET: (HQ Norfolk, Virginia).

Other main bases: Groton (Connecticut); Charleston (S. Carolina); King's Bay (Georgia); Mayport (Florida).

Submarines: 2 Ohio, 24 other SSBN, 11 SSGN, 42 SSN.

Surface Combatants: 5 CV/CVN, 18 CG/CGN, 9 DDG, 13 DD, 26 FFG, 20 FF.

Amphibious: 1 LCC, 2 LHA, 4 LPH, 6 LPD, 5 LSD, 12 LST, 2 LKA.

Surface Forces divided into two Fleets:

Second Fleet (HQ Norfolk): covers Atlantic, both north and south. Typically 5-6 CVBG, Amph Gp, 4 URG.

Sixth Fleet (HQ Gaeta, Italy): Mediterranean. Under op comd of EUCOM. See EUCOM entry for typical force levels.

UN AND PEACE-KEEPING

EGYPT (MFO): 500, 1 inf bn.

IRAQ/KUWAIT (UNIKOM): 20 Observers.

MIDDLE EAST (UNTSO): 36 Observers.

CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES (CONUS):
Major units/formations only listed.
FORCES COMMAND: (FORSCOM): 245,000:
ARMY: provides general reserve of cbt-ready ground forces for other comd.

Active: 6 Army HQ, 3 Corps HQ, 1 armd, 4 mech, 2 lt inf, 1 AB, 1 air aslt div; 1 armd, 1 mech, 1 mot inf, 3 arty bde; 1 armd cav regt.

Reserve: ARNG: 2 armd, 2 mech, 5 inf, 1 lt inf div; 20 indep bde, 2 armd cav regt. AR: 3 indep bde.
MARINES: Marine Corps Reserve. 1 div, 1 air wing, 1 force service sp gp.
STRATEGIC AIR COMMAND (SAC): See entry on p. 19.
TACTICAL AIR COMMAND (TAC): Responsible for provision of strategic AD units and of cbt-ready Air Force units for rapid deployment.
AIR DEFENCE: 1 USAF, 9 ANG sqn.
FIGHTER/FGA: 34 USAF sqn, 31 ANG sqn, 12 AFR sqn.
US SPECIAL OPERATIONS COMMAND (USSOCOM):

Has under comd all active, reserve and National Guard special ops forces of all services based in CONUS. See p. 26.
US TRANSPORTATION COMMAND (USTRANSCOM):

Responsible for providing all common-user airlift, sealift and land transportation to deploy and maintain US forces on a global basis.
MILITARY AIRLIFT COMMAND (MAC):

Responsible for providing strategic, tactical and special operations airlift, aero medical evacuation, SAR and weather recce.
MILITARY SEALIFT COMMAND.

See entry for Strategic Sealift, p. 24.
MILITARY TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT COMMAND

PARAMILITARY:
CIVIL AIR PATROL (CAP): 68,000 (27,500 cadets); HQ , 8 geographical regions, 52 wings, 1,881 units, 579 CAP ac, plus 8,465 private ac.

^a Manpower incl in Navy and Air Force totals.
^b Heavy div M-110 bn have become a corps arty asset.
^c An MEF is normally based on a marine div supported by an air wing with log support. Typically 50,800 men with 70 tk, 200 APC, 120 arty pieces, 156 cbt ac, 24 armed hel. An MEB has approximately one-third the ground combat element and half the aviation element of an MEF. An MEU (SOQ is a reinforced battalion landing team that has been specially configured, trained and certified as special operations capable for 18 distinct missions.
^d Entry represents situation at 1 June 1990 before Mount Pinatubo erupted. All USAF aircraft have been flown out and manpower is reduced to 2,500 temporarily.
^a Людские ресурсы в том числе в Военно-Морском Флоте и Военно-Воздушных Силах.
^b Тяжелые батальоны M110 из дивизионных стали корпусными
^c MEF обычно на основе дивизии морской пехоты при поддержке авиационного крыла с силами поддержки. Как правило, 50 800 человек с 70 танками, 200 БТР, 120 артиллерийскими орудиями, 156 боевых, самолетов, 24 вооруженных вертолетов. MEB имеет примерно одну треть наземного боевого элемента и половину авиационного элемента MEF. MEU (SOC-это усиленная батальонная десантная группа, которая была специально настроена, обучена и сертифицирована как специальные операции, способные выполнять 18 различных миссий.
^d Справка представляет собой ситуацию на 1 июня 1990 года до извержения горы Пинатубо. Все самолеты ВВС США были вывезены, а людские ресурсы временно сокращены до 2500 человек.

The Soviet Union

As last year's edition of The Military Balance went to press the Presidents of the USSR and US had just met in Washington and committed themselves to completing both the Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE) Treaty and the Strategic Arms Reductions Treaty (START) by the end of 1990. The last 12 months have seen both progress and disappointment with President Gorbachev's ouster on 19 August ushering in a new period of uncertainty.

CFE was signed in Paris on 19 November 1990 and an exchange of data confirmed, what had for some time been suspected, that the Soviet military had been taking steps to limit the effects of the Treaty which would require massive reductions in Soviet equipment holdings, by various measures which would exempt large numbers of treaty limited equipment (TLE) from the constraints of CFE. It had been known for some time that tanks were being moved across the Urals out of the Treaty area (The Military Balance assessed the number as some 7,000 at 1 June 1990) but the data figures showed, when compared with earlier data exchanges, that many more items had been transferred. It was also noted that three motor rifle divisions (MRD) and three artillery brigades/regiments had been resubordinated to the Navy for coastal defence, and Soviet negotiators claimed that their 813 tanks, 972 ACV and 846 artillery pieces were not subject to CFE constraints. The same claim was made for some 1,700 ACV held by Strategic Rocket Forces. Western CFE negotiators were surprised to see that the number of objects of verification (OOV) (sites or groups of sites at which TLE are located and so liable to verification by inspection) declared by the Soviet Union was only 895, whereas they had been led to believe by senior members of the USSR delegation that around 1,600 OOVs would be notified. Finally, it was suspected that Soviet data was inaccurate and that it represented the position which would be reached after further TLE had been moved over the Urals. While none of these events violated the terms of CFE (the treaty does not come into effect until ratified), they did cause concern, and Western governments, led by the US and UK, declined to pass the treaty to their parliaments for ratification.

After much high-level negotiation on these issues the government of the USSR made a legally binding statement regarding obligations outside the framework of the Treaty, and a politically binding statement to the Joint Consultative Group. The first statement commits the USSR to holding tanks, ACVs and artillery below the maximum levels allowed (by the number it has in Coastal Defence Forces (the three resubordinated divisions) and Naval Infantry). Of the surplus created (that is 933 tanks, 1,725 ACVs and 1,080 artillery) 50% will be destroyed (with the exception of 753 MT-LB APCs which will be converted into 'look alike' models not counted under the Treaty), the remaining 50% being transferred out of the ATTU zone where an equal number of older types will be destroyed. In the statement to the Joint Consultative Group, the Soviet Union declared that between 1 January 1989 and 19 November 1990, 16,400 MBT, 15,900 ACVs and 25,000 pieces of artillery had been transported east of the Urals. Of these the USSR committed itself to destroying (or converting into civil equipments) 6,000 tanks, 1,500 ACVs and 7,000 artillery. It also stated that it would not use transferred equipments to create strategic reserves or operational groupings, and, once the Treaty was in force, would notify all parties as to the locations of the TLE placed in storage or being used for replacement and repair. Once these issues had been resolved, it was possible to at least begin CFE la talks, which are to set manpower limits and to agree the question of aerial verification.

The START talks had also been stalled in early 1990: the main reason for the lack of progress was the failure to resolve the outstanding issues which were delaying the ratification of CFE. Once these issues were resolved, START resumed. Senior officials reinforced the delegations in Geneva. The Soviet Foreign Minister visited Washington for talks with the US Secretary of State at which the final outstanding points were all but agreed to by 14 July 1991. Finally, President Bush, in London for the G-7 summit meeting in mid-July, met President Gorbachev and they agreed to sign the treaty in Moscow later that month. The main points contained in the START Treaty, which was signed on 31 July, are set out on pp. 216-20. CFE la had made no progress by mid-1991.

The Two plus Four' Treaty, signed by the Federal Republic of Germany, the German Democratic Republic and the four wartime allied powers (USSR, US, UK, France) in Moscow on 12 September 1990, removed the last obstacle to the unification of Germany which was achieved on 3 October. In the agreements the Soviet Union undertook to withdraw its armed forces from eastern Europe by the end of 1994. This withdrawal has already begun but has been handicapped by the lack of agreed terms for the use of Polish roads and railways and by the difficulties of providing housing in a timely fashion for the returning Soviet troops and their families. In return, the Soviet Union is to receive approximately DM 12 bn by way of stationing, transportation and housing costs. The Soviet Union has also agreed in principle to withdraw its forces from Poland, but as yet no final date for the withdrawal to be completed has been agreed; the USSR is looking towards the end of 1993, while Poland holds out for an earlier date. The first troops to be withdrawn, a Scud SSM brigade, left in April 1991. The Soviet withdrawals from Hungary agreed to in March 1990 and from Czechoslovakia (February 1990) were completed on schedule by the end of June 1991.

Nuclear Forces

Strategic Systems

The deployment of rail-mobile SS-24 and road-mobile SS-25 has continued. The Soviet Union announced that the production of SS-24 ceased on 1 January 1991. At that time 36 launchers had been mounted on 12 trains which were deployed at three sites. It is estimated that about a further 54 SS-24 have been deployed in former SS-19 silos. SS-25 deployment has probably now reached 300; the missile was seen for the first time at the October Day Parade held on 7 November 1990. It is reliably claimed that follow-ons to both SS-24 and SS-25 are under development. While the deployed numbers of SS-18 remained at 308, more have been modernized with the ten-warhead Mod 5 and a new single-warhead Mod 6 replacing older Mod 2, 3 and 4 missiles. Other types of older silo-based ICBMs have been retired during the year including: 50 SS-11 Mod 2, 20 SS-13, 25 SS-17 and 20 SS-19. It is expected that the remaining missiles of these types will be eliminated. A spokesman announced that, by 23 November 1990, over 40 ICBM launch silos had been destroyed in the Novgorod Oblast (Leningrad Military District); these are likely to have been SS-17 silos. No new SSBN have been brought into service, though the seventh Delta-IV has been launched. The last two Golf-II and one Yankee-I have been decommissioned. No SSBN are now operating in the Baltic. It is reported that three new types of SLBM are under development, and that the Typhoon-class SSBN is being modified to take one of these. There has been no increase in the number of Tu-160 Blackjack bombers in service.

Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces

Elimination of all items covered by the terms of the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Force (INF) Treaty was completed on 12 May 1991 when the last SS-20 missiles were destroyed. Since June 1988 the Soviet Union has destroyed a total of 1,766 missiles and 819 launchers.

Short-Range Nuclear Forces

The Military Balance 1989-1990 reported that SS-21 battalions were being withdrawn from divisions and formed into brigades at Army level in the Western Group of Forces (WGF). This development has not been repeated elsewhere. Whether this reorganization will remain after the withdrawal from eastern Germany remains to be seen. SS-21 could be eliminated under a Short-Range Nuclear Force (SNF) Treaty. To date no progress has been made towards establishing negotiations on SNF despite commitments by both Presidents Bush and Gorbachev to initiate such talks. The Northern Group of Forces SSM brigade armed with Scud SSM was withdrawn from Poland in April 1991. Various reports, in 1990 and 1991, indicate that non-strategic nuclear weapons are being removed from the Baltic states, the Trans-Caucasian Republics and other troubled areas.

Conventional Forces

Withdrawals from Eastern Europe and Mongolia

A total of 11 divisions have been withdrawn from the Groups of Forces (in addition to the four withdrawn before June 1990). From the former Central Group of Forces (CGF) a tank division has moved to the Moscow Military District and motor rifle divisions went to the Baltic and Belorussian MDs with a third being disbanded. The tank division withdrawn from Southern Group of Forces (SGF) has been relocated in the Belorussian MD and both MRD were withdrawn to the Kiev MD. Four divisions have been withdrawn from WGF (in addition to the two tank divisions withdrawn and disbanded in 1989); two tank divisions have been disbanded and two MRD have been moved to the Carpathian MD. There are now no independent tank or tank training regiments in WGF, though there is one anti-tank brigade not previously listed in The Military Balance and an independent motor rifle brigade which is probably a reorganized tank regiment. Other withdrawals from WGF include the air assault brigade, the Spetsnaz brigade and the pipe-line brigade. The withdrawal programme has been announced by the C-in-C WGF as being 25-30% of the Group in 1991 (perhaps two further divisions this year), 30% in both 1992 and 1993, and the final 10% in 1994. On 5 March 1991 he said that 5,000 tanks, 620 combat aircraft and 790 helicopters remained in Germany (somewhat surprisingly as the CFE-declared total of tanks in WGF was 4,116 on 19 November 1990). The tank and motor rifle divisions withdrawn from Mongolia have been relocated to the Transbaykal MD.

Ground Forces

Data provided by the Soviet Union at CFE and to CSCE (under provisions of the Vienna Document) reveals that there are some 40 fewer divisions in the Atlantic to Urals Zone (ATTU) than were listed in The Military Balance 1990-1991. The Military Balance has knowledge of at least ten divisions, (seven tank and three motor rifle), that have been disbanded in the last 12 months; the number could be higher. In December 1990 Colonel General Kolesnikov, Commander Ground Forces, stated that 31 tank and motor rifle divisions had been disbanded (but this statement obviously included divisions disbanded before June 1990 and those outside the ATTU). CFE data shows that there are a number of training divisions, some of which include active force elements, and these have been counted as reserve divisions. Two other types of formation, not previously identified have been listed in the data: Rear Area Security Divisions, which appear to be infantry with no armoured or artillery assets (they could be former MRD stripped of their CFE TLE); there are also units entitled 'motor rifle substitute division' or 'anti-tank substitute brigade' etc., which are understood to be manpower pool units to provide battle casualty replacements. There are a number of 'arms and equipment storage depots', which, while not containing the full equipment holding for a whole division, do contain most of the main components: tanks, APCs, Command Post and other armoured 'look alike' vehicles, artillery, and armoured vehicle launched bridges (although not always sufficient APCs and artillery to equip a division). These could be the equipment packs for mobilization divisions. There could be as many as 13 of these mobilization packs: 1 in Belorussia, 4 in Kiev, 2 in Moscow, 2 in Volga/Urals and 4 in Leningrad MDs. The Leningrad depots contain few tanks (40), PT-76 light tanks (39 each) and MT-LB; it is interesting to note that active MRD in the Leningrad MD are equipped with 40 tanks, 39 PT-76 plus rather more MT-LB and artillery than these depots contain. In the Trans Caucasus MD there are also a number of 'fortified areas', each with two machine gun (MG)/ artillery battalions. These have no CFE TLE, so are not well armed. They could be the start of the formation of MG/artillery divisions of which there are three in the Far East TVD and which Marshall Yazov announced, on 28 February 1989, would be formed from some motorized infantry formations. The Military Balance counts Rear Area Security Divisions but not 'substitute' units in the conventional forces table on pp. 233-4.

The reorganization of divisions, aimed at reducing their tank strength, first announced by President Gorbachev at the UN General Assembly in 1988, is progressing more slowly than anticipated. In the WGF three (out of seven) tank divisions had converted to the two tank, two motor rifle regiment (MRR) structure by the end of 1990, and five (of six) MRD were on the four MRR organization. The reorganization may have only been intended for the Groups of Forces as elsewhere in the ATTU only four other MRD are on the new establishment (three in the Trans-Caucasus MD and one which had been withdrawn from CGF). Although a number of others have no tank regiment, they do not, as yet, have a fourth MRR. Most of these restructured MRDs have an independent tank battalion (a unit previously noted only in the Groups of Forces). Soviet data shows that tank holdings in the ATTU have dropped from 41,580 in January 1989 to 20,725 in November 1990, this latter figure does not include 813 in the three MRD resubordinated to Coastal Defence, nor 120 with Naval Infantry. It would seem that over 4,000 tanks have been destroyed; they are being broken up and melted down at Novosibirsk, Barnaul and Novokuznetsk. Several hundred have been converted for civil use. It has been repeatedly stated by Soviet spokesmen that 8,000 tanks have been sent to the Far East where they will be used to complete understrength unit holdings and to replace older models which will then be destroyed. 8,400 more are reported to be in storage in Western Siberia and Central Asia.

There are eight fewer artillery divisions in the ATTU than is listed in The Military Balance1990-1991. It is not known whether artillery units were transferred to MD east of the Urals when the 25,000 artillery pieces were moved. In the Carpathian MD, there is an artillery corps comprising: an artillery division of five regiments, an SSM brigade, a target acquisition regiment and two anti-tank brigades. There is no standard organization for artillery divisions but most include at least three gun/howitzer and one MRL brigades/regiments and an antitank regiment. The Military Balance 1989-1990 reported the formation of heavy artillery brigades (with 203mm SP guns 2S7 and 240mm SP mortars 2S4), there appear to be only five of these brigades in the ATTU and none in the Groups of Forces (all have 48 2S7); in the April 1990 artillery data exchange in Vienna, the Soviet Union declared 347 2S7 and 346 2S4, sufficient to equip 14 brigades. There is only one unit equipped with 2S4 SP, an artillery brigade in the North Caucasus MD. Nearly 300 2S4 have been moved east of the Urals. Soviet artillery data also showed that the inventory included nearly 18,000 (out of over 33,000) pieces designed before 1970 (including over 9,000 dating from the 1940s) and 8,800 towed guns of 130mm calibre and below. A large proportion of the transferred artillery and the 7,000 pieces to be destroyed are of these obsolete types, and include virtually all BM-4, ML-20, D-1, M-46, M-30, and about 1,000 D-20 and over 2,000 D-30 towed artillery.

Although they were scheduled as part of the package of unilateral withdrawals from eastern Europe, there are still four assault crossing battalions (one at Front and three at army level) in WGF. There is now no Air Assault brigade and no Spetsnaz brigade in WGF, the former has been disbanded. Airborne formations below divisional level are independent airborne brigades (not titled Air Assault brigade); there are six in the ATTU, like airborne divisions all are centrally controlled. There is a Spetsnaz brigade with all ATTU MD except: Carpathian, Kiev, Volga/Urals and North Caucasus.

Naval Forces

Only two submarines have been commissioned in the last year: one Oscar-class SSGN and one Akula-class SSN. The retirement of non-nuclear powered submarines continues with some 20 being paid off. Over half the submarines held in store have been sold for scrap.

The fourth Kirov missile cruiser has still not been commissioned. Two Kresta-I and the three Sverdlov-class cruisers have been retired.

It has been possible to reassess Soviet Naval Aviation strength following the release of new information. The bomber force is much larger than previously listed and includes 160 Tu-26 (the Soviet Union designates this Tu-22M) as opposed to 130, and 190 Tu-16 (as opposed to 125). The extra Tu-26 are likely to have been transferred from the Air Force where Tu-26 strength has dropped by 20. FGA and fighter strength is much greater than previously listed: FGA aircraft increased by 250 more Su-17, 75 Su-25 and 30 MiG-27, and fighters by 85 MiG-23 and 70 MiG-29. Again a number of these could have been transferred from the Air Force or Air Defence Forces. Virtually all fighters are assigned to the Black Sea Fleet.

Air Forces

For some time, The Military Balance has credited the Soviet Union with some 260 FGA and 280 fighters more than its air forces have. The Aviation of Air Defence (APVO) shows a small increase of some 50 aircraft. Older types such as Su-17 FGA continue to be retired (or transferred to Naval Aviation), while the number of Su-25 FGA (120), MiG-29 (160) and Su-27 (90) fighters have increased. The total for MiG-27 FGA has been reassessed and shows some 300 less than last year.

Training units of the Air Force are virtually all located in the Volga/Urals MD where the Air Force also trains Army helicopter crew. Training units of APVO are nearly all in the North Caucasus MD.

Manpower

The Soviet armed forces face manpower problems of both quantity and quality. These have increased in seriousness over the last year. Although the Soviet armed forces have reduced in strength by about 450,000 of the 500,000 announced by President Gorbachev, they are some 340,000 men below the new planned manning level. There are two reasons for the shortage. First, conscription targets have not been met in those republics presently seeking independence from the USSR. In 1990, a total of some 130,000 men failed to report for military service (compared with 1,000 in 1988 and nearly 7,000 in 1989). It is reported that some republics only produced a low percentage of their conscript quota for the spring 1991 call-up: Lithuania (12.3%), Latvia (30.8%), Estonia (30.3%), Armenia (16.5%) and Georgia (8.1%). A special agreement was reached between the Armed Forces of the Soviet Union and the government of the Uzbek Republic regarding conscript service. In return for a determined drive to achieve manpower targets it was agreed that deferment could be granted to men whose brothers were already serving. Only volunteers would be sent to the Trans-Caucasus MD and Black Sea Fleet, and conscripts from Uzbekistan would be given longer periods of leave and a pay increase. Second, both manpower numbers and quality have been affected by the decision not to conscript higher education students. As a result of this decision there has been a far higher rate of application for further education and it is estimated that 90,000 fewer women gained places.

The Navy, having reduced the length of compulsory service to two years, has introduced a system of 'contract' or short service. After six months' service, conscripts can volunteer to serve an extra year in return for a higher salary.

It has been reported that Border Troops and Interior Ministry troops are 12% and 20% understrength, respectively.

In the long term, large-scale manpower reductions are envisaged. Following the signing of START, Strategic Rocket Forces could be cut by between 30 and 35%, the Air Defence Forces are to be reduced by 18% and the Air Force by 6%. The Army is likely to be reduced by about 10% on the basis of current plans and doctrine of 'defensive sufficiency'. No reduction in naval manpower is planned. It is likely that the strength of the armed forces will fall to between 3 and 3.2 million men by the year 2000.

Republican Forces

A number of republics, mainly those seeking independence from the USSR, have formed military or paramilitary units. The Supreme Soviet of Georgia adopted a law, establishing a National Guard, in December 1990. Originally planned to have a strength of 13,000, most reports credit it with some 5,000 men. There are other armed groups in Georgia, set up after the events in Tbilisi in April 1989; in the main, these are small and involved in the fighting in Abkhazia and South Ossetia.

The Armenian/Azerbaijan troubles have generated a number of paramilitary groups. In Armenia the two main groups were the Armenian National Army (ANA) and its rival the military wing of the Armenian National Movement (ANM). Following the election victory of the ANM in August 1990, there were clashes between the two groups and the ANA was outlawed. Most ANA groups have been integrated into the ANM which may have a strength of around 10,000, although the number of armed fighters in Armenia may be as high as 140,000. In Azerbaijan the first armed groups of the Popular Front of Azerbaijan (PFA) appeared in January 1991 when a National Defence Committee was formed. This was soon dissolved and the PFA defeated by Union troops. A number of small armed groups remain, particularly in Nagorno-Karabakh and Nakhichevan, but the formation of a new Republican army is considered unlikely.

Moldova formed a National Guard in late 1990, and the Tiras-Tigina battalion saw action in Gagauzia which had seceded from Moldova. The Moldovan parliament adopted a law on the formation of Republican Guards, but in January 1991 rescinded this, following President Gorbachev's decree normalizing the situation in Moldova. However, small armed groups are maintained by the two secessionist areas: the Dniester Republic and Gagauzia.

All three Baltic Republics have taken steps to set up their own forces, in Lithuania the National Guard has been formed. These are very much Home Guard type forces and have mainly been used to guard the property of the Republics. On the whole, most resistance to the use of force by the Soviet Army has been by civil action. The Ukraine has adopted legislation whereby Ukrainian conscripts of the Soviet Union are to serve in the territory of the Republic. A National Guard type structure is planned for the Ukraine.

Defence Spending

Despite the surprising amount of information currently being provided by the Soviet Union, it is still difficult to estimate Soviet economic performance and defence spending with any accuracy. It is becoming increasingly obvious, as witnessed by a number of published articles and by reports of meetings of the Supreme Soviet, that there is a complete lack of consensus as to the exact situation in terms of defence spending. Officially, the military budget for 1991 has been pegged at R 96.563 bn (nearly two billion roubles less than the sum requested by the government), of which 40% was earmarked for arms procurement. However, given the impossibility of attributing a specific purchasing power to these appropriations, it cannot be established whether promised reductions in defence spending are actually occurring.

The Military Balance this year has attempted to interpret the various figures originating in the Soviet Union in a meaningful way, using Soviet estimates in roubles and official exchange rates where possible. Any attempt to convert roubles using a single rate is doomed to failure for the same reasons that the Soviets themselves have had to resort to a complex system of multiple exchange rates: different sectors of the economy have differentially valued inputs which make aggregate calculations extremely difficult. In effect, the size of the economy is given in the traditional NMP, in roubles, and in GNP, which is derived from the Soviet Defence Ministry's baseline estimate to the same effect, in roubles and $US. The dollar estimate is derived from the official exchange rate adjusted for inflation and growth. Defence budgets have also been estimated from Soviet sources and take into account, to a limited extent, the different value of its elements when converting to dollars.

It is only if market indicators begin to emerge as a result of economic reform that figures will become more meaningful and methodologies will approach Western accounting. Meanwhile, there is no reliable gauging tool for monitoring, diagnosing and finding a remedy for the ills which are plaguing the Soviet economy. The present system compounds the problem by allowing huge amounts of investment funds to be channelled off to counter-productive sectors without the possibility of any real control. As a result, the defence burden on the ailing economy can be expected to grow, undermining even more its weakened position vis-a-vis the West by increasing pressure for foreign loans to maintain the USSR's military position. According to official figures, the Soviet Union's GNP dropped by a rate of 10% (NMP by 12%) in the first six months of 1991. On an annual basis retail prices had risen by 90% over the same period.

Советский Союз

Поскольку когда прошлогоднее издание "военного баланса" попало в прессу, президенты СССР и США только что встретились в Вашингтоне и обязались завершить к концу 1990 года как договор об обычных вооруженных силах в Европе (ДОВСЕ), так и Договор о сокращении стратегических наступательных вооружений (СНВ). Последние 12 месяцев были отмечены как прогрессом, так и разочарованием в связи со свержением президента Горбачева 19 августа, открывающим новый период неопределенности.

ДОВСЕ было подписано в Париже 19 ноября 1990 года, и обмен данными подтвердил то, что в течение некоторого времени подозревалось, что советские военные предпринимали шаги по ограничению последствий договора, которые потребовали бы массовых сокращений запасов советского оборудования, посредством различных мер, которые освободили бы большое количество ограниченного договором оборудования (TLE) от ограничений ДОВСЕ. В течение некоторого времени было известно, что танки перемещаются через Урал из зоны действия Договора (по оценкам военного баланса, на 1 июня 1990 года их число составляло около 7 000), однако данные показывают, что по сравнению с предыдущими обменами данными было передано гораздо больше предметов. Было также отмечено, что три мотострелковые дивизии (МСД) и три артиллерийские бригады/полка были вновь подчинены Военно-Морскому Флоту для береговой обороны, и советские переговорщики утверждали, что их 813 танков, 972 ББМ и 846 артиллерийских орудий не подпадают под ограничения ДОВСЕ. То же самое утверждение было сделано в отношении примерно 1700 ББМ в Ракетных войсках стратегического назначения. Западные участники переговоров по ДОВСЕ были удивлены, увидев, что количество объектов проверки (ООВ) (участков или групп участков, на которых расположены TLE и которые подлежат проверке инспекцией), заявленных Советским Союзом, составляет всего 895, в то время как старшие члены делегации СССР полагали, что около 1600 ООВ будут уведомлены. Наконец, возникло подозрение, что советские данные неточны и что они отражают положение, которое будет достигнуто после дальнейшего перемещения тле через Урал. Хотя ни одно из этих событий не нарушало условий ДОВСЕ (договор не вступает в силу до его ратификации), они действительно вызывали обеспокоенность, и западные правительства во главе с США и Великобританией отказались передать договор своим парламентам для ратификации.

После долгих переговоров на высоком уровне по этим вопросам правительство СССР сделало юридически обязательное заявление относительно обязательств вне рамок договора и политически обязательное заявление для совместной консультативной группы. Первое заявление обязывает СССР держать танки, БМП и артиллерию ниже максимально допустимых уровней (по количеству их в силах береговой обороны (три вновь подчиненные дивизии) и морской пехоте). Из созданного излишка (то есть 933 танка, 1 725 ББМ и 1 080 артиллерийских орудий) 50% будет уничтожено (за исключением 753 БТР МТ-ЛБ, которые будут преобразованы в "похожие" модели, не учтенные в договоре), остальные 50% будут выведены из зоны АТО, где будет уничтожено равное количество старых типов. В заявлении Объединенной консультативной группы Советский Союз заявил, что в период с 1 января 1989 года по 19 ноября 1990 года к востоку от Урала было перевезено 16 400 ОБТ, 15 900 ББМ и 25 000 единиц артиллерии. Из них СССР обязался уничтожить (или переоборудовать в гражданскую технику) 6000 танков, 1500 ББМ и 7000 артиллерийских орудий. Он также заявил, что он не будет использовать переданное оборудование для создания стратегических резервов или оперативных групп и, как только договор вступит в силу, уведомит все стороны о местонахождении TLE, помещенного на хранение или используемого для замены и ремонта. Как только эти вопросы были решены, можно было, по крайней мере, начать переговоры по ДОВСЕ, которые должны были установить ограничения в отношении людских ресурсов и согласовать вопрос о проверке.

Переговоры по СНВ также зашли в тупик в начале 1990 года: главной причиной отсутствия прогресса была неспособность решить нерешенные вопросы, которые задерживали ратификацию ДОВСЕ. Как только эти вопросы были решены, переговоры по СНВ возобновились. Старшие должностные лица усилили работу делегаций в Женеве. Советский министр иностранных дел посетил Вашингтон для переговоров с госсекретарем США, на которых к 14 июля 1991 года были согласованы все окончательные нерешенные вопросы. Наконец, президент Буш в Лондоне на саммите "Большой семерки" в середине июля встретился с президентом Горбачевым, и они договорились подписать договор в Москве позже в том же месяце. Основные пункты договора о СНВ, который был подписан 31 июля, изложены на стр. 216-20. К середине 1991 года ДОВСЕ не добился никакого прогресса.

Два плюс четыре договор, подписанный ФРГ, ГДР и четырьмя союзными державами (СССР, США, Великобритания, Франция) в Москве 12 сентября 1990 года, снял последнее препятствие на пути объединения Германии, которое произошло 3 октября. В соглашениях СССР обязался вывести свои вооруженные силы из Восточной Европы к концу 1994 года. Этот вывод войск уже начался, но был затруднен отсутствием согласованных условий использования польских автомобильных и железных дорог и трудностями своевременного обеспечения жильем возвращающихся советских войск и их семей. Взамен Советский Союз должен получить около 12 млрд. немецких марок в виде расходов на размещение, транспорт и жилье. Советский Союз также согласился в принципе вывести свои войска из Польши, но пока еще не согласована окончательная дата завершения вывода; СССР смотрит на конец 1993 года, в то время как Польша держится за более раннюю дату. Первые войска, которые должны были быть выведены, ракетная бригада SCUD, ушла в апреле 1991 года. Советский вывод войск из Венгрии, согласованный в марте 1990 года, и из Чехословакии (февраль 1990 года) были завершены по графику к концу июня 1991 года.

Ядерные силы

Стратегические системы

Продолжалось развертывание подвижных железнодорожных SS-24 и подвижных автомобильных SS-25. Советский Союз объявил, что производство SS-24 прекратилось 1 января 1991 года. В то время 36 пусковых установок были установлены на 12 поездах, которые были развернуты на трех площадках. По оценкам, еще около 54 SS-24 были развернуты в бывших шахтах SS-19. Развертывание SS-25, вероятно, теперь достигло 300; ракета была замечена впервые на параде, состоявшемся 7 ноября 1990 года. Достоверно утверждается, что в настоящее время разрабатываются последующие меры в отношении как SS-24, так и SS-25. В то время как развернутых SS-18 осталось 308, большинство были модернизированы с десятью боеголовками Мод 5 и новыми моноблочными мод 6, заменивших старые ракеты мод 2, 3 и 4. В течение года были выведены другие типы старых МБР на основе шахт, в том числе: 50 SS-11 Mod 2, 20 SS-13, 25 SS-17 и 20 SS-19. Ожидается, что оставшиеся ракеты этих типов будут выведены. Пресс-секретарь объявил, что к 23 ноября 1990 года в Новгородской области (Ленинградский военный округ) было уничтожено более 40 пусковых шахт МБР; вероятно, это были шахты SS-17. Ни одной новый ПЛАРБ не было введено в эксплуатацию, хотя седьмая Delta-IV был спущена. Последние два Golf-II и одна Yankee-I были выведены из эксплуатации. Сейчас в Прибалтике нет ПЛАРБ. Сообщается, что в настоящее время разрабатываются три новых типа БРПЛ и что ПЛАРБ типа Typhoon модифицируется, чтобы взять одну из них. Увеличение количества бомбардировщиков Ту-160 на вооружении не произошло.

Ядерные силы средней дальности

Ликвидация всех объектов, подпадающих под действие Договора о ядерных силах средней дальности (РСМД), была завершена 12 мая 1991 года, когда были уничтожены последние ракеты SS-20. С июня 1988 года Советский Союз уничтожил в общей сложности 819 пусковых установок и 1,766 ракет.

Ядерные Силы Малой Дальности

В военном балансе 1989-1990 годов сообщалось, что батальоны SS-21 выводятся из дивизий и формируются в бригады на армейском уровне в Западной группе войск (ЗГВ). Это развитие не было повторено в другом месте. Останется ли эта реорганизация после ухода из Восточной Германии, еще предстоит выяснить. SS-21 может быть ликвидирован в соответствии с Договором о ядерных силах малой дальности (SNF). До настоящего времени не было достигнуто никакого прогресса в налаживании переговоров по SNF, несмотря на обязательства как президентов Буша, так и Горбачева инициировать такие переговоры. Ракетная бригада Северной группы войск, вооруженная ОТБР Scud, была выведена из Польши в апреле 1991 года. В различных докладах 1990 и 1991 годов указывается, что нестратегические ядерные вооружения выводятся из стран Балтии, закавказских республик и других проблемных районов.

Обычные вооруженные силы

Вывод средств из Восточной Европы и Монголии

Из состава групп сил было выведено в общей сложности 11 дивизий (в дополнение к четырем дивизиям, выведенным до июня 1990 года). Из бывшей Центральной группы войск (ЦГВ) танковая дивизия перешла в Московский военный округ, а мотострелковые дивизии перешли в Прибалтийский и Белорусский ВО с расформированием третьей. Танковая дивизия, выведенная из состава Южной группы войск (ЮГВ), была передислоцирована в Белорусский ВО, а обе МСД были выведены в Киевский ВО. Четыре дивизии были выведены из состава ЗГВ (в дополнение к двум танковым дивизиям, выведенным и расформированным в 1989 году); две танковые дивизии были расформированы, а две МСД были переброшены в Прикарпатский ВО. В настоящее время в ЗГВ нет независимых танковых или танковых учебных полков, хотя есть одна противотанковая бригада, которая ранее не числилась в военном балансе, и отдельная мотострелковая бригада, которая, вероятно, является реорганизованным танковым полком. К другим выводам войск из ЗГВ относятся воздушно-десантная бригада, бригада спецназа и трубопроводная бригада. Программа вывода была объявлена командующим ЗГВ как составляющая 25-30% группы в 1991 году (возможно, еще два подразделения в этом году), 30% в 1992 и 1993 годах и последние 10% в 1994 году. 5 марта 1991 года он заявил, что в Германии осталось 5 000 танков, 620 боевых самолетов и 790 вертолетов (что несколько удивительно, поскольку 19 ноября 1990 года общее количество танков, заявленное ДОВСЕ в ЗГВ, составляло 4116). Танковые и мотострелковые дивизии, выведенные из Монголии, передислоцированы в Забайкальский край.

Сухопутные войска

Данные, представленные Советским Союзом в ДОВСЕ и СБСЕ (в соответствии с положениями Венского документа), свидетельствуют о том, что в зоне от Атлантики до Урала (ATTU) насчитывается примерно на 40 дивизий меньше, чем было указано в военном балансе 1990-1991 годов. В военном балансе есть сведения по крайней мере о десяти дивизиях (семь танковых и три мотострелковых), которые были расформированы за последние 12 месяцев; их число может быть больше. В декабре 1990 года генерал-полковник Колесников, командующий Сухопутными войсками, заявил, что 31 танковая и мотострелковая дивизии были расформированы (но это заявление, очевидно, включало дивизии, расформированные до июня 1990 года, и те, которые находятся за пределами ATTU). Данные ДОВСЕ показывают, что существует ряд учебных дивизий, некоторые из которых включают элементы активных сил, и они были учтены как резервные дивизии. В этих данных были перечислены два других типа формирований, которые ранее не были идентифицированы: тыловые дивизии безопасности, которые, как представляется, являются пехотными подразделениями без бронетанковых или артиллерийских средств (они могут быть бывшими МСД, лишенными своего вооружения ДОВСЕ); есть также подразделения под названием "мотострелковая заменяющая дивизия" или "противотанковая заменяющая бригада" и т. д., которые понимаются как подразделения кадрового резерва для обеспечения замены боевых потерь. Существует ряд "складов хранения оружия и техники", которые, хотя и не содержат полного оборудования для всей дивизии, содержат большинство основных компонентов: танки, БТР, командный пункт и другие бронированные "похожие" машины, артиллерия и бронетранспортеры, мостоукладчики (хотя и не всегда достаточно БТР и артиллерия для оснащения дивизии). Это могут быть комплекты оборудования для мобилизационных подразделений. Таких мобилизационных пакетов может быть целых 13: 1 в Белорусском, 4 в Киевском, 2 в Московском, 2 в Приволжско-Уральском и 4 в Ленинградском ВО. Ленинградские склады содержат несколько танков (40), легкие танки ПТ-76 (39 каждый) и МТ-ЛБ; интересно отметить, что активные МСД в Ленинградском ВО оснащены 40 танками, 39 ПТ-76 плюс гораздо больше МТ-ЛБ и артиллерии, чем эти склады содержат. В Закавказском ВО также есть ряд "укрепленных районов", каждый из которых имеет два пулеметных / артиллерийских батальона. У них нет ДОВСЕ, поэтому они плохо вооружены. Они могли бы стать началом формирования пулеметно-артиллерийских дивизий, которых на Дальнем Востоке насчитывается три и которые маршал Язов объявил 28 февраля 1989 года, будут сформированы из некоторых мотострелковых соединений. Военный баланс учитывает тыловые подразделения безопасности, но не "замещающие" подразделения в таблице обычных сил на стр. 233-4.

Реорганизация дивизий, направленная на сокращение их танковой численности, впервые объявленная президентом Горбачевым на Генеральной Ассамблее ООН в 1988 году, продвигается медленнее, чем предполагалось. В ЗГВ три (из семи) танковых дивизий были преобразованы в два танковых, два мотострелковых полка (МСП) структуры к концу 1990 года, и пять (из шести) МСД были по четыре МСП. Реорганизация, возможно, была предназначена только для групп войск, поскольку в других местах в ATTU только четыре других МСД находятся на новом учреждении (три в Закавказском ВО и один, который был выведен из ЗГВ). Хотя у некоторых других нет танкового полка, у них пока нет четвертого МСП. Большинство из этих перестроенных МСД имеют самостоятельный танковый батальон (подразделение, ранее отмечавшееся только в группах войск). Советские данные показывают, что запасы танков в ATTU сократились с 41 580 в январе 1989 года до 20 725 в ноябре 1990 года, эта последняя цифра не включает 813 в трех МСД, вновь подчиненных береговой обороне, и 120 в морской пехоте. Казалось бы, уничтожено более 4 тысяч танков, они разбиваются и плавятся под Новосибирском, Барнаулом и Новокузнецком. Несколько сотен были преобразованы для гражданского использования. Советские представители неоднократно заявляли, что на Дальний Восток было отправлено 8 000 танков, которые будут использованы для пополнения запасов недоукомплектованных частей и замены старых моделей, которые затем будут уничтожены. Еще 8400, как сообщается, находятся на хранении в Западной Сибири и Центральной Азии.

В ATTU насчитывается на восемь артиллерийских дивизий меньше, чем указано в военном балансе 1990-1991 годов. Неизвестно, были ли переброшены артиллерийские части в ВО к востоку от Урала, когда были перемещены 25 000 артиллерийских орудий. В Карпатском ВО есть артиллерийский корпус, состоящий из: артиллерийской дивизии из пяти полков, бригады ТБР, полка целеуказания и двух противотанковых бригад. Нет никакой стандартной организации для артиллерийских дивизий, но большинство включает по крайней мере три пушечно/гаубичных и одну РСЗО бригаду/полки и противотанковый полк. В военном балансе 1989-1990 годов сообщалось о формировании бригад тяжелой артиллерии (с 203-мм самоходными орудиями 2С7 и 240-мм самоходными минометами 2С4), из них, по-видимому, только пять бригад находятся в ATTU и ни одной в группах влйск (все имеют 48 2С7); в апреле 1990 года при обмене артиллерийскими данными в Вене Советский Союз объявил 347 2С7 и 346 2С4, достаточных для оснащения 14 бригад. На Северном Кавказе есть только одна артиллерийская бригада, оснащенная 2С4. Почти 300 2С4 были перемещены на восток от Урала. Советские артиллерийские данные также показали, что инвентарь включал почти 18 000 (из более чем 33 000) систем, разработанных до 1970 (включая более чем 9 000 датируемых 1940-ми) и 8 800 буксируемых орудий калибра 130 мм и ниже. Большая часть переданной артиллерии и 7000 единиц, подлежащих уничтожению, относятся к этим устаревшим типам и включают практически все БМ-4, МЛ-20, Д-1, М-46, М-30, а также около 1000 Д-20 и более 2000 буксируемых артиллерийских орудий Д-30.

Хотя они были запланированы в рамках пакета одностороннего вывода войск из Восточной Европы, в ЗГВ по-прежнему насчитывается четыре штурмовых батальона (один на фронтовом и три на армейском уровне). В настоящее время в ЗГВ нет ни десантно-штурмовой бригады, ни бригады спецназа, первая была расформирована. Воздушно-десантные соединения ниже дивизионного уровня являются независимыми Воздушно-десантными бригадами (не названными воздушно-десантной бригадой); в ATTU есть шесть, как и воздушно-десантные дивизии, все они централизованно контролируются. Есть бригада спецназа со всеми ATTU ВО кроме: Прикарпатского, Киевского, Волго-Уральского и Северо-Кавказского.

Военно-Морские Силы

Только две подводные лодки были введены в эксплуатацию в прошлом году: одна ПЛАРК типа Oscar и одна ПЛА типа Akula. Списание неядерных подводных лодок продолжается, и около 20 из них выведены. Более половины подводных лодок, находящихся в запасе, были проданы на металлолом.

Четвертый ракетный крейсер "Киров" до сих пор не сдан в эксплуатацию. Два крейсера типа Kresta-I и три крейсера типа "Свердлов" были выведены.

После выхода новой информации появилась возможность переоценить советскую военно-морскую авиацию. Бомбардировочная авиация значительно больше, чем указывалось ранее, и включает 160 Ту-26 (Советский Союз обозначает его Ту-22М) в отличие от 130, и 190 Ту-16 (в отличие от 125). Дополнительные Ту-26, вероятно, были переданы из ВВС, где силы Ту-26 уменьшились на 20. ИБ и истребительная мощь значительно превышают перечисленные ранее: самолеты ИБ увеличены еще на 250 Су-17, 75 Су-25 и 30 МиГ-27, а истребители на 85 МиГ-23 и 70 МиГ-29. Опять же, некоторые из них могли быть переданы из Военно-Воздушных сил или сил противовоздушной обороны. Практически все истребители приписаны к Черноморскому флоту.

Военно-Воздушные Силы

В течение некоторого времени военный баланс приписывал Советскому Союзу на около 260 ИБ и 280 истребителей больше, чем его воздушные силы. Авиация противовоздушной обороны (ПВО) показывает небольшое увеличение примерно на 50 самолетов. Старые типы, такие как Су-17 ИБ, продолжают выводиться (или переводятся в морскую авиацию), в то время как количество истребителей Су-25 Штурм (120), МиГ-29 (160) и Су-27 (90) увеличилось. Общая сумма для МиГ-27 ИБ была пересмотрена и показывает на около 300 меньше, чем в прошлом году.

Учебные подразделения ВВС практически все расположены в Волго-Уральском ВО, где ВВС также обучают экипажи армейских вертолетов. Учебные подразделения АПВО практически все находятся на Северном Кавказе.

Кадры

Советские вооруженные силы сталкиваются с кадровыми проблемами как количественного, так и качественного характера. За последний год они серьезно возросли. Хотя советские Вооруженные силы сократились примерно на 450 000 человек из 500 000, объявленных президентом Горбачевым, они примерно на 340 000 человек ниже нового запланированного уровня укомплектования. Есть две причины дефицита. Во-первых, цели призыва на военную службу не были достигнуты в тех республиках, которые в настоящее время стремятся к независимости от СССР. В 1990 году в общей сложности около 130 000 мужчин не явились на военную службу (по сравнению с 1 000 в 1988 году и почти 7 000 в 1989 году). Сообщается, что некоторые республики произвели лишь небольшой процент от своей квоты призывников на весенний призыв 1991 года: Литва (12,3%), Латвия (30,8%), Эстония (30,3%), Армения (16,5%) и Грузия (8,1%). Между Вооруженными Силами Советского Союза и правительством Узбекской Республики было достигнуто специальное соглашение о призыве на срочную службу. В обмен на решительное стремление к достижению целей в области людских ресурсов было решено, что отсрочка может быть предоставлена мужчинам, чьи братья уже служат. В Закавказье и на Черноморский флот будут направлены только добровольцы, а призывникам из Узбекистана будут предоставлены более длительные отпуска и повышена зарплата. Во-вторых, на численность и качество живой силы повлияло решение не призывать студентов высших учебных заведений. В результате этого решения значительно возрос процент заявлений на получение дополнительного образования, и, по оценкам, на 90 000 женщин стало меньше мест.

Военно-Морской Флот, сократив срок обязательной службы до двух лет, ввел систему "контрактной" или краткосрочной службы. После шести месяцев службы призывники могут добровольно служить дополнительный год в обмен на более высокую зарплату.

Сообщалось, что пограничные войска и войска МВД имеют 12% и 20% недоукомплектованности, соответственно.

В долгосрочной перспективе предусматривается масштабное сокращение живой силы. После подписания СНВ Ракетные войска стратегического назначения могут быть сокращены на 30-35%, силы противовоздушной обороны - на 18%, ВВС - на 6%. Армия, вероятно, будет сокращена примерно на 10% на основе текущих планов и доктрины "оборонительной достаточности". Сокращение численности военно-морских сил не планируется. Вполне вероятно, что численность Вооруженных сил к 2000 году сократится до 3-3,2 млн. человек.

Республиканские Силы

Ряд республик, в основном стремящихся к независимости от СССР, сформировали военные или военизированные формирования. В декабре 1990 года Верховный Совет Грузии принял закон о создании Национальной гвардии. Первоначально планировалось иметь численность 13 000 человек, большинство отчетов приписывают ее примерно 5 000 человек. В Грузии есть и другие вооруженные группировки, созданные после событий в Тбилиси в апреле 1989 года; в основном это небольшие и вовлеченные в боевые действия в Абхазии и Южной Осетии.

Армяно-азербайджанские беспорядки породили ряд военизированных группировок. В Армении двумя основными группами были армянская национальная армия (АНА) и ее соперник - военное крыло Армянского национального движения (АНД). После победы на выборах АНД в августе 1990 года произошли столкновения между двумя группами, и АНА была объявлена вне закона. Большинство групп АНА были интегрированы в АНД, которая может иметь численность около 10 000 человек, хотя число вооруженных боевиков в Армении может достигать 140 000 человек. В Азербайджане первые вооруженные формирования Народного фронта Азербайджана (НФА) появились в январе 1991 года, когда был сформирован Национальный Комитет Обороны. Он был вскоре распущен, и НФА был побежден союзными войсками. Сохраняется ряд небольших вооруженных группировок, особенно в Нагорном Карабахе и Нахичевани, но формирование новой республиканской армии считается маловероятным.

Молдова сформировала Национальную гвардию в конце 1990 года, и батальон Тирас-Тигина принял участие в боевых действиях в Гагаузии, которая отделилась от Молдовы. Молдавский парламент принял закон о формировании республиканской гвардии, но в январе 1991 года отменил его, после указа президента Горбачева нормализовав ситуацию в Молдове. Однако, небольшие вооруженные группы поддерживаются две сепаратистские районы: Приднестровье и Гагаузия.

Все три прибалтийские республики предприняли шаги по созданию собственных сил, в Литве сформирована Национальная гвардия. Эти силы типа ополчения и в основном использовались для охраны имущества республик. В целом, наибольшее сопротивление применению силы Советской Армией было оказано гражданскими действиями. В Украине принято законодательство, согласно которому украинские призывники Советского Союза должны проходить службу на территории Республики. На Украине планируется создать структуру типа Национальной гвардии.

Расходы на Оборону

Несмотря на удивительное количество информации, которую в настоящее время предоставляет Советский Союз, все еще трудно оценить советские экономические показатели и расходы на оборону с какой-либо точностью. Становится все более очевидным, о чем свидетельствует ряд опубликованных статей и докладов на заседаниях Верховного Совета, то есть полное отсутствие консенсуса в отношении конкретной ситуации с точки зрения расходов на оборону. Официально военный бюджет на 1991 год был определен в размере 96,563 млрд рублей (почти на 2 млрд рублей меньше запрошенной правительством суммы), из которых 40% было выделено на закупки вооружений. Однако, учитывая невозможность присвоения этим ассигнованиям конкретной покупательной способности, невозможно установить, действительно ли происходит обещанное сокращение расходов на оборону.

Военный баланс в этом году попытался осмысленно интерпретировать различные цифры, происходящие из Советского Союза, используя советские оценки в рублях и официальные обменные курсы, где это возможно. Любая попытка конвертировать рубли по единому курсу обречена на провал по тем же причинам, по которым сами советы были вынуждены прибегать к сложной системе множественных обменных курсов: различные сектора экономики имеют дифференцированные затраты, которые делают совокупные расчеты чрезвычайно трудными. Фактически, размер экономики приводится в традиционной НМП, в рублях, и в ВНП, который получается из базовой оценки Министерства Обороны СССР с тем же эффектом, в рублях и долларах США. Долларовая оценка рассчитывается на основе официального обменного курса, скорректированного на инфляцию и рост. Оборонные бюджеты также оценивались из советских источников и учитывали, в ограниченной степени, различную стоимость его элементов при пересчете в доллары.

Только если в результате экономической реформы начнут появляться рыночные показатели, цифры станут более значимыми, а методологии приблизятся к западному бухгалтерскому учету. Между тем, не существует надежного измерительного инструмента для мониторинга, диагностики и поиска средств от болезней, которые преследуют советскую экономику. Нынешняя система усугубляет проблему, позволяя направлять огромные объемы инвестиционных средств в контрпродуктивные секторы без возможности какого-либо реального контроля. В результате можно ожидать, что оборонная нагрузка на больную экономику будет расти, еще больше подрывая ее ослабленные позиции по отношению к Западу путем усиления давления на внешние займы для поддержания военных позиций СССР. Согласно официальным данным, ВНП Советского Союза снизился на 10% (НМП - на 12%) за первые шесть месяцев 1991 года. В годовом исчислении розничные цены за тот же период выросли на 90%.

THE SOVIET UNION

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: some 3,400,000 (over 2,000,000 conscripts)

(incl about 650,000 Ministry of Defence staff, centrally controlled units for EW, trg, log and civil (territorial) defence,

but excl some 424,000 railway and construction tp and 570,000 KGB and MVD).
Terms of service. 2 years. Women with medical and other special skills may volunteer.
RESERVES: some 5,239,000 with service within last 5 years:

Strategic Rocket Forces 6 502,000; Army 2,750,000; AD 750,000; Air Force 725,000; Navy 512,000.

Reserve obligation to age 50; total: some 55,000,000. (Regular retirees could add to the above totals.)

STRATEGIC NUCLEAR FORCES: 280,000 (incl 116,000 assigned from Air and Navy); under direct op comd of the Supreme High Command (VGK).

NAVY: (16,000). 912 msl in 60 submarines.
SSBN: 60:

6 Typhoon with 20 SS-N-20 Sturgeon (120 msl).

7 Delta-IV with 16 SS-N-23 Skiff (112 msl).

14 Delta-III with 16 SS-N-18 Stingray (224 msl).

4 Delta-II with 16 SS-N-8 Sawfly (64 msl).

18 Delta-I with 12 SS-N-8 (216 msl).

11 Yankee-I with 16 SS-N-6 Serb (176 msl).

STRATEGIC ROCKET FORCES: (164,000): 5 rocket armies, org in div, regt, bn and bty of 1 msl launcher, 300launch control HQ, 3 msl test centres.
ICBM: 1,388.

SS-11 Sego: 300 mod 2/3 (at some 6 fields; SS-25 is replacing).

SS-13 Savage (RS-12): 40 (at 1 field, SS-25 may replace).

SS-17 Spanker (RS-16): 50 (at 1 field; mod 3/4 MIRV).

SS-18 Satan (RS-20): 308 (at 6 fields; mostly mod 5/10 MIRV and 6).

SS-19 Stiletto (RS-18): 300 (at 4 fields; mostly mod 3, 6 MIRV).

SS-24 Scalpel: some 90 (deployment complete; 54 silo-based and 36 rail-mobile, 10 MIRV).

SS-25 Sickle (RS-12M): some 300 (mobile, single-warhead msl replacing SS-11 and may replace SS-13;

has been reported in gp of 9 on former SS-7 sites, 20+ bases).

GROUND DEFENCE: some 1,700 APC, 140 Mi-8 hel declared under CFE.

STRATEGIC AVIATION: (100,000) 5 Armies; Moscow: Long Range Aviation.
Western TVD: 1 air army (Smolensk).
Far East TVD: 1 air army (Irkutsk).
BOMBERS: 587
LONG-RANGE: 177.

162 Tu-95 (some 60 B/G have AS-4 ASM, some 75 H have up to 8 AS-15 ALCM);

15 Tu-160 (ALCM capable).
MEDIUM-RANGE: 410.

120 Tu-16 (100)^d (AS-6 ASM).

100 Tu-22 (100).

190 Tu-26 (Tu-22M) (300) (AS-4 ASM).
RECCE/ECM: 105^d

40 Tu-16 (15), 55 Tu-22 (55), 10 Il-20/-22.
TANKERS: 69:

25 Mya-4, 9 Tu-16, 35 Il-78.
ASM/ALCM: AS-4 Kitchen, AS-6 Kingfish, AS-15 Kent, AS-16 Kickback.
^d Numbers in parentheses are in ATTU.

GROUND FORCES: 1,400,000 (about 1,000,000 conscripts).
14 Military Districts (MD), 2 Groups of Forces

32 TD (incl 5 trg) (3 tk, 1 motor rifle, 1 arty, 1 SAM regt; 1 armd recce bn; spt units).

100 MRD (incl 6 trg) (3 motor rifle, 1 arty, 1 SAM regt; 1 indep tk, 1 ATK, 1 armd recce bn; spt units).

7 ABD (incl 1 trg, 1 subordinate to MVD) (each 3 para, 1 arty regt; 1 AA bn).

3 MG/arty div.
4 rear area security div.
13 arty div incl 1 trg: (No standard org: perhaps 4 bde (12 bn): 152mm SP, 152mm towed and MRL: some will have older eqpt).
Some 38 arty bde/regt. No standard org: perhaps 4 bn: 2 each of 24 152mm towed guns, 2 each of 24 152mm SP guns. Some only MRL.
Some 7 hy arty bde (with 4 bn of 12 203mm 2S7 SP guns).
Some 9 AB bde, Front (each 4 inf bn; arty, SAM, ATK; spt tps). Most armies have indep air aslt bn.
Special forces (Spetsnaz): 12 bde.
Avn: regt assigned at army and MD; some 40 attack regt with 24 Mi-8 and 40 Mi-24 attack hel.
Other Front and Army tps:
SSM, ATK, AD (SAM and arty), engr, pontoon-bridge, pipe-line, signals, EW, CW def, tpt, supply bde/regt/bn.
[NATO had defined 4 categories of combat readiness, according to manning and equipment strength. This system is under review.

The Military Balance has insufficient information to allow it to classify divisions.]
EQUIPMENTS:^d
MBT: about 54,400 (20,725) incl: some 10,600 T-54/-55, 8,500 T-62, some 4,900 T-64A/-B, 9,000 T-72L/-M and 5,400 T-80/-M,

plus some 16,000 in store east of Urals; types n.k.
LIGHT TANKS: 1,000 PT-76 (410).
RECCE: 8,000: incl some 2,500 BRDM-2.
AIFV: about 28,000 (16,530) incl: BMP-1 (73mm gun/AT-3 ATGW), BMP-2 (30mm gun/AT-5 ATGW); some 3,000 BMD (AB), ~700 BMP-3.
APC: over 50,000 (11,100) incl: BTR-50P/-60P/-70/-80/-152; 4,500 MT-LB.
TOTAL ARTY: 64,200 (some 14,400)
TOWED ARTY: about 33,000 (some 3,800) incl 100mm: BS-3; 122mm: D-30 (2,044), M-30 (3); 130mm M-46 (12);

152mm: D-1 (7), D-20 (767), Giatsint-B 2A36 (574), MSTA-B 2A65 (400); 203mm: B-4M.
SP ARTY: about 9,000 (5,186) incl 122mm: Gvozdika 2S1 (2,331);

152mm: Acatsia 2S3 (2,044), Dana, Giatsint-S 2S5 (494), MSTA-S 2S19 (13); 203mm Pion 2S7 (304).
COMBINED GUN/MORTAR: about 1,200 (479): 120mm Nona-S 2S9 SP (442), Nona-K 2B16 (37).
MRL: about 8,000 (2,334) incl: 122mm: BM-21 (1,550), 9P138 (72).

140mm: BM-14-16, RPU-14 16 tube.

220mm: 9P140 Uragan (554).

240mm: BM-24 12-tube.

300mm: Smerch 9A52 (158).
MORTARS: about 13,000 (2,026) incl: 120mm: 2S12 (1,387), M-120, PM-38 (585); 160mm M-160; 240mm: M-240, Tulpan 2S4 SP (54).
SSM: (nuclear-capable): 1,350 launchers, incl about 500 FROG (Luna), 300 SS-21 Scarab (Tochka), 550 Scud B/-C mod (R-17).
ATGW: AT-2 Swatter, AT-3 Sagger, AT-4 Spigot, AT-5 Spandrel, AT-6 Spiral, AT-7 Saxhorn.
ATK GUNS: 8,000: 57mm: ASU-57 SP; 76mm; 85mm: D-44/SD-44, ASU-85 SP; 100mm: T-12/-12A/M-55 towed.
AD GUNS: some 12,000; 23mm: ZU-23, ZSU-23-4 SP; 30mm: 2S6 SP with 8 SA-19 SAM; 37mm; 57mm: S-60, ZSU-57-2 SP;

85mm: M-1939; 100mm: KS-19; 130mm: KS-30.
SAM: about 4,960 mobile systems; (some 440 units):

SA-4 A/B Ganef (twin): 1,350 (Army/Front weapon, being replaced by SA-11 and SA-12A).

SA-6 Gainful (triple): 850 (at div).

SA-7 Grail (man-portable): perhaps 18,500 (unit weapon, being replaced by SA-14 and SA-16).

SA-8 Gecko (2 twin or 2 triple): some 950 (at div).

SA-9 Gaskin (2 twin): 430 (at regt).

SA-11 Gadfly (quad): 300 (replacing SA-4/-6).

SA-12A Gladiator: 70+ (replacing SA-4).

SA-X-12B Giant: under development (possible ATBM role).

SA-13 Gopher (2 twin): 860 (replacing SA-9).

SA-14 Gremlin: 2,500 (replacing SA-7).

SA-15: 20 (replacing SA-6/SA-8).

SA-16: 3,500 (replacing SA-7 and some SA-14).

SA-17: replacing SA-4/SA-11.

SA-18: replacing SA-7/SA-14.

SA-19 (2S6 SP): 130 (8 SAM plus twin 35mm gun).
HELICOPTERS: some 4,500:

ARMED: some 2,050, incl 340 Mi-8, 290 Mi-17, 1,420 Mi-24 (1,240); Mi-28 under development.

TRANSPORT: some 1,510 incl 450 Mi-6, 1,000 Mi-8, 50 Mi-26 (hy), 10 Mi-10 (hy).

EW/ECM: 200 Mi-8.

GENERAL-PURPOSE: 680: incl 600 Mi-2, 80 Mi-8 (comms).
^d Numbers in parentheses in ATTU.

AIR DEFENCE TROOPS (VPVO):475,000 (~280,000 conscripts).
5 Air Defence Armies: air regt and indep sqn; AD regt; 14 specialist schools.
ABM: 100: ABM-1B Galosh, SH-11 (mod Galosh), SH-08 Gazelle.
AIRCRAFT: (Aviation of Air Defence - APVO):
FIGHTER: some 2,370: incl 890 MiG-23 (710) (6 AAM); 480 MiG-25 (380) (4 AAM); 270 MiG-31 (180) (4 AA-9);

500 Su-15 (410) (2 AAM); 230 Su-27 (230).
TRAINING: some 400 L-39, 200 L-29 (not cbt ac).
IN STORE: 100 Tu-128.
AEW AND CONTROL: 15 Il-76.
AAM: AA-2 Atoll, AA-3 Anab, AA-6 Acrid, AA-7 Apex, AA-8 Aphid, AA-9 Amos, AA-10 Alamo, AA-11 Archer.
SAM: strategic role; some 8,650 launchers in some 1,200 sites:

SA-1 Guild: 1,600 (being replaced by SA-10).

SA-2 Guideline. 2,400 (being replaced by SA-10).

SA-3 Goa: 1,000 (2 or 4 launcher rails, over 300 sites, low- to med-altitude intercept - being replaced by SA-10).

SA-5 Gammon: 1,950 launchers (130 complexes, long-range intercept).

SA-10 Grumble: some 1,700 quad (theatre/strategic role).

WARNING SYSTEMS:
SATELLITES: 9 with ICBM/SLBM launch detection capability. Others incl 2 photo-recce, 11 ELINT, 3 recce.
RADARS:
OVER-THE-HORIZON-BACKSCATTER (OTH-B): 3: 2 near Kiev and Komsomolsk (Ukraine), covering US and polar areas;

1 near Nikolayev-na-Amur, covering China.
LONG-RANGE EARLY-WARNING:
ABM-ASSOCIATED:

8 long-range phased-array systems at Baranovichi, Skrunda (Belorussia), Mukachevo (Ukraine), Olnegorsk (Kola), Lyaki (Caucasus),

Sary-shagan (Kazakhstan), Pechora (Urals), Mishelevka (Irkutsk).

11 Hen House-series; range 6,000 km, 6 locations covering approaches from the west and south-west, north-east and south-east and (partially) south.

Linked to intermediate-range Dog House (range 2,800 km), Cat House and Try Add msl control radar.

Engagement, guidance, battle management: 1 Pillbox phased-array at Pushkino (Moscow).

AIR FORCE : 420,000 (some 290,000 conscripts) incl 100,000 with Strategic Aviation.
AIR FORCES OF THE SOVIET UNION: 16 MD and Groups of Forces Air Forces.
Some 4,905 cbt ac. Forces' strengths vary, mostly org in armies with div of 3 regt of 3 sqn, total 90-135 ac.

Regt roles incl AD, interdiction, recce, tac air spt; div roles may be mixed.
FGA: some 2,240: incl 610 MiG-27 (335), 330 SU-17/-22 (330), 840 Su-24 (610) (incl 210 dual-capable under TVD control), 460 Su-25 (310).
FIGHTER: some 2,130: incl 550 MiG-21 (550), 590 MiG-23 (420), 110 MiG-25 (110), 700 MiG-29 (660), 180 Su-27 (140).
RECCE: some 475: incl 35 MiG-21 (15), 130 MiG-25 (90), 130 Su-17 (110), 180 Su-24 (120).
ECM: 60 Yak-28 (60).
TRAINING: some 2,000 L-29, L-39 (not cbt ac).
HELICOPTERS: Some 220 Mi-24 (attack) (in training units).
AAM: AA-2 Atoll, AA-7 Apex, AA-8 Aphid, AA-9 Amos, AA-10 Alamo, AA-11 Archer.
ASM: AS-7 Kerry, AS-10 Karen.
MILITARY TRANSPORT AVIATION (VTA): 5 div, each 3 regt, each 30 ac; some indep regt.
EQUIPMENT: some 620 ac: 100 An-12, 435 Il-76M/MD Candid B (replacing An-12), 55 An-22, 29 An-124.
Additional ac (VTA augmentation force): Tpt ac in comd other than VTA: org in indep regt and sqn:

1,200+: Tu-134, Tu-154, An-2, An-12, An-72, Il-18.
Civilian Aeroflot fleet: 1,700 med- and long-range passenger ac, incl some 220 An-12 and Il-76.

NAVY: 450,000, (~270,000 conscripts), incl 16,000 Strategic forces, 75,000 naval air, 41,500 coastal defence, coastal arty, naval infantry.
SUBMARINES: 317:
STRATEGIC SUBMARINES: 60 (see p. 36).
TACTICAL SUBMARINES: 221:
SSGN: 44:

8 Oscar with 24 SS-N-19 Shipwreck USGW (VLS); plus T-65 HWT.

6 Charlie-II with 8 SS-N-9 Siren USGW, plus T-53 HWT.

9 Charlie-I with 8 SS-N-7 Starbright USGW; plus T-53 HWT.

18 Echo-II with 8 SS-N-3A Shaddock, ~15 with SS-N-12 Sandbox SSM; plus T-53 HWT.

2 Yankee 'Notch" with 20+ SS-N-21 Sampson SLCM.

1 Yankee (trials) with SS-NX-24 SLCM.
SSN: 65:

7 Akula with T-65 HWT; plus SS-N-21.

3 Sierra with T-65 HWT; plus SS-N-21.

6 Alfa with T-53 HWT; plus SS-N-15 Starfish or SS-N-16 Stallion UUGW.

25 Victor-III with T-65 HWT; plus SS-N-15 or -16.

7 Victor-II with T-53 HWT; plus SS-N-15 or -16.

16 Victor-I with T-53 HWT.

1 Yankee ex-SSBN converted to SSN.
SSG: 15 Juliet with 4 SS-N-3A Shaddock SSM.
SS: 97 (all with T-53 HWT): 18 Kilo, 18 Tango, 38 Foxtrot, 20 Whiskey, 3 Romeo.
OTHER ROLES: 16:
SSN: 2 Uniform experimental/trials.
SS: 14: 1 Beluga, 4 Bravo wpn targets, 1 Golf-I research, 2 Golf-II comms, 1 Lima, 2 India rescue, 2 Zulu, 1 X-Ray trials.
IN STORE: 21: 10 Foxtrot, 1 Zulu, 10 Whiskey (not counted in totals).
PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS: 218:
CARRIERS: 5:

1 Kuznetsov (ex Tbilisi) CVV (65,000t) with some 25-30 fixed wing ac and 8-10 ASW hels. Probably with SS-N-19 Shipwreck SSM, 4x6 SA-N-9 SAM.

1 Gorshkov (ex Baku) (CVV) (38,000t) with 13 Yak-38 V/STOL ac, 16 Ka-25/-27 hel (ASW with E-45/-75 LWT/AEW/OTHT/SAR);

plus 6x2 SS-N-12 Sandbox SSM, 4x8 SA-N-6 Grumble SAM. 2 100mm guns.

3 Kiev (CVV) (38,000t) with 13 Yak-38 V/STOL ac, 16 Ka-25/-27 hel; plus 4x2 SS-N-12 Sandbox SSM, 2x2 SA-N-3 SAM, 1x2 SUW-N-1.
CRUISERS: 38:
CGN: 3 Kirov (AAW/ASUW) with 12x8 SA-N-6 Grumble, 20 SS-N-19 Shipwreck SSM, 3 Ka-25/-27 hel for OTHT/AEW/ASW;

plus 1 with 1x2 130mm guns, 1 with 1x2 SS-N-14 Silex SUGW (LWT or nuc payload), 10 533mm TT.
CG: 35:

2 Moskva (CGH) (ASW) with 18 Ka-25 hel (E45-75 LWT), 1x2 SUW-N-1; plus 2x2 SA-N-3 SAM.

3 Slava (AAW/ASUW) with 8x8 SA-N-6 Grumble, 8 x 2 SS-N-12 Sandbox SSM, 1 Ka-25/-27 hel; (AEW/ASW);

plus 8 533mm TT, 1x2 130mm guns.

11 Udaloy (ASW) with 2x4 SS-N-14 Silex SUGW, 2x12 ASW RL, 8 533mm TT, 2 Ka-27 hel; plus 2 100mm guns.

7 Nikolayev (Kara) (ASW) with 2x4 SS-N-14 Silex SUGW, 10 533mm TT, 1 Ka-25 hel; plus 2x2 SA-N-3 Goblet;

(1 (Azov) with 3x8 SA-N-6, only 1 SA-N-3 and other differences).

10 Kronshtadt (Kresta-II) (ASW) with 2x4 SS-N-14 SUGW, 1 Ka-25 hel, 10 533mm TT; plus 2x2 SA-N-3 SAM.

2 Admiral Zozulya (Kresta-I) (ASUW/ASW) with 2x2 SS-N-3b Shaddock SSM, 1 Ka-25 hel (OTHT), 10 533mm TT.
DESTROYERS: 29:
DDG: 28:
AAW/ASUW:18:

13 Sovremennyy with 2x4 SS-N-22 Sunburn SSM, 2 SA-N-7 Gadfly SAM, 2x2 130mm guns, 1 Ka-25 (B) hel (OTHT); plus 4 533mm TT.

2 Grozny (Kynda) (ASUW) with 2x4 SS-N-3b; plus 1x2 SA-N-1 Goa SAM, 2x3 533mm TT.

3 Sderzhannyy (mod Kashin) with 4 SS-N-2C Styx SSM, 2x2 SA-N-1 SAM; plus 1x5 533mm TT.
ASW: 10:

10 Komsomolets Ukrainyy (Kashin) with 2x12 ASW RL, 1x5 533mm TT; plus 2x2 SA-N-1 SAM, (1 with trials fit 1x SA-N-7).
DD: 1: 1 Bedovyy (mod Kildin) (ASUW) with 4 Styx SSM; plus 1x4 533mm TT.
FRIGATES: 146:

11 Rezvyy (Krivak-II) with 1x4 SS-N-14 Silex SUGW, 8 533mm TT, 2x12 ASW RL; plus 2 100mm guns.

21 Bditelnyy (Krivak-I) (weapons as Rezvyy but with 2x2 76mm guns).

1 Neustrashimyy (Koni) with 2x12 ASW RL.

5 'Riga' with 2x16 ASW RL, 2 or 3 533mm TT, 3 100mm guns.
(Note: Frigates listed below lie between 1,000 and 1,200 tonnes full load displacement and are not counted in official releases.)

63 Grisha-I, -III, -V, with 2x12 ASW RL, 4 533mm TT.

12 Parchim-II (ASW) with 2 ASW RL, 4 406mm ASTT.

11 Mirka-I, -II, with 4x12 ASW RL, 5 or 10 406mm ASTT.

22 'Petya' with ASW RL, 5 or 10 406mm ASTT.
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS: 382:
CORVETTES: 76:

40 Tarantul (ASUW), 2 -I, 18 -II both with 2x2 SS-N-2C Styx; 20 -III with 2x2 SS-N-22 Sunburn.

36 Nanuchka (ASUW) -I, -III and -IV with 2x3 SS-N-9 Siren.
MISSILE CRAFT: 82:

65 Osa PFM (35 -I, 30 -II) with 4 SS-N-2C.

1 Sarancha PHM with 2x2 SS-N-9.

16 Matka PHM with 2 SS-N-2C.
TORPEDO CRAFT: 32:

29 Turya PHT with 4 533mm TT.

3 Shershen PFT with 4 533mm TT.
PATROL CRAFT: 192:
OFFSHORE: 23 T-58/-43.
COASTAL: 26

10 Pauk PFC (ASW) with 2 ASW RL, 4 ASTT.

15 Poti PFC (ASW) with 2 x ASW RL, 4 ASTT.

1 Babochka PH (ASW) with 8 ASTT.
INSHORE: 8:

7 SO-1 with 2 ASTT.

1 Slepen PFI.
RIVERINE AND CASPIAN: 135:

21 Yaz with 2 115mm gun.

10 Piyavka, 8 Vosh, 96 misc<.
MINE WARFARE: About 292:
MINELAYERS: 3 Pripyat (Alesha), capacity 300 mines.
(Note: All Soviet submarines and many surface combatants are equipped for minelaying.)
MINE COUNTERMEASURES: About 289:
OFFSHORE: 49.

1 Gorya MCO.

35 Natya-I and -II MSO.

13 T-43 MSO.
COASTAL About 117:

45 Yurka MSC.

2 Andryusha MSC (trials).

About 70 Sonya MSC
INSHORE: About 123: 33 Vanya, about 90 MSI<.
AMPHIBIOUS: 78:
LPD: 3 Ivan Rogov with 4-5 Ka-27 hel: capacity 520 tps, 20 tk;
LST: 39:

25 Ropucha: capacity 225 tps, 9 tk.

14 Alligator, capacity 300 tps, 20 tk.
LSM: 36 Polnocny (3 types): capacity 180 tps, 6 tk: (some adapted for mine warfare but retain amph primary role).
Plus CRAFT: about 120:

LCU: 12: 9 Vydra, 3 SMB-1.

LCM: 40 Ondatra.

LCAC and SES: about 70, incl 4 Pomornik, 18 Aist, 6 Tsaplya, 20 Lebed, 2 Utenok, 15 Gus. 3 Orlan 'wing-in-ground-effect' (WIG) experimental.
SUPPORT AND MISCELLANEOUS: about 732:
UNDERWAY SUPPORT: 30: I Berezina, 6 Chilikin, 23 other AO.
MAINTENANCE AND LOGISTICS: about 302:

18 AS, 40 AR, 12 general maint/spt, 27 AOT, 18 missile spt/resupply, 100 tugs, 14 special liquid carriers, 13 water carriers, 60 AK.
SPECIAL PURPOSES: about 149: 67 AGI (some armed), 5 msl range instrumentation, 8 trg, about 65 icebreakers (civil manned), 4 AH.
SURVEY/RESEARCH: about 251: 40 naval, 60 civil AGOR.

100 naval, 40 civil AGHS.

11 space-associated ships (civil manned).
MERCHANT FLEET (auxiliary/augmentation): 2,800 ocean-going vessels (17 in Arctic service), incl

125 ramp-fitted and roll-on/roll-off (ro-ro), some with rails for rolling stock, 3 roll-on/float-off, 14 barge carriers, 48 passenger liners,

500 coastal and river ships.

NAVAL AVIATION: (75,000). Some 1,354 cbt ac; 312 armed hel.
Four Fleet Air Forces; org in air div, each with 2-3 regt of HQ elm and 2 sqn of 9-10 ac each; recce, ASW, tpt/utility org in indep regt or sqn.
BOMBERS: 356:

7 regt with some 160 Tu-26 (Tu-22M), (AS-4 ASM).

2 regt with some 190 Tu-16 (AS-5/-6 ASM), 6 Tu-22.
FGA: 645:

80 Yak-38 V/STOL (in carriers).

350 Su-17.

110 Su-24.

75 Su-25.

30 MiG-27.
FIGHTERS: 155:

85 MiG-23.

70 MiG-29.
ASW: 198 ac, 287 hel:

AIRCRAFT: 53 Tu-142, 53 Il-38, 92 Be-12.

HELICOPTERS: 79 Mi-14, 93 Ka-25, 115 Ka-27.
MR/EW: some 105 ac, 20 hel:

AIRCRAFT: incl 35 Tu-95, 40 Tu-16 MR/ECM, 5 Tu-22, 10 Su-24, 15 An-12.

HELICOPTERS: 20 Ka-25.
MCM: 15 Mi-14 hel.
CBT ASLT: 20 Ka-27, 5 Ka-29 hel.
TANKERS: 10 Tu-16.
TRANSPORT/TRAINING: 445 ac and hel.
AIRCRAFT: An-12, An-24, An-26, Il-14.
HELICOPTERS: Mi-6/-8.
ASM: AS-2 Kipper, AS-4 Kitchen, AS-5 Kelt, AS-6 Kingfish, AS-7 Kerry, AS-13 Kingbolt.

NAVAL INFANTRY (Marines): (some 14,000).

1 inf div (7,000: 3 inf, 1 tk, 1 arty regt).

4 indep bde (1 reserve) (type: 3,000: 4 inf, 1 tk, 1 arty, 1 MRL, 1 ATK bn; with 40 MBT, 26 lt tk, 120+ APC,

18 2S1 SP how, 18 2S9 gun/mor, 18 9P138 MRL, 6 SP ATK, 4 AA guns, 4 SP SAM.)

4 fleet Special Forces (Spetsnaz) bde: 2-3 underwater, 1 para bn, spt elm.
EQUIPMENT:
MBT: 240 T-55.
LIGHT TANKS: 100 PT-76.
RECCE: 30 BRDM-2/Sagger ATGW.
AIFV: some BMP-1/-2.
APC: some 2,000: BTR-60/-70, some 400 MT-LB.
SP ARTY: 120mm: 120 2S9; 122mm: 90 2S1.
MRL: 122mm: 90 9P138.
COMBINED GUN/MORTAR: 120mm: 90 2S9 SP.
ATGW: 50 AT-3/-5.
AD GUNS: 23mm: 60 ZSU-23-4 SP.
SAM: 250 SA-7, 10 SA-8, 35 SA-9/-13.

COASTAL ARTILLERY AND ROCKET TROOPS: (7,500).

1 coastal arty div (role: protects approaches to naval bases and major ports).
EQUIPMENT:
ARTY: incl SM-4-1 130mm.
SSM: 40 SS-C-1b Sepal (similar to SS-N-3), SS-C-3, Styx, SS-C-4 reported.

COASTAL DEFENCE TROOPS: (20,000)

4 MRD

1 arty bde.

2 arty regt.

1 MG/arty bn.
EQUIPMENT (in ATTU)
MBT: 810 T-80.
AIFV: 640 BMP.
APC: 160 BTR-60/-70, 790 MT-LB.
TOTAL ARTY: 830.
TOWED ARTY: 468. 100mm: 12 BS-3; 122mm: 216 D-30; 152mm: 144 D-20, 96 2A36.
SP ARTY: 152mm: 48 2S5.
MRL: 122mm: 54 BM-21.

DEPLOYMENT (all Services):
Soviet strategic planning has divided the world in to a number of continental and maritime Theatres of Military Operations (Teatr Voennykh Deistvii TVD) for which the latest Soviet title appears to be Strategic Direction (Napravlenie). TVD do not necessarily have any operational command function but are for staff-planning and intelligence purposes. In peacetime all forces are located in Military Districts (MD) or Fleets (some of which have a wartime command role) or in Groups of Forces. We have listed forces geographically and, where possible, grouped them as they might be commanded in war. We have not listed elements of Strategic Nuclear Forces (except for SSBN). Air Defence Troops and the ABD are shown according to their physical location, although they are directly controlled by the Supreme High Command (VGK). Levels of command between the VGK and Fronts can be established and are known as High Commands (GK).
Советское стратегическое планирование разделило мир на ряд континентальных и морских театров военных действий (театр военных действий ТВД), для которых последним советским названием является стратегическое направление (направление). ТВД не обязательно имеют какую-либо функцию оперативного командования, но предназначены для целей планирования персонала и разведки. В мирное время все силы расположены в военных округах (ВО) или флотах (некоторые из которых имеют командную роль в военное время) или в группах сил. Мы перечислили силы географически и, где это возможно, сгруппировали их так, как ими могли бы командовать на войне. Мы не перечислили элементы стратегических ядерных сил (кроме ПЛАРБ). Войска противовоздушной обороны и и показаны в соответствии с их физическим местоположением, хотя они непосредственно контролируются Верховным Главнокомандованием (ВГК). Уровни командования между ВГК и фронтами могут быть установлены и известны как Главные Командования (ГК).

SOVIET REGIONAL THEATRES AND MILITARY DISTRICTS

NORTHERN FLEET: (Arctic and Atlantic). (HQ Severomorsk):
BASES: Kola Inlet, Motovskiy Gulf, Gremikha, Polyarny, Litsa Gulf.
SUBMARINES: 140: strategic: 36 SSBN; tactical: 96: 23 SSGN, 43 SSN, 5 SSG, 25 SS. (2-3 normally deployed to Mediterranean.) 10 other roles.
PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS: 67: 2 CVV , 15 cruisers, 8 destroyers, 42 frigates;

det to Mediterranean sqn. (See Mediterranean Squadron on p. 44.)
OTHER SURFACE SHIPS: 30 patrol and coastal combatants, 56 mine warfare, 17 amph, some 190 spt and misc.
NAVAL AVIATION: 253 cbt ac (CFE: 175); 83 armed hel.
BOMBERS: 95: 50 Tu-26, 45 Tu-22.
FIGHTER/FGA: 80: 30 Yak-38, 30 MiG-27, 10 MiG-23, 10 Su-25.
ASW: AIRCRAFT: 78: 38 Tu-142, 16 Il-38, 24 Be-12;

HELICOPTERS: 73: (afloat): 18 Ka-25, 50 Ka-27; (ashore): 5 Mi-14.
MR/EW: AIRCRAFT: 34: 4 An-12, 10 Tu-16, 20 Tu-95;

HELICOPTERS: 5 Ka-25.
MCM: 5 Mi-14 hel.
CBT ASLT HEL: 10 Ka-27.
COMMUNICATIONS: 7 Tu-142.
TANKERS: 10 Tu-16.
NAVAL INFANTRY: 2 bde (80 MBT, 110 arty).
COASTAL DEFENCE: 1 MRD (270 MBT, 790 MT-LB, 150 arty), 1 arty regt (120 arty).

NORTHERN FRONT (Russian SFSR) (indep HQ with Leningrad MD).
AIR DEFENCE:
FIGHTER: 325: 1 PVO air army; 9 ftr regt (MiG-25, MiG-31, Su-15, Su-27).
SAM: 100+ sites: SA-2/-3/-5/-10.
LENINGRAD MD (HQ Leningrad):
GROUND: 1 army HQ, 2 corps HQ; 6 MRD (1 trg), 1 ABD; plus 1 arty div, 3 arty bde/regt, 5 Scud (2 trg), 1 AB, 1 Spetsnaz bde, 1 attack hel regt.
AIR: 1 air army; 2 bbr regt (60: Su-24), 1 recce regt (35: MiG-25, Su-17).
EQUIPMENT: up to 1,700 MBT; 600 AIFV, 1,400 arty/MRL/ mor, 28 FROG/SS-21, 60 Scud, 20 attack hel, 95 cbt ac (excl PVO).

WESTERN STRATEGIC DIRECTION (TVD): (Russian, Lithuanian, Latvian, Estonian, Belorussian republics) (HQ Legnica)

2 Groups of Forces, Baltic, Belorussian, Carpathian MD, 47 div (19 TD, 23 MRD, 3 ABD, 2 rear area security div), plus 5 arty div.
AIR DEFENCE:
FIGHTER: 2 PVO air army, 11 regt: (420: MiG-23, MiG-25, MiG-31, Su-27).
SAM: 200 sites: SA-2/-3/-5/-10.
UNDER TVD CONTROL:
STRIKE/FGA: 1 air army (HQ Legnica): 1 bbr div (60: Su-24), 1 ftr div (105: MiG-25, Su-27), 1 recce regt (40: Su-24, MiG-25).
FRONTAL FORCES:
WESTERN GROUP OF FORCES (Germany) (HQ Zossen-Wiinsdorf): (338,000):
GROUND: 5 Army HQ: 7 TD, 6 MRD plus 1 arty div; 1 indep MR, 5 SS-21, 7 Scud, 5 arty, 10 attack hel regt.
AIR: 1 air army; 2 FGA div, 9 regt, (290: MiG-23, MiG-27, Su-17, Su-25); 3 ftr div, 10 regt (310: MiG-23, MiG-29);

3 recce regt (75: MiG-25, Su-17, Su-24 (some ECU)).
NORTHERN GROUP OF FORCES (Poland) (HQ Legnica): (35,000):
GROUND: 1 TD, 1 MRD plus 1 attack hel regt.
AIR: 1 composite air div: 1 ftr regt (35: MiG-23, MiG-29).
BALTIC MD (HQ Kaliningrad):
GROUND: 1 army HQ; 3 TD (1 trg), 4 MRD, 2 ABD (1 trg) plus 1 arty div, 3 arty bde/regt, 3 Scud, 1 AB, 1 Spetsnaz bde, 2 attack hel regt, 3 air ash bn.
AIR: 1 air army; 1 FGA div, 3 regt (180: MiG-23, MiG-27), 1 recce regt (25: Su-17, Su-24).
BELORUSSIAN MD (HQ Minsk):
GROUND: 3 army HQ; 6 TD (1 trg), 3 MRD, 1 ABD (subordinate to MVD), plus 1 arty div, 9 arty bde/regt, 5 Scud, 1 indep mech,

1 AB, 1 Spetsnaz bde, 2 attack hel regt.
AIR: 1 air army; 1 bbr div, 3 regt (90: Su-24), 3
FGA regt (90: Su-25), 1 ftr regt (55: MiG-21, MiG-29), 1 recce regt (50: MiG-21, MiG-25, Su-24), 1 ECM regt (20: Yak-38).
CARPATHIAN MD (HQ Lvov):
GROUND: 3 army HQ, 1 arty corps HQ, 2 TD (1 trg), 9 MRD (1 trg), 2 Rear area security div, plus 2 arty div, 4 arty bde/regt, 5 Scud,

1 AB bde, 6 attack hel regt.
AIR: 1 air army, 1 bbr div, 2 regt (60: Su-24), 1 ftr div, 2 regt (110: MiG-21, MiG-23, MiG-29), 1 FGA regt (35: Su-25), 1 recce regt (30: MiG-25, Su-24).
EQUIPMENT: up to 11,800 MBT; 9,900 AIFV, 7,700 arty/MRL/mor, 168 FROG/SS-21\, 200 Scud, 800 attack hel, 1,885 cbt ac (excl PVO).

BALTIC FLEET: (HQ Kaliningrad):
BASES: Kronshtadt, Liepaya, Baltiysk, Tallinn.
SUBMARINES: Strategic: nil; tactical: 30: 5 SSG, 23 SS; other roles: 2 SS.
PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS: 42: 4 cruisers, 4 destroyers, 34 frigates.
OTHER SURFACE SHIPS: 160 patrol and coastal combatants, 77 mine warfare, 21 amph, some 120 spt and misc.
NAVAL AVIATION: 335 cbt ac (CFE: 315), 45 armed hel.
BOMBERS: 90: 1 regt with 20 Tu-26,2 with 70 Tu-16.
FGA: 225: 5 regts: 125 Su-17, 100 Su-24.
ASW: AIRCRAFT: 20: 10 Il-38, 10 Be-12;

HELICOPTERS: 40: 3 Ka-25, 22 Ka-27, 15 Mi-14.
MR/EW: AIRCRAFT 14: 2 An-12, 12 Su-24.

HELICOPTERS: 5 Ka-25.
MCM: 5 Mi-14 hel.
CBT ASLT HEL: 5 Ka-29.
NAVAL INFANTRY: 1 bde, (40 MBT, 60 arty/MRL).
COAST DEFENCE: 1 MRD (270 MBT, 320 AIFV, 160 arty) 1 arty regt (120 arty). 1 SSM regt: some 8 SS-C-1b Sepal.

SOUTH-WESTERN STRATEGIC DIRECTION (TVD) (Ukrainian, Moldavian republics.) (HQ Beltsy, Ukraine)

Kiev, Odessa MD. 12 div (2 TD, 8 MRD, 1 ABD, 1 rear area security div) plus 1 arty div.
AIR DEFENCE:
FIGHTER: 1 PVO air army: 5 regt (190: MiG-23, MiG-25, Su-15).
SAM: 120 sites: SA-2/-3/-5/-10.
UNDER TVD CONTROL:
STRIKE/FGA: 1 air army (HQ Vinnitsa): 2 bbr div, 5 regt (150: Su-24), 1 ftr div, 2 regt (80: MiG-23, Su-27),

1 recce regt (20: Su-24), 1 ECM regt (35: Yak-28).
FRONTAL FORCES:
KIEV MD (HQ Kiev).
GROUND: 2 army HQ, 2 TD (1 trg), 4 MRD, plus 4 arty bde/regt, 2 Scud bde.
AIR: 1 air army: 1 ftr bbn regt (60 Su-24), 2 trg div, 9 trg regt (330: MiG-21, 525: L-29, L-39).
ODESSA MD (HQ Odessa):
GROUND: 1 army HQ, 1 corps HQ, 4 MRD (1 trg), 1 ABD, 1 rear area security div; plus 1 arty div, 3 arty bde/regt, 5 Scud,

1 AB, 1 Spetsnaz bde, 1 attack hel regt.
AIR: 1 ftr regt (60: MiG-23, MiG-29), 1 recce regt (30 Su-17).
EQUIPMENT: some 3,600 MBT; 2,400 AIFV, 2,100 arty/MRL/mor, 44 FROG/SS-21, 100 Scud, 55 attack hel, 765 cbt ac (excl PVO).

BLACK SEA FLEET: (HQ Sevastopol).
BASES: Sevastopol, Poti, Odessa.
SUBMARINES: 28: tactical 26: 2 SSG, 24 SS; other roles: 2.
PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS: 46: 1 CVV , 2 CGH, 3 cruisers, 10 destroyers, 30 frigates.
OTHER SURFACE SHIPS: 100 patrol and coastal combatants, 60 mine warfare, 15 amph, some 150 spt and misc.
NAVAL AVIATION: 151 cbt ac; 85 cbt hel.
BOMBERS: 126: 3 regt with 60 Tu-26 (Tu-22M); 3 with 60 Tu-16; 6 Tu-22.
ASW: AIRCRAFT: 25 Be-12.

HELICOPTERS: 85: 31 Mi-14, 49 Ka-25, 5 Ka-27.
MR/EW: AIRCRAFT: 27: 3 An-12, 19 Tu-16, 5 Tu-22.

HELICOPTERS: 5 Ka-25.
MCM: 5 Mi-14 hel.
TANKERS: 3 Tu-16.
NAVAL INFANTRY: 1 bde: (265 APC, 60 arty/MRL).
COASTAL DEFENCE: 1 MRD (270 MBT, 320 AIFV, 160 arty/MRL). 1 arty bde (120 arty).

MEDITERRANEAN SQUADRON (HQ afloat): elm of Northern, Baltic and Black Sea Fleets. Average composition:
SUBMARINES (from Northern Fleet):2-3.
PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS (from all European Fleets): 3-6: 1 cruiser, 2-3 destroyers, 1-2 frigates and periodically, CVV or CGH.
SUPPORT AND MISCELLANEOUS: some 20-24, incl 2+ AGI.

SOUTHERN STRATEGIC DIRECTION (TVD) (Russian, Georgian, Armenian, Azerbaijan, Kazakh, Turkmen, Uzbek, Tajik, Kirghiz Republics.)

(HQ Baku) North Caucasus, Trans-Caucasus, Turkestan MD, 27 div (1 TD, 25 MRD, 1 ABD) plus 1 arty div.
AIR DEFENCE: (VPVO)
FIGHTER: 1 PVO air army, 6 regt, 5 trg regt(600: MiG-21, MiG-23, MiG-25, Su-15, Su-17).
FRONTAL FORCES:
NORTH CAUCASUS MD (HQ Rostov):
GROUND: 3 corps HQ, 3 MRD (1 trg) plus 1 arty div, 4 arty bde/regt, 2 Scud bde.
AIR: 5 trg div, 14 trg regt, (470: MiG-21*, MiG-23*, MiG-27*, Su-17*. Su-22*, Su-24*, Su-25*,800: L-29, L-39).
TRANS-CAUCASUS MD (HQ Tbilisi):
GROUND: 2 army, 1 corps HQ, 10 MRD (1 trg),1 ABD, 4 fortified area, plus 4 arty bde/regt, 4 Scud, 1 AB, 2 Spetsnaz bde, 1 attack hel regt.
AIR: 1 air army: 1 bbr div, 3 regt (90: Su-24), 1 ftr div, 2 regt (80: MiG-23, MiG-29), 1 FGA regt (30: Su-25), 2 recce regt (60:MiG-25, Su-17, Su-24).
TURKESTAN MD (HQ Tashkent):
GROUND: 1 corps HQ, 1 TD, 12 MRD, plus 2 arty bde/regt, 1 Scud, 2 Spetsnaz bde, 3 attack hel regt.
AIR: 1 air army: 1 ftr div, 3 regt (70: MiG-23), 2 FGA div, 5 regt (220: MiG-27, Su-24, Su-25), 1 recce regt (60: MiG-25, Su-17, Su-24).
EQUIPMENT: some 5,300 MBT, 3,000 AIFV, 4,700 arty/MRL/mor, 108 FROG/SS-21, 100 Scud, 190 attack hel, 1,080 cbt ac (excl PVO).
NAVY: (Caspian Flotilla) (HQ Baku): 4 frigates, 30 patrol and coastal combatants, 22 mine warfare, 19 amph, 10 spt.

CENTRAL STRATEGIC REGION (Russian Republic) (HQ Moscow): Moscow,
Volga-Urals MD; 8 div (3 TD, 3 MRD, 1 ABD, 1 rear area security div) plus arty trg div.
AIR DEFENCE (VPVO):
FIGHTER: Moscow PVO: 9 ftr regt, 1 trg regt (510 (incl 130 in store): MiG-23, MiG-25, MiG-31, Su-15, Su-27, Tu-128 (in store)).
ABM: 9 sites with Galosh, SH-11 mod Galosh, Gazelle.
SAM: 40 sites SA-10, 135 site SA-1/-2/-3/-5.
FRONTAL FORCES:
MOSCOW MD (HQ Moscow):
GROUND: 1 corps HQ, 3 TD (1 trg), 1 MRD, 1 ABD, 1 rear area security div, plus 1 arty trg div, 4 arty bde/regt, 2 Scud, 1 Spetsnaz bde, 1 attack hel regt.
AIR: 1 ftr div, 2 regt (85: MiG-29, Su-17, Su-22, Su-24, Su-25, Su-27), 1 ftr regt (30: MiG-23),

4 trg div/centre (405: MiG-21*, MiG-23*, MiG-25*, MiG-29*, Su-17*, Su-24*, Su-25*, Su-27*; 320 L-29, L-39).
VOLGA-URALS MD (HQ Kuybyshev):
GROUND: 2 MRD (1 trg) plus 1 trg Scud bde, 1 attack hel regt.
AIR: 1 trg regt (110 L-29), 2 attack hel trg regt (220 Mi-24).
EQUIPMENT: some 2,500 MBT; 2,000 AIFV, 1,200 arty/MRL/mor, 24 FROG/SS-21, 30 Scud, 490 attack hels (110 in store, 220 Air Force),

520 cbt ac (excl PVO).

FAR EASTERN STRATEGIC DIRECTION (TVD): (Russian Republic) (HQ Chita)
Transbaykal, Siberian, Far East MD, Force in Mongolia: 42 div (7 TD, 35 MRD), plus 3 MG/arty div, 4 arty div.
AIR DEFENCE
FIGHTER: 2 PVO air army, 5 div, 15 regt (470: MiG-23, MiG-25, MiG-31, Su-15).
SAM: 215 sites SA-2/-3/-5/-10.
FRONTAL FORCES:
SIBERIAN MD (HQ Novosibirsk): GROUND: 8 MRD, 2 arty div, 1 Spetsnaz bde.
TRANSBAYKAL MD (HQ Chita):
GROUND: 2 army HQ, 4 TD, 9 MRD, plus 1 MG/arty div, 1 arty div, 1 Spetsnaz bde, 2 attack hel regt.
AIR: 1 air army, 2 FGA div, 6 regt (160: MiG-27, Su-24), 1 ftr div, 2 regt (60: MiG-23), 1 recce regt (20: Su-24).
FAR EASTERN MD (HQ Khabarovsk):
GROUND: 4 army HQ, 3 TD, 18 MRD, plus 2 MG/arty div, 1 arty div, 1 AB, 3 Scud, 1 Spetsnaz bde, 8 attack hel regt.
AIR: 3 air army, 3 FGA div, 8 regt (280 MiG-27, Su-24, Su-25) 1 ftr div, 3 regt (130: MiG-23, MiG-29, Su-27),

2 recce regt (60: MiG-21, MiG-25, Su-24).
MONGOLIA (HQ Ulan Bator):
GROUND: (3,000): 1 army HQ.
EQUIPMENT: some 9,700 MBT; 9,500 arty/MRL/mor, 170 FROG/SS-21, 50 Scud, some 550 attack hel, 710 cbt ac (excl PVO)

(not including 16,400 MBT, 25,000 arty/MRL/mor moved into storage from West of Urals).

PACIFIC FLEET (Pacific and Indian Ocean) (HQ Vladivostok):
BASES: Vladivostok, Petropavlovsk, Magadan, Sovyetskaya Gavan; abroad: Cam Ranh Bay (Vietnam), Aden (South Yemen).
SUBMARINES: 98: strategic: 24 SSBN; tactical: 70: 18 SSGN, 22 SSN, 3 SSG, 27 SS; other roles: 4 SS.
PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS: 63: 2 carriers, 14 cruisers, 7 destroyers, 40 frigates.
OTHER SURFACE SHIPS: 65 patrol and coastal combatants, 102 mine warfare, 21 amph, some 230 spt and misc.
Regular deployments: To the Indian Ocean and South Yemen (Aden, Socotra, Persian Gulf):

average 0-1 submarines, 2-3 principal surface combatants, 1-3 mine warfare, 1 amph, 8-10 spt ships.
To Vietnam (Cam Ranh Bay) and the South China Sea: average 1 submarine, 1 principal surface combatant, 1 patrol, 2 mine warfare, 9-12 spt vessels.
NAVAL AIR (Pacific Fleet Air Force) (HQ Vladivostok): 240 cbt ac, 99 cbt hel.
BOMBERS: 80: 2 regt with 60 Tu-26, 1 with 20 Tu-16 Badger A/C/G.
FGA: 95: afloat: 50 Yak-38; (ashore): 1 regt with 35 Su-17, 10 Su-24.
ASW: AIRCRAFT 65: 15 Tu-142, 17 Il-38, 33 Be-12.

HELICOPTERS: 89: (afloat): 23 Ka-25, 38 Ka-27; (ashore): 28 Mi-14.
MR/EW: AIRCRAFT: 37: 2 An-12, 20 Tu-16, 15 Tu-95.

HELICOPTERS: 10 Ka-25.
MCM: 5 Mi-14 hel.
CBT ASLT HEL: 10 Ka-27.
COMMUNICATION: 5 Tu-142.
TANKERS: 10 Tu-16.
NAVAL INFANTRY: 1 div HQ, 3 inf, 1 tk and 1 arty regt:
COAST DEFENCE: 1 MRD.

FORCES ABROAD:
MONGOLIA: 3,000 (withdrawal complete by end 1992).
POLAND: naval base, Swinoujscie; 4 patrol and coastal combatants.
VIETNAM: (2,800); naval base (as above); 1 Tu-142, 8 Tu-16 MR ac; AA, SAM, electronic monitoring station.
OTHER: Afghanistan, some advisers; Algeria 700; Angola 1,000; Congo 75;

Cuba some 6,000 (1 bde (2,800), advisers (~1,100) plus some 2,100 SIGINT and other technicians);

India 500; Kampuchea 500; Laos 500; Libya 1,500; Mali 75; Mozambique 75; Nicaragua 100; Peru 50; Syria 1,800; Yemen 1,000;

Africa (remainder) 600.
UN AND PEACE-KEEPING:

IRAQ/KUWAIT (UNIKOM): 20 Observers.

MIDDLE EAST (UNTSO): Observers.

PARAMILITARY: 580,000.
KGB (Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti): 230,000 (70-75% conscripts: 6 167,000): 10 district HQ;

border tps (incl Maritime Border Guards, 23,000), Kremlin Guard; Special Guard.
EQUIPMENT:
30 T-80 MBT 2,200 ACV (incl BMP, BTR).
90 Arty (incl 2SI, 2S9, 2S12).
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS: About 221:
OFFSHORE PATROL: 26:

6 Krivak-III with 1 x Ka-27 hel, 1 100mm gun.

12 Grisha-II, 8 T-58.
COASTAL PATROL: 40:24 Pauk, 4 Svetlyak, 12 T-43.
INSHORE PATROL: About 155: 110 Stenka, 15 Muravey, 30 Zhuk, some SO-1.
RIVERINE MONITORS: About 135: 21 Yaz, 10 Piyavka, 8 Vosh, 96<.
SUPPORT AND MISCELLANEOUS: About 10: 8 icebreakers, some tugs.
MVD (Ministerstvo Vnutrennikh Del): 350,000: internal security tps;

1 div, op regt (30,000); special police regt (40,000); guards and escorts (some 140,000)
Equipment incl 1,200 APC, 20 D-30. 1 AB div resubordinated from army.

By law part of armed forces of USSR and operationally capable of rear area security tasks.

THE NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY

It has been a significant 12 months for NATO: the signing of the Conventional Armed Forces in Europe Treaty (CFE); the unification of Germany within the Atlantic Alliance; the reduction of the Soviet threat brought about by the collapse of the Warsaw Pact and the agreements to withdraw all Soviet armed forces from eastern Europe. As a result of these changes NATO has embarked on a review of its strategy, operational plans and deployment. NATO first signalled its intentions with the London Declaration of 6 July 1990 which stated that 'NATO will prepare a new Allied military strategy moving away from "forward defence" where appropriate, towards a reduced forward presence and modifying "flexible response" to reflect a reduced reliance on nuclear weapons' and 'a new NATO strategy making nuclear forces truly weapons of last resort'.

The initial euphoria induced by the end of the Cold War, however, has not yet resulted in a military reorganization in Western Europe. A number of new factors have complicated the scene: virtually all NATO members have embarked on reviews of their armed forces and their contribution to NATO; most are set on making significant force reductions, and treasuries are seeking an elusive, so-called 'peace dividend'. SHAPE has been developing its plans for a restructured NATO force but these have been stymied to some extent by the emerging controversy over the shape of European security and whether the EC should develop common foreign and defence policies, in addition to economic and political union. SHAPE is waiting to be informed about the final structure of national forces and member nations are waiting to know what NATO's plans are and what is expected of them. All this has been further complicated by the Gulf War and the re-emergence of possible 'out of area' (OOA) roles for multinational standby forces. If not deployed under NATO command, these forces could be 'double hatted' and earmarked for European-sponsored operations (possibly under WEU control) as well as for NATO or national roles.

In any event, the ratification of the CFE Treaty has been delayed because of apparent Soviet dissemblance (detailed on p. 30), and no progress has yet been made in tackling the outstanding CFE matters of limits on military manpower and aerial inspection. Work has not yet started on drafting a mandate for an arms-control treaty covering short-range nuclear weapons.

At the NATO Defence Planning Committee meeting on 28 and 29 May 1991 a general outline and some details of how NATO's Central Region would be structured were given, pending the outcome of NATO's strategy review planned for November 1991. There would be four types of forces: immediate reaction; rapid reaction; main defences; and augmentation. The immediate reaction force would be modelled on the ACE Mobile Force and would contain as many national contingents as possible so as to increase its political profile; in peacetime, units in the ACE Mobile Force are already committed to SACEUR and so theoretically can be deployed without lengthy political discussion. The rapid reaction force would be a multinational corps based on those elements of the 1st British Corps which will remain in Germany. It may comprise four divisions: a British armoured division of three brigades based in Germany; a British division based in the UK which would include the airborne brigade, two mechanized brigades and, when necessary, the commando brigade; a multinational air mobile division with brigades found by the UK, Germany and the Netherlands with a Belgian element; and a Southern Flank division, whose detailed composition has not yet been announced, probably commanded by an Italian. The Corps would be commanded by a British General. It would be available for operations throughout NATO and it is possible that some form of 'double hatting' may be introduced to allow the corps, or at any rate major elements of it, to be prepared for OOA operations riot under NATO command. All units in the Corps would be active though there will still be conscripts in most units other than the British. The main defence forces will be both active and reserve. In the NATO Central Region there will be five corps: two German, one US and two multinational but based around Belgian and Dutch forces. There will be two further Corps: a joint Danish-German Corps for the defence of the Baltic Approaches (Denmark and Schleswig Holstein), and one German Corps in eastern Germany which will have no armoured divisions but will comprise purely Home Defence Brigades and Regiments and which will not be declared to NATO until 1994. Augmentationforces would, as now, come from the US. At present no details are available regarding the restructuring of ground forces outside the Central Region, nor of naval and air forces, nor is it known whether the command organization will be changed.

Most NATO countries have announced substantial reductions to their armed forces, and there will be withdrawals of forces from Germany by all countries which have troops based there. The largest reductions will be made by Germany (which must reduce its combined ground and air force manpower to 370,000 as agreed under the terms of the 'Two Plus Four' agreement on German unification), and by the UK and France.

The next 12 months will be a busy time for NATO as national forces are restructured and multinational plans developed, approved and tested. Should CFE be ratified, there will also be a measure of equipment elimination for NATO but not on the same scale as for the Soviet Union and the former members of the Warsaw Pact (see pp. 229-34 for details). The policy of 'cascading', or 'harmonization' as it has come to be called, will be put into practice. This involves the transfer of more modern surplus equipments to countries armed with less modern versions, and the destruction of their original holdings of older weapons to keep within CFE limits. Finally, there will be verification measures, predominantly inspections both to be mounted and to be received. Most NATO countries have established verification units which provide both inspectors and the infrastructure for managing inspection on their territory.

Support for the Gulf War

Apart from the US, only two NATO members supplied both ground and air forces to the coalition facing Iraq: the UK and France (Italy and Canada committed air forces only). France was severely restricted in the size of force that it could deploy by the political decision not to send conscripts to the Middle East. Although the UK has all volunteer forces it also faced manpower problems as many units were understrength and others (particularly artillery) rely heavily on reservists to expand from peace to war establishment. Reservists would normally provide all the manpower needed to form battle casualty replacement units, and the Territorial Army (TA) provides the bulk of the medical and transport units which reinforce the British Army of the Rhine (BAOR) in wartime. Only medical reservists were recalled for service in the Gulf, some TA and reserves volunteered for a special engagement, and the Regular Army provided the remainder of the shortfall. The British armoured division which deployed to the Gulf with only two brigades plus logistic support took nearly half the manpower of BAOR (an eight brigade sized force). If NATO or a European defence organization is to form a rapid reaction force with OOA roles it must address these two manning problems: volunteer versus conscript forces; and reliance on reserve forces.

Most NATO countries deployed naval units east of Suez to take part in operations to enforce UN sanctions. A measure of co-ordination and co-operation amongst the European navies was instituted by the Western European Union (WEU). While all the navies played a role in enforcing the sanctions, only US and UK naval ships later took part in Operations Desert Storm and Desert Sabre. Other non-belligerent naval support was provided. Germany sent a force of mine countermeasure ships to the eastern Mediterranean (these then moved to the Gulf to take part in post-war mine clearing operations), and later sent an exercise group into the Mediterranean to allow other NATO units to move through the Suez Canal without reducing NATO's naval presence. Portugal played a role by contributing sealift. Both NATO's Standing Force Atlantic and Standing Force Channel were deployed on training to the Mediterranean. In January, the UK aircraft carrier Ark Royal also deployed to the Mediterranean.

NATO deployed a number of its AWACS aircraft to Turkey and, after a request by the Turkish government, the air component of NATO's ACE Mobile Force was also deployed. This was entirely a political gesture as the aircraft involved (Belgian Mirage 5, German AlphaJets and Italian F-104) were all close air support aircraft and were based at airfields out of range of the Turkish-Iraqi border. German air defence units with Roland and Hawk SAM were also deployed to Turkey, and the Netherlands provided two batteries of Patriot and one of Hawk SAM.

Troops from a number of NATO countries were deployed to northern Iraq following the crushing of the Kurdish and Shi'a insurrections in Iraq and the subsequent exodus of Kurds into the mountains in northern Iraq and over the borders into Turkey and Iran. The main group was based in Turkey and set up camps in 'safe havens' in north Iraq. Contingents were sent by the US, the UK, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and Spain (the first occasion this century that Spanish troops have served outside Spanish territory or colonies). German troops and helicopters also provided support in Iran. Plans are being developed to retain an allied force in south-east Turkey as a deterrent against renewed Iraqi persecution of the Kurds.

Nuclear Forces

France's SSBN force has been reduced by one: Le Redoutable was taken out of service in February 1991 and decommissioning will be completed in October 1991. Four SSBN remain operational, one (le Foudroyant) remains in long refit (completion due in early 1993) and LeTriomphant is still under construction and scheduled to be operational in 1994. France is in the process of reviewing the future of its nuclear triad, with a strong chance that only one delivery system (an IRBM or an air-launched stand-off missile) will be deployed alongside five rather than six SSBN. However, it has been decided that the S-3 SSM replacement will not be the mobile S-45 IRBM. The SSM component of France's 'prestrategic' nuclear forces is to be modernized, with a first Hades regiment replacing Pluton in the spring of 1992. A second regiment is planned, but it is doubtful whether a third will be deployed. Pluton, currently deployed in five regiments, will be gradually phased out. France has indicated its decision to sign the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. The UK's Vanguard-class SSBN construction continues on schedule with the third submarine being laid down in early 1991. There are frequent press reports of faults affecting the UK Polaris force which may comprise only one fully serviceable SSBN. A decision to replace free-fall nuclear bombs with a stand-off weapon has been delayed and must now be complicated by the uncertainty over the make-up of French nuclear forces. Following the withdrawal by the US of its nuclear warheads, Germany has destroyed all its 72 Pershing 1A SSM; it inherited some 20 SS-23 missiles from the NVA which are to be destroyed. There has been no progress towards instituting SNF treaty negotiations, but it is generally accepted that there is no longer a role for ground-launched nuclear weapons and that both SSM and artillery warheads should be withdrawn.

Conventional Forces

Belgium has announced plans to withdraw the majority of its forces from Germany, leaving only one brigade by 1995. Manpower is to be cut by 20% and conscription reduced to eight months in 1993. A number of Army units will be disbanded, up to one third of the Air Force's combat aircraft will be mothballed and the Navy will retire a total of 14 minesweepers (seven were decommissioned last year with only two replacements entering service) and further reduce operational readiness. During the year 12 more F-16s were delivered and placed 'in store'.

Canadian armed forces also face cuts due to the reduction in defence spending; the future of Canadian forces in Germany must be in question (1,400 men are already to be withdrawn in 1992). The Vice-Chief of Defence Staff has resigned in protest at future naval plans which he believes will reduce 'blue water' capability to an unacceptable level. The submarine replacement programme remains in limbo, and while the first Halifax-class frigate entered service early in 1991, the programme which is to provide 12 ships is much delayed.

Denmark has increased its tank strength by 110 Leopard 1A3/4 and has acquired 12 Fennec AS-550 helicopters. The Navy has commissioned the first of four Thetis-class PCO, with a second due before the end of 1991, and two more Flyvefisken-class PFC with a further two due before the end of the year. Six Soloven torpedo craft have been retired.

The French Army is in the process of a major reorganization with troop strength to be drawn down to 250,000 men. One army corps has been disbanded and its units resubordinated. One tank division is to be disbanded during 1991. The system for Territorial Defence has been radically altered, having now only three instead of six regions; the number of territorial defence units remains the same: seven brigades and 22 regiments. The Army has taken delivery of some 70 AMX-10RC recce vehicles, nine more MLRS, six more AS-332M and seven more SA-342M (HOT armed) helicopters. The Navy commissions a fifth Rubis-class SSN later this year and will have retired two Daphne-class submarines. Also retired are the cruiser Colbert and destroyer Du Chayla. The Air Force inventory totals are higher than The Military Balance has previously listed: 207 Mirage F-1 (as opposed to 166), 113 Mirage III (86), 156 Jaguar (111), 159 Alpha Jet (107). The length of compulsory military service is to be reduced from 12 to ten months in October 1991.

German armed forces face major problems as they: absorb former NVA units into the Bundeswehr (being drastically reduced from six active and five mobilization divisions to six Home Defence brigades in the eastern part of Germany); reallocate weapons and equipment to standardize unit holdings predominantly with western equipments, and begin the process of eliminating large numbers of CFE TLE and dispose of large quantities of material not covered by the Treaty and ammunition for which there is no further use in the Bundeswehr.Germany is committed by the 'Two Plus Four' treaty to reducing in the next three to four years the strength of the armed forces to 370,000, of whom no more than 345,000 can be in the Army and Air Force. It is planned to allocate the 370,000 posts as follows: 260,000 to the Army, 83,000 Air Force and 26,200 Navy. Large numbers of former NVA soldiers, including about 40,000 officers and senior NCOs, have already been retired. 17,000 officers and NCOs have been retained at present only on a two-year contract. West German officers were surprised on three counts when they took over command of the former NVA: the appalling living conditions of both officers and men; the very high state of readiness maintained by all units and, in contradiction to the first point, the high standard of maintenance of equipment; and the much larger than estimated stocks of ammunition. Bundeswehr officers now hold all command appointments in the Eastern Command. With the exception of BMP fighting vehicles and MiG-29 aircraft, all former NVA equipment is to be disposed of, The MilitaryBalance therefore lists them as 'in store'. The Army has brought 27 more MLRS and 20 more Roland SP SAM into service during the last year. The Navy has taken delivery of four more Hameln MCM vessels and the Air Force has much improved its air-defence capability, having added 34 more Roland and 48 Patriot SAM launchers to its inventory.

Fresh information has allowed a revision of Greek Army formations, the main change is that the parachute/commando units no longer form a division. Equipment holdings remain almost the same, and the Navy has retired one destroyer and one LSM.

There have been several organizational changes in the Italian Army. The Field Army has been reduced in size while Territorial Defence has been increased and the number of mobilizable brigades has been reduced. All motor brigades are now classified as mechanized. Tank holdings have dropped to 1,220 as the 300 M-47 held in store are now shown under US totals for CFE. The Air Force has formed a second AMX close air support squadron and aircraft holdings have increased from 15 to 52. The last three Minerva-class frigates have now been commissioned. The first two aircraft for the carrier Garibaldi, both training versions, have been delivered. The Netherlands forces have announced large-scale reductions: manpower is to be cut by 15% over the next five years and by 30% by the year 2000; conscription was reduced to 12 months in October 1990. The Army will move onto a new structure over the next few years. The number of divisions is being reduced by one, and the two remaining will have only two brigades each, each with two armoured and two mechanized infantry battalions (as opposed to three brigades of three battalions). The independent brigade remaining in Germany will contain one tank, one armoured infantry and two armoured reconnaissance battalions. Approval has been given to form an air-mobile brigade as part of the multinational air-mobile division; it will have 40 PAH-1 attack helicopters and 25 transport helicopters, all of which still have to be procured. It is planned to disband all five nuclear-capable artillery battalions by 1995. The Navy will commission a second Zeeleeuw-class submarine in the second half of 1991 and will retire one Dolfijn-class. The Karel Doorman, the first of a new class of eight frigates which is armed with Harpoon and carries a helicopter, has been commissioned. Dutch Marines are in the process of reorganizing into an operational group of three battalions, plus a logistics and a support battalion. The Air Force has seven more F-16 FGA and has formed a fourth squadron. All NF-5 aircraft have been disposed of, mainly by transfer to Greece and Turkey.

In the Norwegian armed forces CFE-declared tank holdings are higher at 211 because the NM-116 is classed as a battle tank. Holdings of NM-142 (M-113 mounting TOW) are now known to be about 100. The Navy has commissioned a third Ula-class submarine, placed the two Sleipner corvettes into reserve and has retired three Storm-class PFM. The Air Force has retired its Nike Hercules SAM and plans to form ten batteries of RB-70.

The Portuguese Navy has commissioned two Vasco Da Gama (MEKO 200) frigates which are armed with Harpoon and Sea Sparrow. No helicopters have yet been acquired for these ships, which reduces their effectiveness. Conscript service has been reduced from 18-20 months to 15-18 months.

The Spanish Air Force has been reorganized on a regional basis from its previous functional commands. There are four commands: Central, Eastern, Gibraltar Strait and Canary Islands. Army manpower has been reduced by some 19,000; the number of conscripts is reduced by over 43,000, but career and extended service numbers are up by 24,000. Aircraft holdings have risen by six EF-18 fighters. The Navy has commissioned two new Serviola offshore patrol vessels.

Turkish armed forces strength has dropped from 647,000 to 578,000 mainly from the Army. The Army has taken delivery of a further 70 Leopard MBT. The Air Force has now received all 60 NF-5 FGA from the Netherlands; and the first four of 40 F-4E FGA from the United States.

The United Kingdom originally announced its Options for Change plan for reducing the size of its armed forces and defence spending in July 1990. It was then set aside until after the Gulf War. More details have recently been released. Army strength is to be reduced by 44,000, the UK command system reorganized and British troops in Germany reduced to a Corps HQ, an armoured division and some corps troops. An order has been placed for two regiments' worth of Challenger 2 tanks and the full order for MLRS will be completed. Unit cuts will include 17 infantry battalions, eight armoured, and armoured recce regiments and six artillery regiments including that equipped with Lance SSM. There is less information on Naval plans available; replacements for the two LPD assault ships are planned, and an aviation support ship (for marine helicopter lift) will be procured. It has now been confirmed that the new class of nuclear-powered submarine, the SSN-20, will not be ordered, nor will tenders be accepted for the building of seven minehunters as the proposed purchase has been shelved. Tenders for three Type 23 frigates have been invited, but no date for placing firm orders has been set. The Air Force is to close two bases in Germany; of the remaining two, one will contain the four squadron Tornado force, the other two Harrier, and two helicopter squadrons. The sole Tornado reconnaissance squadron will be withdrawn to the UK. During the last year the British Army took delivery of 160 Warrior AIFV and equipped a fifth battalion with Warrior. An artillery regiment was equipped with MLRS and took part in Operation Desert Sabre, two more regiments are converting to MLRS and 22 MLRS launchers were delivered. A further 17 Lynx attack helicopters with TOW ATGW were delivered. During the year the Navy retired seven submarines (1 Valiant, 2 Churchill and 4 Oberon).

Defence Spending

Defence spending in 1990 (according to NATO definitions at 1985 prices and exchange rates, using OECD deflators) rose in five countries: France, Germany, Luxembourg, Norway and Turkey. It fell in the rest.

ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯ СЕВЕРОАТЛАНТИЧЕСКОГО ДОГОВОРА

Это были существенные 12 месяцев для НАТО: подписание договора об обычных вооруженных силах в Европе (ДОВСЕ), объединение Германии в рамках НАТО; сокращение советской угрозы, вызванные распадом Варшавского договора и соглашения о выводе всех советских войск из Восточной Европы. В результате этих изменений НАТО приступила к пересмотру своей стратегии, оперативных планов и развертывания. О своих намерениях НАТО впервые заявила в Лондонской декларации от 6 июля 1990 года, в которой говорилось, что "НАТО подготовит новую военную стратегию союзников, отходя от "передовой обороны", где это уместно, в сторону сокращения передового присутствия и изменения "гибкого ответа", чтобы отразить снижение зависимости от ядерного оружия " и "новую стратегию НАТО, делающую ядерные силы действительно оружием последней инстанции".

Однако первоначальная эйфория, вызванная окончанием Холодной войны, еще не привела к военной реорганизации в Западной Европе. Ситуация осложняется рядом новых факторов: практически все члены НАТО приступили к пересмотру своих вооруженных сил и их вклада в НАТО; большинство из них нацелено на значительное сокращение сил, а казначейства ищут неуловимый, так называемый "мирный дивиденд". SHAPE разрабатывает свои планы по реструктуризации сил НАТО, но они были в некоторой степени заблокированы возникающими противоречиями по поводу формы европейской безопасности и того, следует ли ЕС разрабатывать общую внешнюю и оборонную политику в дополнение к экономическому и политическому союзу. SHAPE ждет информации об окончательной структуре национальных сил, а страны-члены ждут, чтобы узнать, каковы планы НАТО и что от них ожидается. Все это было еще более осложнено войной в заливе и повторным появлением возможных ролей "вне зоны" (ООА) для многонациональных резервных сил. Если бы эти силы не были развернуты под командованием НАТО, они могли бы быть "двойными шляпами" и предназначаться для спонсируемых Европой операций (возможно, под контролем WEU), а также для НАТО или национальных ролей.

В любом случае ратификация ДОВСЕ была отложена из-за явного Советского притворства (подробно на стр. 30), и до сих пор не было достигнуто никакого прогресса в решении остающихся вопросов ДОВСЕ, касающихся ограничений на военную силу и воздушную инспекцию. Еще не начата работа по разработке мандата для Договора о контроле над вооружениями, охватывающего ядерное оружие малой дальности.

На заседании Комитета по оборонному планированию НАТО 28 и 29 мая 1991 года были представлены общий план и некоторые детали того, как будет структурирован Центральный регион НАТО, в ожидании результатов обзора стратегии НАТО, запланированного на ноябрь 1991 года. Было бы четыре типа сил: немедленного реагирования; быстрого реагирования; основной защиты; и увеличения. Силы немедленного реагирования будут созданы по образцу мобильных сил АСЕ и будут содержать как можно больше национальных контингентов, с тем чтобы повысить их политический статус; в мирное время подразделения мобильных сил АСЕ уже подчинены SACEUR и поэтому теоретически могут быть развернуты без длительных политических дискуссий. Силы быстрого реагирования будут представлять собой многонациональный корпус, основанный на тех элементах 1-го британского корпуса, которые останутся в Германии. Он может состоять из четырех дивизий: британской бронетанковой дивизии из трех бригад, базирующихся в Германии; британской дивизии, базирующейся в Великобритании, которая будет включать воздушно-десантную бригаду, две механизированные бригады и, при необходимости, бригаду коммандос; многонациональная воздушно-мобильная дивизия с бригадами, предоставленными Великобританией, Германией и Нидерландами с бельгийским элементом; и дивизия южного фланга, чей подробный состав еще не объявлен, вероятно, под командованием итальянца. Корпусом будет командовать британский генерал. Он будет доступен для операций по всей НАТО, и возможно, что будет введена какая-то форма "двойной шляпы", чтобы позволить корпусу или, по крайней мере, его основным элементам быть готовыми к операциям OOA под командованием НАТО. Все подразделения в корпусе будут активны, хотя в большинстве подразделений, кроме британских, все еще будут призывники. Основные силы обороны будут как активными, так и резервными. В Центральном регионе НАТО будет пять корпусов: два немецких, один американский и два многонациональных, но базирующихся вокруг бельгийских и голландских сил. Будет еще два корпуса: объединенный датско-германский корпус для обороны Балтийских подступов (Дания и Шлезвиг-Гольштейн) и один немецкий корпус в Восточной Германии, который не будет иметь бронетанковых дивизий, но будет состоять исключительно из бригад и полков внутренней обороны и который не будет объявлен НАТО до 1994 года. Увеличение сил будет, как и сейчас, исходить от США. В настоящее время нет никаких подробностей относительно реструктуризации сухопутных войск за пределами Центрального региона, а также военно-морских и военно-воздушных сил, и неизвестно, будет ли изменена организация командования.

Большинство стран НАТО объявили о существенном сокращении своих вооруженных сил, и все страны, имеющие там войска, будут выводить свои войска из Германии. Наибольшее сокращение будет произведено Германией (которая должна сократить свои объединенные наземные и воздушные силы до 370 000 человек, как это было согласовано в соответствии с условиями соглашения "два плюс четыре" об объединении Германии), а также Великобританией и Францией.

Следующие 12 месяцев будут напряженным временем для НАТО по мере реструктуризации национальных сил и разработки, утверждения и проверки многонациональных планов. Если ДОВСЕ будет ратифицирован, то будет также принята мера по ликвидации техники для НАТО, но не в таких масштабах, как для Советского Союза и бывших членов Варшавского договора (см. стр. 229-34 для деталей). Политика "каскадирования", или "гармонизации", как ее стали называть, будет реализована на практике. Это включает в себя передачу более современного избыточного оборудования странам, вооруженным менее современными версиями, и уничтожение их первоначальных запасов более старого оружия, чтобы не выходить за пределы ДОВСЕ. Наконец, будут приняты меры по проверке, главным образом инспекции, которые будут проводиться и приниматься. Большинство стран НАТО создали подразделения по проверке, которые обеспечивают как инспекторов, так и инфраструктуру для управления инспекциями на своей территории.

Поддержка войны в Персидском заливе

Помимо США, только два члена НАТО поставляли наземные и воздушные силы в коалицию, стоящую перед Ираком: Великобритания и Франция (Италия и Канада ввели только военно-воздушные силы). Франция была серьезно ограничена в численности сил, которые она могла развернуть, приняв политическое решение не отправлять призывников на Ближний Восток. Хотя у Великобритании все силы добровольческие, она также столкнулась с проблемами живой силы, поскольку многие подразделения были недостаточно сильны, а другие (особенно артиллерия) в значительной степени полагаются на резервистов для расширения от Мирного до военного учреждения. Резервисты обычно обеспечивали бы всю живую силу, необходимую для формирования подразделений по замене боевых потерь, а территориальная армия обеспечивает основную часть медицинских и транспортных подразделений, которые усиливают британскую Рейнскую армию (БРА) в военное время. Только медицинские резервисты были призваны для службы в заливе, некоторые резервы вызвались добровольцами для специального участия, а регулярная армия обеспечила оставшуюся часть дефицита. Британская бронетанковая дивизия, которая развернулась в заливе только с двумя бригадами плюс материально-техническое обеспечение, заняла почти половину живой силы у БРА (силы размером с восемь бригад). Если НАТО или Европейская оборонная организация должны сформировать силы быстрого реагирования с ролями ООА, они должны решить эти две проблемы укомплектования: добровольческие силы против призывных сил; и зависимость от резервных сил.

Большинство стран НАТО развернули военно-морские подразделения к востоку от Суэца для участия в операциях по обеспечению соблюдения санкций ООН. Меры по координации и сотрудничеству между европейскими военно-морскими силами были учреждены западноевропейским Союзом (WEU). В то время как все военно-морские силы играли роль в обеспечении соблюдения санкций, только американские и британские военно-морские корабли позже приняли участие в операциях Desert Storm и Desert Sabre. Была оказана и другая невоюющая военно-морская поддержка. Германия направила в Восточное Средиземноморье силы противоминных кораблей (они затем перешли в залив для участия в послевоенных операциях по разминированию), а затем направила в Средиземное море группу учений, чтобы позволить другим подразделениям НАТО перемещаться по Суэцкому каналу без сокращения военно-морского присутствия НАТО. Свою роль сыграла и Португалия, которая внесла свой вклад в этот процесс. Как постоянные силы НАТО на Атлантике, так и Постоянные Силы Канала были развернуты для обучения в Средиземном море. В январе британский авианосец Ark Royal также развернут в Средиземном море.

НАТО направила в Турцию ряд своих самолетов системы АВАКС, и по просьбе турецкого правительства был также развернут воздушный компонент мобильных сил НАТО ACE. Это был исключительно политический жест, поскольку задействованные самолеты (бельгийские Mirage 5, немецкие Alpha Jet и итальянский F-104) были близкими самолетами воздушной поддержки и базировались на аэродромах вне зоны действия турецко-иракской границы. Немецкие подразделения ПВО с ЗРК Roland и Hawk были также развернуты в Турции, а Нидерланды предоставили две батареи Patriot и одну из Hawk.

Войска из ряда стран НАТО были развернуты в северном Ираке после разгрома курдских и шиитских восстаний в Ираке и последующего исхода курдов в горы на севере Ирака и через границы в Турцию и Иран. Основная группа базировалась в Турции и разбила лагеря в "безопасных убежищах" на севере Ирака. Контингенты были отправлены США, Великобританией, Канадой, Францией, Германией, Италией, Люксембургом, Нидерландами и Испанией (первый случай в этом столетии, когда испанские войска служили за пределами испанской территории или колоний). Немецкие войска и вертолеты также оказывали поддержку в Иране. Разрабатываются планы сохранения союзнических сил на юго-востоке Турции в качестве сдерживающего фактора против возобновления иракских преследований курдов.

Ядерные силы

Французские силы ПЛАРБ были сокращены на одну единицу: Le Redoutable был выведена из эксплуатации в феврале 1991 года, а вывод из эксплуатации будет завершен в октябре 1991 года. Четыре ПЛАРБ остаются в эксплуатации, один (le Foudroyant) остается в длительном ремонте (завершение должно быть в начале 1993 года), а Le Triomphant все еще находится в стадии строительства и планируется ввести в эксплуатацию в 1994 году. Франция находится в процессе рассмотрения будущего своей ядерной триады, с большой вероятностью, что только одна система доставки (БРСД или воздушная ракета) будет развернута вместе с пятью, а не шестью ПЛАРБ. Однако было решено, что замена ракет S-3 SSM не будет мобильной БРСД S-45. Компонент БР "достратегических" ядерных сил Франции должен быть модернизирован, а первый полк Hades заменит Pluton весной 1992 года. Планируется второй полк, но вряд ли будет развернут третий. Pluton, в настоящее время развернутый в пяти полках, будет постепенно сворачиваться. Франция заявила о своем решении подписать договор о нераспространении ядерного оружия. Британское строительство ПЛАРБ типа Vanguard продолжается по графику с третьей подводной лодкой, заложенной в начале 1991 года. В прессе часто появляются сообщения о неисправностях, влияющих на британские силы Polaris, которые могут включать только одну полностью исправную ПЛАРБ. Решение о замене ядерных бомб свободного падения на дальнобойное оружие было отложено и теперь должно быть осложнено неопределенностью в отношении состава французских ядерных сил. После вывода американцами своих ядерных боеголовок Германия уничтожила все свои 72 БР Pershing 1A; она унаследовала около 20 ракет SS-23 от NVA, которые должны быть уничтожены. Не было достигнуто никакого прогресса в направлении проведения переговоров по договору об SNF, но общепризнано, что больше не существует роли ядерного оружия наземного базирования и что как РСЗО, так и артиллерийские боеголовки выведены.

Обычные вооруженные силы

Бельгия объявила о планах вывести большинство своих войск из Германии, оставив только одну бригаду в 1995 году. Личный состав должен быть сокращен на 20%, а призыв на военную службу сокращен до восьми месяцев в 1993 году. Ряд армейских подразделений будет расформирован, до трети боевых самолетов ВВС будут законсервированы, а военно-морской флот выведет в общей сложности 14 тральщиков (семь были выведены из эксплуатации в прошлом году, и только две замены поступили на вооружение) и еще больше снизит оперативную готовность. В течение года еще 12 F-16 были поставлены и поставлены "на хранение".

Канадские вооруженные силы также сталкиваются с сокращениями из-за сокращения расходов на оборону; будущее канадских сил в Германии должно быть под вопросом (1400 человек уже должны быть выведены в 1992 году). Заместитель начальника Штаба обороны подал в отставку в знак протеста против будущих военно-морских планов, которые, по его мнению, приведут к снижению потенциала "голубой воды" до неприемлемого уровня. Программа замены подводных лодок остается в подвешенном состоянии, и хотя первый фрегат типа Halifax поступил на вооружение в начале 1991 года, осуществление программы, предусматривающей поставку 12 кораблей, значительно задерживается.

Дания увеличила свою танковую мощь на 110 Leopard 1A3/4 и приобрела 12 вертолетов Fennec AS-550. Военно-Морской Флот ввел в эксплуатацию первый из четырех PCO типа Thetis, второй до конца 1991 года и еще два PFC типаа Flyvefisken и еще два до конца года. Шесть торпедных катеров Soloven были отправлены в отставку.

Французская армия находится в процессе крупной реорганизации с численностью войск, которая должна быть сокращена до 250 000 человек. Один армейский корпус был расформирован, а его подразделения вновь подчинены. Одна танковая дивизия будет расформирована в 1991 году. Система территориальной обороны была радикально изменена, имея теперь только три вместо шести областей; число подразделений территориальной обороны остается прежним: семь бригад и 22 полка. Армия приняла на вооружение около 70 разведывательных машин AMX-10RC, еще девять РСЗО, шесть вертолетов AS-332M и семь вертолетов SA-342M (с ПТУР HOT). Военно-Морской Флот заказывает пятую ПЛА типа Rubis в конце этого года и отправит в отставку две подводные лодки типа Daphne. Также в отставке находятся крейсер Colbert и эсминец Du Chayla. Общая численность ВВС выше, чем ранее перечисленный военный баланс: 207 Mirage F-1 (в отличие от 166), 113 Mirage III (86), 156 Jaguar (111), 159 Alpha Jet (107). В октябре 1991 года срок обязательной военной службы будет сокращен с 12 до 10 месяцев.

Немецкие вооруженные силы сталкиваются с серьезными проблемами, поскольку они: поглощают бывшие подразделения ННА в Бундесвер (будучи резко сокращены с шести активных и пяти мобилизационных дивизий до шести бригад внутренней обороны в восточной части Германии); перераспределяют оружие и оборудование для стандартизации подразделений, имеющих преимущественно западное оборудование, и начинают процесс ликвидации большого количества ДОВСЕ и избавляются от большого количества материалов, не охватываемых договором, и боеприпасов, для которых нет дальнейшего использования в Бундесвере. В соответствии с договором "два плюс четыре" Германия обязуется сократить в ближайшие три-четыре года численность Вооруженных сил до 370 000 человек, из которых не более 345 000 человек могут служить в армии и Военно-Воздушных Силах. 370 000 должностей планируется распределить следующим образом: 260 000 - для армии, 83 000 - для ВВС и 26 200 - для Военно-Морского Флота. Большое число бывших солдат ННА, в том числе около 40 000 офицеров и старших сержантов, уже вышли в отставку. В настоящее время 17 000 офицеров и сержантов удерживаются только по двухлетнему контракту. Западногерманские офицеры были удивлены по трем причинам, когда они прняли на себя командование бывшей ННА: ужасные условия жизни как офицеров, так и солдат; очень высокий уровень готовности, поддерживаемый всеми подразделениями, и, в противоречие с первым пунктом, высокий уровень обслуживания вооружения; и гораздо большие, чем предполагалось, запасы боеприпасов. Офицеры бундесвера теперь занимают все командные должности в Восточном командовании. За исключением боевых машин БМП и самолетов МиГ-29, все бывшее оборудование ННА подлежит утилизации, поэтому военный баланс перечисляет их как "в запасе". За последний год армия ввела в строй еще 27 РСЗО и 20 самоходных ЗРК Roland. Военно-морской флот принял еще четыре тральщика Hameln, а ВВС значительно улучшили свою способность к противовоздушной обороне, добавив в свой арсенал еще 34 пусковых установки Roland и 48 ЗРК Patriot.

Свежая информация позволила пересмотреть греческие армейские формирования, главное изменение заключается в том, что парашютно-десантные подразделения больше не образуют дивизии. Запасы техники остались практически прежними, а ВМФ отправил в отставку один эсминец и один LSM.

В итальянской армии произошло несколько организационных изменений. Полевая армия была сокращена в размерах, в то время как территориальная оборона была увеличена, а число мобилизуемых бригад было сокращено. Все моторизованные бригады теперь классифицируются как механизированные. Численность танков снизилась до 1,220, поскольку 300 M-47, хранящиеся в запасе, теперь показаны под американскими итогами для ДОВСЕ. ВВС сформировали вторую эскадрилью непосредственной воздушной поддержки AMX, а авиационные запасы увеличились с 15 до 52. В настоящее время введены в эксплуатацию три последних фрегата типа Minerva. Были поставлены первые два самолета для авианосца Garibaldi, оба учебных варианта. Нидерландские вооруженные силы объявили о крупномасштабных сокращениях: численность личного состава должна быть сокращена на 15% в течение следующих пяти лет и на 30% к 2000 году; призыв на военную службу был сокращен до 12 месяцев в октябре 1990 года. В ближайшие несколько лет армия перейдет на новую структуру. Число дивизий сокращается на одну, а две оставшиеся будут иметь только по две бригады, каждая с двумя танковыми и двумя мотострелковыми батальонами (в отличие от трех бригад из трех батальонов). Оставшаяся в Германии независимая бригада будет состоять из одного танкового, одного танкового пехотного и двух танковых разведывательных батальонов. Было одобрено создание аэромобильной бригады в составе многонациональной аэромобильной дивизии; она будет иметь 40 ударных вертолетов PAH-1 и 25 транспортных вертолетов, все из которых еще предстоит закупить. К 1995 году планируется расформировать все пять артиллерийских батальонов, обладающих ядерным потенциалом. Военно-Морской Флот введет в эксплуатацию вторую подводную лодку типа Zeeleeuw во второй половине 1991 года и выведет одну лодку типа Dolfijn. Karel Doorman, первый из нового класса из восьми фрегатов, который вооружен ПКР Harpoon и несет вертолет, был введен в эксплуатацию. Голландские морские пехотинцы находятся в процессе реорганизации в оперативную группу из трех батальонов, а также логистики и поддержки батальона. ВВС имеют еще семь ИБ F-16 и сформировали четвертую эскадрилью. Все самолеты NF-5 были утилизированы, в основном путем передачи в Грецию и Турцию.

В норвежских вооруженных силах ДОВСЕ - заявленные запасы танков выше на 211, потому что НМ-116 классифицируется как боевой танк. Численность НМ-142 (М-113 с TOW) в настоящее время, как известно, составляют около 100. Военно-Морской Флот ввел в эксплуатацию третью подводную лодку типа Ula, перевел в резерв два корвета Sleipner и удалил три РКА Storm. ВВС отправили в отставку ЗРК Nike Hercules и планируют сформировать десять батарей RB-70.

Португальский флот заказал два фрегата Vasco Da Gama (MEKO 200), которые вооружены Harpoon и Sea Sparrow. Вертолеты для этих кораблей пока не приобретены, что снижает их эффективность. Срочная служба была сокращена с 18-20 месяцев до 15-18 месяцев.

Испанские ВВС были реорганизованы на региональной основе из своих предыдущих функциональных командований. Есть четыре командования: Центральное, Восточное, Гибралтарского пролива и Канарских островов. Численность личного состава армии сократилась примерно на 19 000 человек; число призывников сократилось более чем на 43 000 человек, но число контрактников и сверхсрочников увеличилось на 24 000 человек. Авиационные силы выросли на шесть истребителей EF-18. Военно-Морской Флот ввел в эксплуатацию два новых морских патрульных судна Serviola.

Численность Вооруженных сил Турции сократилась с 647 000 до 578 000 человек в основном за счет армии. Армия приняла на вооружение еще 70 ОБТ Leopard. В настоящее время ВВС получили все 60 NF-5 FGA из Нидерландов; и первые четыре из 40 F-4E из Соединенных Штатов.

Соединенное Королевство первоначально объявило о своих вариантах плана изменений по сокращению численности своих вооруженных сил и расходов на оборону в июле 1990 года. Затем он был отложен до окончания войны в Персидском заливе. Более подробная информация была опубликована недавно. Численность армии должна быть сокращена на 44 000 человек, британская командная система реорганизована, а британские войска в Германии сокращены до штаб-квартиры корпуса, бронетанковой дивизии и некоторых корпусных войск. Был размещен заказ на два полка танков Challenger 2, и полный заказ на РСЗО будет завершен. Сокращение подразделений будет включать 17 пехотных батальонов, восемь бронетанковых и бронетанковых разведывательных полков и шесть артиллерийских полков, в том числе оснащенных БР Lance. Имеется меньше информации о военно-морских планах; планируется заменить два штурмовых корабля LPD, и будет закуплено судно авиационной поддержки (вертолетоносец). В настоящее время подтверждено, что новый класс атомных подводных лодок SS-N-20 не будет заказан, а также не будут приняты тендеры на строительство семи минных охотников, поскольку предлагаемая покупка была отложена. Были приглашены тендеры на три фрегата типа 23, но дата размещения твердых заказов не была установлена. Военно-воздушные силы должны закрыть две базы в Германии; из оставшихся двух, один будет содержать четыре эскадрильи Tornado, два других Harrier и две вертолетные эскадрильи. Единственная разведывательная эскадрилья Tornado будет выведена в Великобританию. В течение прошлого года британская армия приняла поставку 160 БМП Warrior и оснастила пятый батальон Warrior. Артиллерийский полк был оснащен РСЗО и принял участие в операции Desert Sabre, еще два полка переходят на РСЗО и были поставлены 22 пусковые установки РСЗО. Были поставлены еще 17 ударных вертолетов Lynx с ПТРК TOW. В течение года Военно-Морской Флот вывел семь подводных лодок (1 Valiant, 2 Churchill и 4 Oberon).

Расходы На Оборону

Расходы на оборону в 1990 году (согласно определениям НАТО по ценам и обменным курсам 1985 года с использованием дефляторов ОЭСР) выросли в пяти странах: Франции, Германии, Люксембурге, Норвегии и Турции. Они упали у остальных.

BELGIUM

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: 85,450 (3,050 women, 34,100 conscripts).
Terms of service: 10 months in Germany or 12 months in Belgium.
RESERVES: Total Reserve Status: 234,000. With service in past 3 years: ~146,400

(Army 147,400; Medical Service 34,400; Navy 11,500; Air Force 40,700).

ARMY: 62,700 (27,850 conscripts). Both figures incl Medical Service.

1 Corps HQ.

1 armd bde (2 tk, 2 mech inf, 1 SP arty bn, 1 ATK coy).

3 mech inf bde (each 1 tk, 2 mech inf, 1 SP arty bn, 1 ATK coy).

1 para-cdo regt (3 para-cdo bn, armd recce sqn, ATK coy, arty bty).

Recce Comd (2 recce, 1 tk bn).

1 indep tk bn.

3 SP arty bn.

1 SSM bn: 2 bty, each with 2 Lance.

4 AD bn: 2 HAWK; 2 Gepard AA.

4 engr bn (2 fd, 1 bridge, 1 eqpt).

3 lt avn sqn.
RESERVES: some on immediate recall status; 2 mech inf bde; 2 inf, 1 SP arty bn, cbt spt, log spt tp.

Territorial defence: 11 mot inf regt, 4 inf bn.
EQUIPMENT:
MBT: 334 Leopard 1, 25 M-41.
LIGHT TANKS: 133 Scorpion (CFEHACV).
RECCE: 153 Scimitar.
AIFV: 514 AIFV-B (CFE: 236)^a.
APC: 1,421 (CFE: 932)^a: incl 525 M-113 (CFE: 190), 266 Spartan (CFE: 198), 510 AMX-VCI (CFE: 424), 43 BDX, 77 M-75.
TOTAL ARTY: 376 (60 in store).
TOWED ARTY: 105mm: 21 M-101.
SP ARTY: 207: 105mm: 28 M-108; 155mm: 41 M-109A3, 127 M-109A2; 203mm: 11 M-110.
MORTARS: 107mm: 130 M-30 (incl some SP); 120mm: 18. Plus 81mm: 285.
SSM: 5 Lance launchers.
ATGW: 420 Milan (325 veh-mounted), 43 Striker AFV with Swingfire (in store).
ATK GUNS: 80 JPK-90mm SP (CFEHACV).
AD GUNS: 20mm: 36 HS-804, 100 M-167 Vulcan; 35mm: 54 Gepard SP.
SAM: 39 Improved HAWK.
AIRCRAFT: 10 BN-2A Islander.
HELICOPTERS: 51 SA-313/-318 (no attack hel).

NAVY: 4,550 (1,600 conscripts).
BASES: Ostend, Zeebrugge, Kallo (to close 31 Dec 1991).
FRIGATES: 4 Wielingen with 2 ASTT (FrL-5 LWT), 1x6 ASW mor, plus 4 MM-38 Exocet SSM, 1 100mm gun.
MINE WARFARE: 22 MCMV:

6 Van Haverbeke (US Aggressive MSO).

10 Aster (tripartite) MHC.

2 Stavelot (US Adjutant) MSC.

4 Herstal MSI.
SUPPORT AND MISCELLANEOUS: 3:
2 log spt/comd, 1 research/survey vessels.
HELICOPTERS: 3 SA-318.

AIR FORCE: 18,200(4,650 conscripts).
FGA: 4 sqn with F-16A/B.

1 sqn with Mirage 5 BA/BD.
FIGHTER: 2 sqn with F-16A/B.
RECCE: 1 sqn with Mirage 5BR.
TRANSPORT: 2 sqn: 1 with 12 C-130H; 1with 2 Boeing 727QC, 3 HS-748, 5 Merlin IIIA, 2 Falcon 20.
LIAISON: 1 sqn with CM-170.
TRAINING: 3 sqn: 2 with Alpha Jet; 1 with SF-260.
SAR: 1 sqn with Sea King Mk 48.
EQUIPMENT: 144 cbt ac (plus 41 in store), no armed hel.
AIRCRAFT:
Mirage: 36. 5BA: 18 (FGA); 5BR: 18 (recce); plus 29 in store (19-BA, 10-BD).
F-16: 108: A/B:72 (FGA), 36(ftr); plus 12 in store.
C-130: 12 (tpt).
Boeing 727: 2 (tpt). HS-748: 3 (tpt). CM-170: 18 (liaison). SF-260: 28 (trg). Alpha Jet: 31 (trg).
HELICOPTERS: Sea King: 5 (SAR).
MISSILES: AAM: AIM-9 Sidewinder.

FORCES ABROAD:
FRG: 22,800 (reducing); 1 corps HQ, 1 armd, 1 mech inf bde; COMRECCE; 3 arty, 1 SSM, 2 Gepard AA, 2 SAM, 3 engr bn,

200 MBT; 3 hel sqn.
UN AND PEACE-KEEPING:

MIDDLE EAST (UNTSO): 4 Observers.

PARAMILITARY:
GENDARMERIE 16,800; 62 FN, 80 BDX, 5 SA-313, 3 Puma hel.

FOREIGN FORCES:
NATO:
HQ NATO Brussels.
HQ SHAPE Mons.
US: 2,700.

^a CFE-countable AIFV/APC numbers in parentheses, remainder are non-countable 'look alikes'.

CANADA

Canadian Armed Forces are unified and are organized in functional commands. Mobile Command commands land combat forces, and Maritime Command all naval forces. Air Command commands all air forces, but Maritime Command has operational control of maritime air forces. Mobile Command has operational control of TAG. HQ 4 ATAF in Europe has operational control of 1 Canadian Air Division. This entry is set out in the traditional single service manner.

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: 86,600; 9,400 women; of the total strength some 10,400 are not identified by service.
RESERVES: Primary 29,200. Army (Militia) (incl comms) 24,000; Navy 3,600; Air 1,600. Supplementary 35,300.

ARMY (Land Forces): 35,800.

1 div HQ:

1 mech bde gp each with 1 armd regt, 2 mech inf bn, 1 arty, 1 engr regt.

3 inf bde gp, 2 with 1 armd regt, 3 mech inf bn, 1 arty, 1 engr regt. 1 with 1 armd regt, 1 inf bn, 1 AB, 1 arty, 1 engr regt.

1 AD regt (4 bty).
RESERVES: Militia: 18 armd, 18 arty, 52 inf, 11 engr, 20 spt bn level units, 11 med coy.

Canadian Rangers: Northern region: 750: 37 patrols (to increase). Newfoundland: 900.
EQUIPMENT:
MBT: 114 Leopard C-1 (CFE: 77).
RECCE: 174 Lynx, 195 Cougar.
APC: 1,405 (CFE: 277): 881 M-113 A2 (136 in store), 55 M-577, 269 Grizzly, 200 Bison.
TOWED ARTY: 255: 105mm: 12 Model 44 (L-5) pack, 189 C1 (M-101) (CFE: 4); 155mm: 54 M-114 (in store).
SP ARTY: 155mm: 76 M-109 (CFE: 26).
MORTARS: 81mm: 150.
ATGW: 150 TOW (incl 64 M-113 SP).
RCL: 84mm: 780 Carl Gustav.
AD GUNS: 35mm: 20 GDF-005; 40mm: 57 L40/60.
SAM: 14 ADATS, 111 Blowpipe, 14 Javelin.

NAVY (Maritime Forces): 17,400.
SUBMARINES: 3 Ojibwa (UK Oberon) SS with Mk 48 HWT; plus Harpoon US GW.
PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS: 19:
FRIGATES: 19:
FFH: 11:

1 Halifax with 1 CH-124A Sea King ASW (or 1 EH-101) hel (Mk 46 LWT), 2x2 ASTT; plus 2x4 Harpoon and 2x8 Sea Sparrow SAM

(probably not fully operational)

4 Iroquois (incl 2 in conversion refit to DDG) with 2 CH-124 Sea King ASW hel (Mk46 LWT), 2x3 ASTT, 1x3 ASW mor, plus 1 127mm gun.

2 Annapolis, 4 St Laurent with 1 Sea King hel, 2x3 ASTT, 1x3 ASW mor, plus 2 76mm gun.
FF: 8:

4 Improved Restigouche with 1x8 ASROC, 2x3 ASTT, 1x3 ASW mor.

4 Mackenzie with 2x3 ASTT, 2x3 ASW mor, plus 4 76mm gun.

Plus 1 FFH in store (harbour training).
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS: 12:

6 Fundy (ex MSC) PCC (trg).

5 Porte St Jean PCC, 1 PCI< (reserve trg).
MINE WARFARE: 2 Anticosti MSO (converted offshore spt vessels) (reserve trg).
SUPPORT AND MISCELLANEOUS: 7: 2 Protecteur AO with 3 Sea King, 1 Provider AO with 2 Sea King, 3 AGOR, 1 diving spt.
DEPLOYMENT AND BASES:
ATLANTIC: Halifax (HQ) (Maritime Commander is also COMCANLANT): 3 SS, 10 FFH, 1 FF, 2 AGOR.

2 MR sqn each with 7 CP-140, 3 ASW hel sqn with 32 CH-124 hel.
PACIFIC: Esquimau (HQ): 1 FFH, 7 FF, 1 AGOR, 6 PCC. 1 MR sqn with 4 CP-140.
RESERVES: 3,600 in 24 divisions: Patrol craft, MCM, Naval Control of Shipping, augmentation of regular units.

AIR FORCE: 23,000.
CANADIAN AIR DIVISION (Lahr AB, Germany):

2 sqn with CF-18; plus 1 NATO-assigned reinforcement sqn with CF-18 based in Canada.
FIGHTER GROUP:
FIGHTER: 5 sqn (1 trg) with CF-18.

1 sqn with CF-5.
EW: 1 trg sqn with CE-144 (CL-601), CT-133.
EARLY WARNING: Alternate NORAD Combat Operations Center at North Bay.

47 radar sites: 11 long-range, 36 short-range; Region Operational Control Centre (ROCC). 1 space tracking and identification site.
MARITIME AIR GROUP:
MR: 6 sqn:

4 (1 trg) with CP-140 (P-3 mod);

2 (1 with twinned reserve sqn) with CP-121.
ASW: 3 hel sqn (1 trg) with CH-124, some afloat.
LIAISON: 2 utility sqn with T-33, CP-121 ac; CH-135 (Bell 212) hel.
TACTICAL AIR GROUP (TAG):
HELICOPTERS: 11 sqn: 5 with CH-135, CH-136; 2 with CH-47; 4 reserve sqn with CH-136.
AIR TRANSPORT GROUP:
TRANSPORT: 6 sqn:

4 (1 trg) with CC-130E/H Hercules.

1 with CC-137 (Boeing 707).

1 with CC-109, CC-144.
SAR: 4 tpt/SAR sqn (1 with twinned reserve sqn) with CC-115, CC-130, CC-138 ac; CH-113/-113A hel.
LIAISON: 3 base hel fit with CH-118, CH-135.
TRAINING: (reports direct to HQ Air Comd).

3 flying schools with CF-116, CT-133, CT-134, CT-114, CC/CT-142 ac; CH-139 hel.

1 demonstration sqn with CT-114.
EQUIPMENT: 203 cbt ac (plus 60 in store); 131 armed hel.
AIRCRAFT:

CF-18: 127-A: 88;-B: 39.

CF-5: 58 -A: 26; -D:32 (plus -A:55, -D:5 in store).

CP-140: 18 (MR).

CC-130E/H: 32 (tpt).

CC-137: 5 (1 tpt, 4 tkr/tpt).

CC-109: 7 (tpt). CC/E-144: 16 (7 EW trg, 1 trials, 4 VIP, 4 tpt). CC-138: 8 (SAR/tpt). CC-115: 14 (SAR/tpt).

CT-133: 60 (36 trg, 24 liaison). CT-114: 108 (trg). CT-134: 20 (trg). CC/T-142: 8 (2 tpt, 6 trg).
HELICOPTERS:

CH-124: 32 (ASW, afloat); plus 3 in store.

CH-135: 44 (37 tac, 7 SAR/liaison). CH-136: 64 (62 tac, 2 test/trg). CH-113: 14 (SAR/tpt).

CH-118: 9 (liaison). CH-139: 13 (liaison).

FORCES ABROAD:
GERMANY: 1 mech bde gp (4,400) (assigned to CENTAG); 77 Leopard 1 MBT, 32 M-109 155mm SP how, 48 TOW ATGW,

1 attack hel sqn with 12 CH-136.

1 air div: (2,600). 2 FGA sqn with 45 CF-18, 4 CT-133 liaison ac.
NORWAY: prepositioned TLE: 6 arty, 14 ACV.
UN AND PEACE-KEEPING:

AFGHANISTAN (OSGAP): 1 Observer.

ANGOLA (UNAVEM II): Observers.

CENTRAL AMERICA (ONUCA): 1 hel unit (124), 45 Observers.

CYPRUS (UNFICYP): 572: 1 inf bn.

EGYPT (MFO): 136.

IRAQ/KUWAIT (UNIKOM): 300 engrs, 1 Observer.

SYRIA/ISRAEL (UNDOF): 240 (log).

OTHER MIDDLE EAST (UNTSO): 22.

PARAMILITARY:
COAST GUARD: 5,700 (civilian-manned); some 89 vessels including: 1 heavy icebreaker/cable ship, 7 heavy, 6 medium and 5 light icebreakers;

14 large SAR cutters/tenders; plus 2 DHC-7R ac, 37 hel, 5 hovercraft.

DENMARK

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: 29,400 (10,300 conscripts, 1,000 women).
Terms of service: 9-12 months (up to 27 months in certain ranks).
RESERVES: 72,700: Army 54,000; Navy 5,900; Air Force 12,800.

Home Guard (Hjemmevaernet) (volunteers to age 50): Army 55,000; Naval 5,000; Air Force 10,000.

ARMY: some 17,900 (9,100 conscripts):
Covering Force (peacetime units requiring some reinforcement to be combat ready and mob of some reserve units):

2 geographical comd, 1 div HQ.

5 mech inf bde, each with 1 tk, 2 mech (incl 1 Reserve), 1 arty bn, spt units.

3 inf bde(-).

2 recce bn.

1 avn unit, some 8 pi.

Regional Defence (cadre basis until mob):

7 Regional HQ.

5 regt cbt teams (each 2-3 inf bn, 1 arty bn, 1 tk coy).

1 inf bn (UN).
EQUIPMENT:
MBT: 499: 230 Leopard 1A3, 216 Centurion, 53 M-41DK-1.
APC: 595 M-113 (CFE: 316).
TOTAL ARTY: 553.
TOWED ARTY: 317: 105mm: 184 M-101; 155mm: 24 M-59, 97 M-114/39; 203mm: 12 M-115.
SP ARTY: 155mm: 76 M-109.
MORTARS: 120mm: 160. Plus 81mm: 388 (incl 55 M-106).
ATGW: 140 TOW (incl 56 SP).
RCL: 84mm: 1,117 Carl Gustav, 106mm: 150.
AD GUNS: 40mm: 36 L/60.
SAM: Hamlet (Redeye).
AIRCRAFT: 8 SAAB T-17.
HELICOPTERS: 14 Hughes 500M, 12 AS-550C2.

NAVY: 5,000 (600 conscripts).
BASES: Copenhagen, Korsor, Frederikshavn.
SUBMARINES: 4:
2 Tumleren (mod No Kobben) SSC with Sw FFV Type 61 HWT.
2 Narhvalen, SSC with FFV Type 61 and 41 HWT
FRIGATES: 3:
3 Niels Juel with 2x4 Harpoon SSM.
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS: 37:
MISSILE CRAFT: 10 Willemoes PFM with 2x4 Harpoon.
PATROL 27:
OFFSHORE: 5: 1 Beskytteren, 3 Hvidbjernen, 1 Thetis PCO all with 1 Lynx hel.
COASTAL 7: 4 Flyvefisken (Stanflex 300) PFC. 3 Agdlek PCC.
INSHORE: 15:3 Daphne, 2 Magen, 9 Barso, 1<.
MINE WARFARE: 9:
MINELAYERS: 6: 4 Falster (400 mines), 2 Lindormen (50 mines).
MCMV: 3 Alssund (US MSC-128) MSC.
SUPPORT AND MISCELLANEOUS: 7. 2 AOT(small), 4 icebreakers (civilian-manned), 1 Royal Yacht.
HELICOPTERS: 8 Lynx (up to 4 embarked).
COAST DEFENCE: 2 coastal fortresses; 150mm guns; 40mm AA guns. Coastal radar.
RESERVES (Home Guard): 37 inshore patrol craft.

AIR FORCE: 6,500 (600 conscripts).
TACTICAL AIR COMMAND:
FGA/FIGHTER: 5 sqn: 4 with F-16A/B; 1 with F-35 Draken.
FGA/RECCE: 1 sqn with RF-35 Draken.
TRANSPORT: 1 sqn with C-130H, Gulfstream III, SAAB T-17.
SAR: 1 sqn with S-61A hel.
TRAINING: 1 flying school with T-17.
AIR DEFENCE GROUP:
AD: 2 SAM bn: 8 bty with Improved HAWK.
CONTROL/REPORTING GROUP: 5 radar stations.
EQUIPMENT: 106 cbt ac, no armed hel.
AIRCRAFT:

F-16A/B: 63 (FGA/ftr).

F-35: 43. 16 (FGA/ftr); RF-35: 18* (FGA/recce);

TF-35: 9*(trg).

C-130H: 3 (tpt). Gulfstream III: 3 (tpt). SAAB T-17: 29 (6 liaison, 23 trg).
HELICOPTERS: S-61: 8 (SAR).
MISSILES:

ASM: AGM-12 Bullpup.

AAM: AIM-9 Sidewinder.

SAM: 36 Improved HAWK.

FORCES ABROAD:
UN AND PEACE-KEEPING:

AFGHANISTAN (OSGAP): 1 Observer.

CYPRUS (UNFICYP): 1 bn: 350.

INDIA/PAKISTAN (UNMOGIP): 6 Observers.

IRAQ/KUWAIT (UNIKOM): 7 Observers, 25 spt personnel.

MIDDLE EAST(UNTSO): 11 Observers.

FOREIGN FORCES:
NATO: HQ Allied Forces Baltic Approaches (BALTAP).

FRANCE

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: some 453,100 (13,000 women, 228,800 conscripts) incl 5,700 Central Staff, 8,500 (2,200 conscripts)

Service de sante, 400 Service des essences not listed below.
Terms of service: 12 months (can be voluntarily extended to 16-24 months).
RESERVES: Earmarked for mob: 419,000; Army 325,000, Navy 24,000, Air 70,000.

Potential: 1,314,500; Army 915,000, Navy 220,000, Air 179,500.

STRATEGIC NUCLEAR FORCES: (18,700; some 2,800 Army, 5,000 Navy, 10,200 Air Force, 700 Gendarmerie).
NAVY: 64 SLBM in 4 SSBN.
SSBN: 4:

1 L'Inflexible with 16 M-4/TN-70 or -71; plus SM-39 Exocet USGW.

3 modernized Le Redoubtable with 16 M-4; plus SM-39.

Not included: 2 Le Redoubtable with 16 M-20/TN-60 msl 1 (S-611) trials pending withdrawal from service Oct 1991,

1 (S-610) in long refit and conversion to M-4).
BOMBERS: 2 sqn with 12 Mirage IVP (ASMP: Air-Sol, Moyenne-Portee nuclear ASM), plus 13 in store.
TRAINING: 8 Mirage IIIB, 5 Mirage IV, 1 Mystere-Falcon 20P, 2 Alpha Jet.
TANKERS: 1 wing: 3 sqn with 11 C-135FR.
COMMUNICATIONS: 4 C-160 ASTARTE airborne comms centres.
RECCE: 2 Mirage IVA.

AIR FORCE:
IRBM: 18 SSBS S-3D/TN-61 msl in 2 sqn. (Test centre: 4 silos.)

'PRESTRATEGIC NUCLEAR FORCES:(8,450).
ARMY (6,100): 40 Pluton SSM launchers.
NAVY (150): 40 Super Etendard strike ac (to get ASMP nuc ASM); plus 24 in store.
AIR (2,200): 2 wing, 5 sqn: 2 with 30 Jaguar (AN-52 bombs); 3 with 45 Mirage 2000N (with ASMP).
Eqpt also listed with Service sections.

ARMY: 280,300, (6,000 women, 173,500 conscripts).
Note: regiments are normally of bn size.
1 army (continental ops).

2 corps (1 with 3 armd, 1 mot inf div, 1 with 2 armed, 1 mot inf div).
Summary div combat units:

14 armd regt, 2 armd recce regt

10 mech inf regt, 9 mot inf regt

9 arty regt, 6 ATK sqn.
Army/corps units: 3 armd recce, 1 special ops, 1 para, 1 inf, 5 arty, 5 SSM with Pluton (each of 3 bty, 2 launchers each),

5 Roland SAM (each of 4 bty), 3 HAWK SAM regt (incl 1 trg), 3 cbt hel (each 10 SA-330, 16 SA-341/-342 ATK, 10 SA-341 gunships),

6 engr regt, 1 EW.
Rapid Action Force (FAR: 48,000).

1 para div: 6 para inf, 1 armd cavalry, 1 arty.

1 air portable marine div: 3 inf, 2 lt armd, 1 arty, 2 engr coy.

1 lt armd div: 2 armd cavalry, 2 APC inf, 1 arty, 1 engr regt.

1 mtn div: 6 mtn inf, 1 lt armd, 1 arty regt; 1 engr bn. *

1 air-mobile div: 1 inf regt, 3 cbt, 1 comd, 1 spt hel regt. (Total 241 hel: 84 SA-330, 90 SA-342/HOT, 67 SA-341 (30 gun, 27 recce, 10 liaison).)

1 Franco/German bde (Fr units incl 1 lt armd, 1 mech inf regt; 1 recce sqn).
Foreign Legion (8,500): 1 armd, 1 para, 6 inf, 1 engr regt.
12 Marine inf regt (overseas).
RESERVES:

2 lt armd div (based on Inf and Armd schools): each 2 tk, 2 inf, 1 arty regt.

1 territorial div (Rhine) (active: 1 engr regt, reserve: 5 engr, 1 AD regt, 3 inf bn).

Individual reinforcements for 1st Army and FAR (101,000).

3 Defence Zone, 1 indep region; 5 defence district; 7 regional defence bde (each 2 inf, 1 armd regt: AML-90, Milan, 120mm mor),

22 combined arms regt.

1 inf div (def of Strategic Nuclear Forces); 6 frontier inf regt.
EQUIPMENT:
MBT: 1,349 AMX-30 (549 -B2) (CFE 1,343).
LIGHT TANKS: 143 AMX-13 (CFE HACV).
RECCE: 313 AMX-10RC (CFE HACV), 192 ERC-90F4 Sagaie (CFE HACV), 588 AML-60/-90 (perhaps 300 in store), 55 VBL M-11.
AIFV: 817 AMX-1 OP/PC.
APC: 174 AMX-13 VTT, 3,500 VAB (CFE: 2,692).
TOTAL ARTY: 1,403.
TOWED ARTY: 399: 105mm: 149 HM-2 (CFE: 130), 155mm: 206 BF-50 (40 in store), some 44 TR-F-1.
SP ARTY: 371: 155mm: 253 AU-F-1, 118 F-3 (94 in store).
MRL: 227mm: 11 MLRS.
MORTARS: 120mm: 366 RT-F1, 256 M-51 (CFE: 606).
SSM: 40 Pluton launchers.
ATGW: 1,396 Milan, HOT (incl 135 VAB SP).
RL: 89mm: 11,456; 112mm: APILAS.
AD GUNS: 1,268: 20mm: 105 53T1, 775 53T2; 30mm: 362 towed, 26 AMX-13 DCA twin SP.
SAM: 345: 69 HAWK, 181 Roland I/II, 95 Mistral.
HELICOPTERS 704: 22 AS-532M, 141 SA-313/-318, 64 SA-316/-319, 133 SA-330, 157 SA-341F/M (24 with HOT, 67 gun-armed, 66 utility),

187 SA-342M (157 with HOT, 30 utility).
AIRCRAFT: 3 L-19 . 5 MH-1521, 2 Reims-Cessna 406.

NAVY: 65,300 incl 11,000 Naval Air, 2,600 Marines (1,800 women; 19,100 conscripts).
COMMANDS: 1 strategic sub (ALFOST), 2 home (CECLANT, CECMED), 2 overseas: Indian Ocean (ALINDIEN), Pacific Ocean (ALPACI).
BASES: France: Cherbourg, Brest (HQ), Lorient, Toulon (HQ).

Overseas: Papeete (HQ) (Tahiti); La Reunion; Noumea (New Caledonia); Fort de France (Martinique).
SUBMARINES: n .
STRATEGIC SUBMARINES: 4 SSBN (see p. 55).
TACTICAL SUBMARINES: 13:
SSN: 4 Rubis ASW/ASUW with F-17 HWT, SM-39 Exocet USGW.
SS: 9:

4 Agosta with F-17 HWT; plus Exocet USGW.

5 Daphne, with E-15 HWT; (plus 3 in store).
PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS: 41.
CARRIERS: 2:

2 Clemenceau CVS, (33,300t) capacity 40 ac (typically 2 fit with 16 Super Etendard, 1 with 6 Alize; 1 det with 2 Etendard IVP,

2 Super Frelon, 2 Dauphin hel, 1 Alouette hel).
CRUISERS: 1:

1 Jeanne d'Arc CCH (trg/ASW) with 6 MM-38 Exocet SSM, 4 100mm guns, capacity 8 x Lynx hel.
DESTROYERS: 4 DDG:

2 Cassard with 1 Standard SM-1MR; plus 8 MM-40 Exocet, 1 100mm gun, 2 ASTT, 1 SA-365 hel (ASW/OTHT).

2 Suffren with 1x2 Masurca SAM; plus 1 Malafon SUGW, 4 ASTT, 4 MM-38 Exocet, 2 100mm guns.
FRIGATES: 34:

7 Georges Leygues with 2 Lynx hel (Mk46 LWT), 2 ASTT; plus 5 with 8 MM-40, 2 with 4 MM-38 Exocet, all with 1x 100mm gun.

3 Tourville with 2 Lynx hel, 1 Malafon SUGW, 2 ASTT; plus 6 MM-38 Exocet, 2 100mm guns.

1 Duperre with 1 Lynx hel, 2 ASTT; plus 4 MM-38, 1 100mm gun.

1 Aconit with Malafon, 2 ASTT; plus 4 MM-38 Exocet, 2 100mm guns.

5 Commandant Riviere with 2x3 ASTT, 1x12 ASW mor; plus 4 with 4 MM-38 Exocet, all with 2 100mm guns.

17 D'Estienne d'Orves with 4 ASTT, 1x6 ASW mor, plus 3 with 2 MM-38, 6 with 4 MM-40 Exocet, all with 1 100mm gun.
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS: 24:
PATROL OFFSHORE: 1 Albatros PCO (Public Service Force)
COASTAL: 21:

10 L'Audacieuse.

1 Iris.

6 Leopard PCC (trg).

1 Sterne, 1 Grebe PCC (Public Service Force).
INSHORE: 2 Athos PCI.
MINE WARFARE: 23:
MINELAYERS: Nil, but submarines and Thetis (trials ship) have capability.
MINE COUNTERMEASURES: 22:

10 Eridan tripartite MHC.

5 Circe MHC.

3 Ouistreham (US Aggressive) MSO.

4 Vulcain MCM diver spt.
AMPHIBIOUS: 9:

1 Foudre LPD, capacity 450 tps, 30 tk, 4 Super Puma hel, 2 CDIC LCT or 10 LCM.

2 Ouragan LPD: capacity 350 tps, 25 tk, 2 Super Frelon hel.

1 Bougainville LSD: capacity 500 tps, 6 tk, 2 AS-332 hel: (assigned to spt DIRCEN nuclear test centre South Pacific).

5 Champlain LSM (BATRAL): capacity 140 tps, 7 tk.
Plus craft: 8 LCT, 26 LCM.
SUPPORT AND MISCELLANEOUS: 33:
UNDERWAY SUPPORT: 5: 5 Durance AO.
MAINTENANCE/LOGISTIC: 17: 2 AOT (small), 1 Jules Verne with 2 SA-319 hel, 5 Rhin maint/spt, 3 tpt, 6 tugs (4 civil charter).
SPECIAL PURPOSES: 5: 2 msl trials, 1 sonar trials, 1 mine warfare trials, 1 underwater trials.
SURVEY/RESEARCH: 6: 5 AGHS, 1 AGOR
MISSILES:

ASM: AS-12/-20/-30, Martel AS-37, Exocet AM-39.

AAM: R-530, R-550 Magic, AIM-9 Sidewinder.

NAVAL AIR FORCE: (400). 156 cbt ac; 52 armed hel.
NUCLEAR STRIKE: 3 fit with Super Etendard (AN-52 nuclear weapons).
FIGHTER: 1 fit with F-8E (FN) Crusader, undergoing SLEP.
ASW: 2 fit with Alize.
MR: 6 fit, 4 with Atlantic, 2 with Gardian.
RECCE: 1 fit with Etendard IVP.
OCU: Etendard IVM; Alize; Ziphir.
TRAINING: 5 units with N-262 Frigate, Piper Navajo, EMB-121 Xingu, MS-760 Paris, Falcon 10MER, Rallye 880.
MISCELLANEOUS: 3 comms/liaison units (1 VIP) with Falcon 10MER, Alize, N-262, Xingu, Navajo.

1 trial unit with N-2504.

2 lt ac units with 12 Rallye 880, 6 CAP-10.
ASW: 3 sqn with Lynx.
COMMANDO: 2 aslt sqn with SA-321.
TRAINING: SE-3130, SA-316.
MISCELLANEOUS: 2 comms/SAR units with SE-3130, SA-316, 1 trials unit with SE-3130, SA-319, Lynx SA-321.
EQUIPMENT: 105 cbt ac (plus 51 in store); 48 armed hel.
AIRCRAFT:

Super Etendard: 38 (strike); plus 21 in store. Total of 48 to be mod for ASMP.

Etendard: 18. IVP: 8 (recce); IVM: 10 (trg). Plus 7 in store.

Crusader: 8 (ftr) plus 11 in store. 17 of these undergoing SLEP.

Alize: 27 (19 ASW, 8 trg).

Atlantic: 24 (MR), plus 12 in store.

At/antique: NG: 3 (MR).

Gardian: 5 (MR).

Zephyr: 16 (trg). Nord 262: 15 (12 trg, 3 misc).

Navajo: 12 (2 trg, 10 misc). Xingu: 16 (11 trg, 5 misc). Rallye 880: 16 (4 trg, 12 misc). CAP-10: 8 (misc).

MS-760: 8 (trg). Falcon 10MER: 6 (4 trg, 2 misc).
HELICOPTERS:

Lynx: 36 (ASW).

SA-321: 16(12 ASW, 4 aslt spt).

SA-313: 12 (4 trg, 8 misc).

SA-316/-319: 32 (10 trg, 22 misc).

MARINES: (2,600) (Fusiliers-Marins).
COMMANDO UNITS: (600).

4 Assault gp.

1 Attack Swimmer unit.

1 HQ section.
NAVAL BASE PROTECTION: (2,000).

PUBLIC SERVICE FORCE: Naval personnel, performing general coast guard, fishery, SAR and traffic surveillance duties;

1 Sterne, 1 Grebe, 1 Mercure PCC, 1 Albatros PCO, 3 N-262 ac, 3 SA-360 hel (ships included in naval patrol and coastal totals).

Command exercised through 'Maritime Prefectures': No.1 at Cherbourg, No.2 at Brest, No.3 at Toulon.

AIR FORCE: 92,900 (5,500 women, 34,000 conscripts), incl strategic and prestrategic forces.
AIR DEFENCE COMMAND (CAFDA):
FIGHTER: 4 wing, 11 sqn: 6 with Mirage F-1C; 5 with Mirage 2000C.
TRAINING: 4 fit with CM-170,
CONTROL automatic STRIDA II, 10 radar stations, 1 wing with 4 E3F.
SAM: 12 sqn (1 trg) with 24 Crotale bty (48 fire, 24 radar units).
AA GUNS: 300 bty (20mm).
TACTICAL AIR FORCE (FATAC): 6 wing, 2 sqn.
FGA: 9 sqn:

3 sqn with Mirage IIIE;

2 sqn with Mirage III/Mirage VF;

4 sqn with Jaguar A.
RECCE: 1 wing, 3 sqn with Mirage F-1CR.
TRAINING: 1 OCU sqn with Jaguar A/E;

1 OCU sqn with F1 C/B,

1 OCU sqn with Mirage 2000/BC.

(Attached to Air Transport Command - see below):
EW: 2 sqn: 1 with C-160 ELINT/ESM ac, AS-330 hel; 1 with DC-8 ELINT.
HELICOPTERS: 1 sqn with SE-3130, SA-316.
AIR TRANSPORT COMMAND (COTAM):
TRANSPORT: 19 sqn:

1 hy with DC-8F;

5 tac with C-160/-160NG/C-130H;

13 lt tpt/trg/SAR with C-160, DH-6, EMB-121, Falcon 20, Falcon 50, Falcon 900, MS-760, N-262.
TRAINING: 1 OCU with N-262, C-160.
HELICOPTERS: 5 sqn with AS-332, AS-355, SA-313/-316/-319, SA-365.
TRAINING: 1 OCU with SA-313/-316, SA-330.
TRAINING COMMAND (CEAA): (5,000).
TRAINING: Alpha Jet, CAP-10B/-20, CM-170, EMB-121.TB-3O.
EQUIPMENT: 845 cbt ac, no armed hel.
AIRCRAFT:

Mirage: 530: F-1B: 19 (OCU); F-1C: 135 (ftr); F-1CR: 53 (recce); IIIE: 83 (FGA); IIIB/BE: 30* (trg); -5F: 39 (FGA);

IVA: 2 (recce); IVP: 18 (bbr); -2000B/C: 97 (74 -C, 23 -B); -2000N: 54.

Jaguar: 156: -A: 121 (strike, FGA, trg);-E: 35* (trg).

Alpha Jet: 159* (trg).

DC-8: 4.

C-130: 12. -H: 3 (tpt); -H-30: 9 (tpt).

C-135F/FR: 11 (tkr).

C-160: 76 (2 Gabriel ELINT/ESM, 4 ASTARTE comms, 40 tac tpt, 8 OCU, 22 -NG tac tpt).

N-262: 24 (21 lt tpt, 2 trg, 1 trials).

C-212: 5 (Fit Test Centre spt).

Falcon: 21: -20: 15 (8 tpt, 7 misc), -50: 4 (tpt), -900: 2 (tpt). MS-760: 41 (misc). DHC-6: 10 (tpt).

EMB-121: 25 (4 tpt, 21 trg). TB-30: 148 (trg): CAP-10B/230: 55 (trg).
HELICOPTERS:

SA-313: 31 (incl 9 OCU) (Alouette II).

SA-319: 38 (Alouette III).

SA-330: 28 (25 tpt, 3 OCU) (Puma).

AS-332: 6 (tpt) (Super Puma).

SA-365: 1 (tpt) (Dauphin).

AS-350: 7 (Ecureuil).

AS-355: 24 (tpt) (Fennec).
MISSILES:

ASM: AS-30/-30L, Martel AS-37.

AAM: R-530, Super 530F/D, R-550 Magic I/II, AIM-9 Sidewinder.

DEPLOYMENT:
NAVY:

Atlantic Fleet: (HQ, Brest): 4 SSBN, 7 SS, 1 CCH, 2 DDG, 12 FF, 9 MCM, 4 amph.

Channel Flotilla: (HQ, Cherbourg): 3 FF, 5 MCMV.

Mediterranean Fleet: (HQ, Toulon): 4 SSN, 2 SS, 2 CV, 2 DDG, 10 FF, 4 MCMV.

FORCES ABROAD:
GERMANY: 43,700; 1 corps HQ, 2 armd div (CFE: 530 MBT, 920 ACV, 190 arty, 120 ATGW).

Berlin: (2,700); 1 armd regt, 1 inf regt.
ANTILLES-GUYANA (HQ Cayenne): 8,800; 3 marine inf, 1 Foreign Legion regt, 4 ships (incl 1 amph), 1 Atlantic ac (Dakar, Senegal),

1 air tpt unit (C-160 ac, SA-330, SA-316/-319, AS-350 hel).
INDIAN OCEAN (Mayotte, La Reunion): 3,300; incl 1 marine inf regt, 1 spt bn, 1 Foreign Legion coy, 1 air tpt unit (C-160 ac, SA-319 hel).

NAVY: Indian Ocean Squadron, Comd ALINDIEN (HQ afloat): (900); 4 FF, 4 patrol combatants, 1 amph, 3 spt (1 comd), 1 Atlantic ac.
NEW CALEDONIA (HQ Noumea): 3,800; 1 marine inf regt, 1 spt bn, 2 inf coy, 1 air tpt unit,

1 ALAT det (C-160, 1 Gardian MR ac, SA-319, SA-330 hel). Gendarmerie (1,100).
POLYNESIA (HQ Papeete): 5,400 (incl Centre d'Experimentations du Pacifique); 1 marine, 1 Foreign Legion regt,

1 air tpt unit (SE-210, Gardian ac; AS-332, SA-319 hel), Gendarmerie.
PACIFIC NAVAL SQUADRON (comd, ALPACI, HQ Papeete) (900); 4 FF, 4 patrol and coastal, 3 amph, 5 Gardian MR ac.
CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC: 1,200:

GARRISON: 1 bn gp incl 1 motor coy; 1 pi AML armd cars (6); spt coy with O-1E lt ac, 120mm mor, Milan ATGW.

FROM FRANCE: 1 AML armd car sqn and 1 tp, 2 inf coy, 1* arty bty (105mm), 1 avn det (3 med tpt hel); air elm with cbt and tpt ac and hel;
CHAD: 1,100; 3 inf coy; AA arty units; cbt and tpt ac and hel.
COTE D'IVOIRE: 500; 1 marine inf regt; 1 AS-350 hel.
DJIBOUTI: 4,000; 2 marine inf, 1 Foreign Legion regt; 1 ALAT det (5 med tpt hel); 1 sqn with 10 Mirage F-1C, 1C-160 ac, 2 SA-316,1 SA-319 hel.
GABON: 800; 1 marine inf regt; Jaguar, 1 C-160, Atlantic ac, 1 SA-319 hel.
SENEGAL: 1,200; 1 marine inf regt; Atlantic MR ac; 1 air tpt unit (C-160 tpt ac; SA-316/-319 hel).
UN AND PEACE-KEEPING:

EGYPT (MFO): 20; incl 2 DHC-6, 1 C-160 tpt ac.

IRAQ/KUWAIT (UNIKOM): 20 Observers.

LEBANON (UNIFIL): 500; 1 log bn.

MIDDLE EAST (UNTSO): 25 Observers.

PARA MILITARY:
GENDARMERIE: 89,300 (1,400 women, 10,600 conscripts, 967 civilians); incl: Territorial (53,900); Mobile (17,300); Schools (5,800);

Special Duties (5,100); Overseas (2,500); Maritime (1,200); Air (1,100); Reserves (130,000).
EQUIPMENT: 121 AML, 28 VBC-90 armd cars; 33 AMX-VTT, 155 VBRG-170 APC; 288 81mm mor,

15 PCI; 6 Cessna 206C ac; 3 SE-3130, 3 SA-316, 9 SA-319, 29 AS-350 hel.

GERMANY

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: 476,300 (203,000 conscripts; 5,000 active Reserve trg posts, all Services, and 7,500 inter-service staff, not listed below).
Terms of service: 12 months.
RESERVES: 1,009,400 (men to age 45, officers/NCO to 60): Army 857,000, Navy 28,000, Air 124,400.

ARMY: 335,000 (163,300 conscripts).
FIELD ARMY: (219,000) 3 Corps, 12 div.

I Corps (NORTHAG): 3 armd, 1 armd inf div.

II Corps (CENTAG): 1 armd, 1 armd inf, 1 AB, 1 mtn div.

III Corps (CENTAG): 2 armd, 1 armd inf div.
1 armd inf div (LANDJUT).
(Armd div with 2 armd and 1 armd inf bde;

armd inf div with 2 armd inf and 1 armd bde;

mtn div with 1 armd, 1 armd inf and 1 mtn bde;

all with 1 armd recce bn, 1 arty regt (1 bn each: 18 FH-70, 18 203mm, 16 110mm MRL), 1 AD regt (with 35mm Gepard), 1 avn sqn;

AB div with 3 AB bde.)
Corps Tps: 4 SSM bn each with 6 Lance, 3 AD comd (each 1 regt with 36 Roland).
1 Roland SAM bn.
1 AD arty bn with Gepard 35mm.
3 avn comd each 1 lt (48 UH-1D), 1 med tpt (32 CH-539), 1 ATGW hel (56 Bo-105 HOT) regt.
TERRITORIAL ARMY (cadre: 64,600 in peacetime);
Command Structure: 3 Territorial Comd (linked with NATO and) 5 Military Districts, 28 Military Regions, 76 Sub-regions:

Units (eqpt holding only unless stated).

10 Home Defence bde, 5 with 2 armd, 2 armd inf, 1 arty bn plus full log spt (at 50-60% in peacetime) (two assigned to field army div).

5 with 1 armd, 2 armd inf, 1 arty bn.

1 German/French bde (Ge units incl 1 mech inf, 1 arty bn; 1 SP ATK coy).

15 Home Defence regt with 3 mot inf bn, 18 120mm mor.

150 Home Defence coy, 300 Security pi.
EASTERN COMMAND (51,400):

2 Military Districts, 14 Military Regions, 45 Sub-Regions.

6 Home Defence bde; 3 inf, 4 arty bn.
EQUIPMENT:
MBT: 7,000: 648 M-48A2G (Territorial bn), 2,054 Leopard 1A1 (1,258 to be upgraded to A5), 2,024 Leopard 2, 1,725 T-54/-55, 549 T-72M.
LIGHT TANKS: 143 PT-76 (CFE: HACV).
RECCE: 410 SPz-2 Luchs, 56 TPz-1 Fuchs (NBC), 84 Wiesel, 1,262 BRDM-1/-2.
AIFV: 3,254: 2,104 Marder A1/A2 (to upgrade to A3), 1,150 BMP-1/-2.
APC: 10,327 (CFE 4,208): 889 TPz-1 Fuchs (CFE 344), 2,276 M-113 (CFE 537), 2,115 BTR-40 (CFE 1,073), 293 BTR-50 (CFE 123),

2,165 (CFE 1,402) BTR-60, 1,175 BTR-70, 685 BTR-152, 729 MT-LB.
TOTAL ARTY: 4,579.
TOWED ARTY: 1,486: 105mm: 39 M-56, 192 M-101; 122mm: 335 D-30, 397 M-1938 (M-30); 130mm: 175 M-46;

152mm: 137 D-20; 155mm: 211 FH-70.
SP ARTY: 1,263: 122mm: 374 2S1; 152mm: 95 2S3; 155mm: 573 M-109A3G; 203mm: 221 M-110A2.
MRL: 556: 110mm: 204 LARS; 122mm: 260 Cz RM-70, 59 BM-21, 227mm: 33 MLRS.
MORTARS: 1,274: 120mm: 490 Brandt, 499 Tampella on M-113, 210 M-120, 75 2B11.
SSM: 26 Lance launchers (incl 2 in store).
ATGW: 1,975 Milan, 205 TOW, 316 RJPz-(HOT) Jaguar 1, 162 RJPz-(TOW) SP, AT-3 Sagger (incl BRDM-2SP), AT-4 Spigot, AT-5 Spandrel.
RCL: 106mm: 99 (in store).
ATK GUNS: 85mm: 64 D-48; 90mm: 121 JPz-4-5 SP (CFE HACV); 100mm: 267 T-12.
AD GUNS: 3,072: 20mm: 1,766 Rh 202 towed; 23mm: 295 ZU-23, 131 ZSU-23-4 SP; 35mm: 432 Gepard SP; 40mm: 204 L/70; 57mm: 244 S-60.
SAM: 658 Fliegerfaust 1 (Redeye), SA-7, 226 SA-4/-6/-8/-9. 163 Roland SP.
HELICOPTERS: 207 PAH-1 (Bo-105 with HOT), 186 UH-1D, 109 CH-53G, 97 Bo-105M, 138 SA-313, 10 SA-318,

8 Mi-2, 28 Mi-8 (T/TB), 49 Mi-24.
MARINE:(River Engineers): 36 LCM, 12 PCI (river)<.

NAVY: 37,600 (5,200 Eastern Command) incl naval air, 8,900 conscripts.
BASES: Glucksburg (Maritime HQ) and three main bases: Wilhelmshaven, Kiel and Warnemiinde.

Other bases with limited support facilities: Baltic: Eckernforde, Flensburg, Olpenitz, Neustadt, Rostock (Eastern Command HQ), Peenemunde.

North Sea: Borkum, Bremerhaven, Emden.
SUBMARINES: 24:

18 Type 206/206A SSC with Seeaal DM2 533mm HWT (8 conversions to T-206A complete).

6 Type 205 SSC with DM3 HWT.
PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS: 14.
DESTROYERS: 6:
DDG: 3 Lutjens (mod US Adams) with 1 SM-1 MR SAM/Harpoon SSM launcher, 2 127mm guns; plus 1x 8 ASROC (Mk46 LWT), 2x3 ASTT.
DD: 3 Hamburg (ASUW) with 2x2 MM-38 Exocet, 4 533mm TT (SUT), 3 100mm guns.
FRIGATES: 8:

8 Bremen with 2 Lynx hel (ASW/OTHT), 2x2 ASTT; plus 2x4 Harpoon.

Plus 4 Butzow (Parchim I) with 2x12 ASW RL, 4 ASTT ex-GDR but not to be incorporated into Ge Navy.
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS: 45:
CORVETTES: 5 Thetis (ASW) with 1x4 ASW RL, 4 533mm TT.
MISSILE CRAFT: 40:

10 Albatros (Type 143) PFM with 2x2 Exocet, and 2 533mm TT.

10 Gepard (T-143A) with 2x2 Exocet.

20 Tiger (Type 148) P F M with 2x2 Exocet.
MINE WARFARE: 54:
MINELAYERS: 2 Sachsenwald (600+ mines).
MINE COUNTERMEASURES: 52:

10 Hameln (T-343) comb ML/MCC.

6 Lindau Troika MSC control and guidance, each with 3 unmanned sweep craft.

11 converted Lindau (T-331) MHC.

5 Schutze (T-340/-341) comb ML/MSC.

18 Ariadne/Frauenlob MSI.

2 MCM diver spt ships.

Plus 5 Kondor II MSC ex-GDR but not to be incorporated into Ge Navy.

AMPHIBIOUS: Craft only: some 20 LCU.
SUPPORT AND MISCELLANEOUS: 48:
UNDERWAY SUPPORT: 4: 2 Spessart, 2 Eifel AO.
MAINTENANCE/LOGISTIC: 32: 2 AR, 4 Rhein SS/MCMV spt, 6 small (2,000t) AOT (incl 1 ex-GDR), 8 Liineburg log spt, 2 AE, 8 tugs,

2 icebreakers (civil).

Plus 5 log spt ex-GDR to be deactivated by Dec 1991.
SPECIAL PURPOSE: 9: 3 AGI, 2 trials, 3 multi-purpose (T-748), 1 trg.
RESEARCH AND SURVEY: 3: 1 AGOR, 2 AGHS (civil-manned for Ministry of Transport).

NAVAL AIR ARM:

4 wings, 9 sqn:

2 wings with Tornado.

1 MR/ASW wing with Atlantic, Lynx.

1 SAR/liaison wing with Do-28, Sea King.
FGA: 3 sqn with Tornado.
FGA/RECCE: 1 sqn with Tornado.
MR/ELINT: 2 sqn with Atlantic.
LIAISON: 1 sqn with Do-28/D228.
ASW: 1 sqn with Sea Lynx Mk88 hel.
SAR: 1 sqn with Sea King Mk41 hel.
EQUIPMENT: 118 cbt ac, 19 armed hel.
AIRCRAFT:
Tornado: 104 (72 FGA, 24 FGA/recce, 8* trg) plus 5 in store.

Atlantic: 19 (14 MR, 5 ELINT).

Do-28: 18(16 SAR, liaison; 2 environmental protection).

Do-228: LM: 1 (environmental monitoring).
HELICOPTERS:

Sea Lynx Mk 88; 19 (ASW).

Sea King Mk 41: 22 (SAR).
MISSILES:

ASM: AS-12/-20/-30, Kormoran, Sea Eagle.

AAM: AIM-9 Sidewinder.

AIR FORCE: 103,700(12,200 Eastern Command) (30,800 conscripts).
TACTICAL COMMAND (GAFTAC).

5 air div: 2 tac, 2 AD, 1 mixed Eastern Division (note, no op use of ex-GDR ac, except perhaps MiG-29).
FGA: 11 wings, 21 sqn:

5 wings with Tornado.

2 with F-4F.

4 with Alpha Jet.
FIGHTER: 2 wings with F-4F.
RECCE: 2 wings with RF-4E.
EW: 1 trg sqn with HFB-320 Hansa Jet.
SAM: 4 wings (each 6 sqn) Patriot, being deployed; 9 wings (each 4 sqn) HAWK; 12 sqn Roland being deployed, 2 wings (each 2 sqn) SA-5.
RADAR: 2 tac Air Control Commands: 10 sites; 3 remote radars. 4 sites; 10 remote radars in Eastern division.
AAM: Sidewinder.
ASM: AS-20.
TRANSPORT COMMAND (GAFTC).
TRANSPORT: 3 wings: 4 sqn with Transall C-160, incl 1 (OCU) with C-160, Do-28.

1 special air mission wing with Boeing 707-320C, VFW-614, CL-601, Do-28 ac; UH-1D hel (VIP).
HELICOPTERS: 1 wing: 3 sqn; plus 1 det with UH-1D (liaison/SAR).
EASTERN DIVISION: 1 special mission sqn with Il-62, Tu-134, Tu-154, L-410S, Mi-83, 1 tpt sqn with An-26, 1 tpt/SAR sqn with Mi-8T/mil.
TRAINING COMMAND:
FGA: 1 det (Cottesmore, UK) with Tornado;
1 OCU (Beja, Portugal) with Alpha Jet.
FIGHTER: OCU (George AFB, Alabama) with F-4E.
TRAINING: NATO joint pilot trg (Sheppard AFB, Texas) with T-37B, T-38A; primary trg sqn with P-149D.
LIAISON: base fit with Do-28D.
EQUIPMENT: 638 cbt ac (44 trg (overseas)); plus 336 for disposal, no attack hel.
AIRCRAFT:

F-4: 231. -F: 152 (FGA, ftr); -E: 7 (OCU, in US);

RF-4E: 72* (recce).

Tornado: 223 (161 FGA, 19* ECR, 24* OCU, 19* in tri-national trg sqn, (in UK)).

MiG-29: 20 (ftr), -UB: 4 (trg).

Alpha Jet: 164 (146 FGA, 18* wpn trg (in Portugal)).

Transall C-160: 84 (tpt, trg).

Boeing 707: 4 (VIP). CL-601: 7 (VIP). Do-28-D2: 60 (6 VIP, 54 tpt/liaison). Do-228: 1 (tpt).

HFB-320: 7 (tpt). II-62: 2 (tpt). L-410-S: 4 (VIP). T-37B: 35. T-38A: 41. Tu-134: 3 (tpt).

Tu-154: 2 (tpt). VFW-614: 3 (VIP).
HELICOPTERS:

UH-1D: 109 (105 SAR, tpt, liaison; 4 VIP).

Mi-8: 20 (SAR tpt). Mi-8S: 6 (VIP).

Mi-2: 25 (civil rescue).
MISSILES:

ASM: AS-20, AGM-65 Maverick.

AAM: AIM-9 Sidewinder.

SAM: 216 HAWK launchers; 68 Roland launchers. 48 Patriot launchers, 24 SA-5 launchers.
AIRCRAFT OF FORMER GDR AIR FORCE:
FIGHTER: MiG-21: 251; MiG-23: 58; Su-22: 27; (all TLE will be disposed/sold in accordance with CFE).
TRANSPORT: Tu-134: 3; Tu-154: 24; Il-62: 3; An-26: 12; L-410S: 4 (further op use is under consideration), L-39: 52; An-2: 1, (no op use intended).
HELICOPTERS: Mi-2: 24 (in use for civilian rescue); Mi-8: 52 (further op use is still under consideration).
DEPLOYMENT:
NAVY: 1 DDG, 1 FF, 1 AO in Mediterranean on 3-month roulement with some gaps (about 50% cover).

PARAMILITARY:
FEDERAL BORDER GUARD (Ministry of Interior): 25,600; 5 cmd (constitutionally has no combat status).

Eqpt: MOWAG SW-1/-2 APC; 2 P-149D, 1 Do-27 ac; Bo-105M, 32 Alouette II, 13 UH-1D, 10 Bell 212, 22 Puma hel.
COAST GUARD: 550; 1 inshore tug, 8 PCI.

FOREIGN FORCES:
NATO:

HQ Northern Army Gp (NORTHAG).

HQ Central Army Gp (CENTAG).

HQ Allied Air Forces Central Europe.

HQ Allied Land Forces Jutland and Schleswig-Holstein (LANDJUT).

HQ Allied Command Europe Mobile Force (AMF).

HQ 2 Allied Tactical Air Force (2 ATAF).

HQ 4 Allied Tactical Air Force (4 ATAF).

BELGIUM: 22,800; 1 corps HQ, 1 div HQ; 1 armd, 1 mech inf bde (NORTHAG).

CANADA: 7,000; 1 mech bde gp. 1 tac hel sqn. 1 air div with 2 FGA sqn (CENTAG/4 ATAF).

FRANCE: 43,700; 1 corps HQ, 2 armd div. Berlin: (2,700), 1 armd, 1 inf regt.

NETHERLANDS: 5,700; 1 armd bde (NORTHAG)

UNITED KINGDOM: 63,400; 1 corps HQ, 3 armd div, 13 ac sqn (NORTHAG/2 ATAF). Berlin: (2,800), 1 inf bde.

US: 222,500. 1 army HQ, 2 corps HQ; 2 armd, 2 mech div; 1 armd. 1 air force HQ; 2 air div (CENTAG/4 ATAF). Berlin: (4,300), 1 inf bde.
USSR: 338,000. Army: 1 Gp, 5 Army HQ, 7 TD, 6 MRD. Air: 1 Air Army HQ; 8 FGA, 9 ftr regt.

GREECE

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: 158,500 (125,800 conscripts, 4,200 women).
Terms of service: Army up to 19, Navy up to 23, Air Force up to 21 months.
RESERVES: some 406,000 (to age 50).

Army some 350,000 (Field Army 230,000, Territorial Army/National Guard 120,000); Navy about 24,000; Air about 32,000.

ARMY: 113,000 (100.000 conscripts, 2,200 women).
FIELD ARMY (82,000): 3 Military Regions.

1 Army, 4 corps HQ.

2 div HQ (1 armd, 1 mech).

9 inf div (3 inf, 1 arty regt, 1 armd bn) 2 Cat A, 3 Cat B, 4 Cat C.

5 indep armd bde (each 2 armd, 1 mech inf, 1 SP arty bn) Cat A.

2 indep mech bde (2 mech, 1 armd, 1 SP arty bn), Cat A.

1 marine bde (3 inf, 1 lt arty bn, 1 armd sqn) Cat A.

1 cdo, 1 raider regt.

4 recce bn.

10 fd arty bn.

6 AD arty bn.

2 SAM bn with Improved HAWK.

2 army avn bn.

1 indep avn coy.
Units are manned at 3 different levels: Cat A 85% fully ready; Cat B 60% ready in 24 hours; Cat C 20% ready in 48 hours.
TERRITORIAL DEFENCE: (31,000):

Higher Mil Comd of Interior and Islands HQ.

4 Mil Comd HQ (incl Athens).

1 inf div.

1 para regt.

8 fd arty bn.

4 AD arty bn.

1 army avn bn.
RESERVES (National Guard): 34,000. Role: internal security.
EQUIPMENT:
MBT: 1,879 (154 in store) (CFE: 1,725): 396 M-47, 1,220 M-48 (299, 110 A2, 212 A3, 599 A5), 154 AMX-30, 109 Leopard 1A3.
LIGHT TANKS: 198 M-24 (CFE: HACV).
RECCE: 48 M-8.
AIFV: 96 AMX-10P (CFE).
APC: 1,995 (517 in store) (CFE: 1,478): 110 Leonidas, 114 M-2, 403 M-3 half-track, 372 M-59, 996 M-113.
TOTAL ARTY: 1,908.
TOWED ARTY: 875: 105mm: 18 M-56, 469 M-101; 140mm: 32 5.5-in; 155mm: 271 M-114; 203mm: 85 M-115.
SP ARTY: 299: 105mm: 76 M-52; 155mm: 48 M-44A1, 51 M-109A1, 84 M-109A2; 175mm: 12 M-107; 203mm: 28 M-110A2.
MORTARS: 107mm: 602 M-30, 132 M-106 SP. Plus 81mm: 690.
ATGW: 394: Milan, TOW (incl 36 SP).
RCL: 90mm: 1,057 EM-67; 106mm: 763 M-40A1.
AD GUNS: 20mm: 101 Rh-202 twin; 30mm: 24 Artemis 30 twin; 40mm: 227 M-1, 95 M-42A twin SP.
SAM: 42 Improved HAWK, Redeye.
AIRCRAFT: 3 Aero Commander, 2 Super King Air, 20 U-17A.
HELICOPTERS: 8 CH-47C, 77 UH-H/AB-205, 1 UH-1N/AB-21Q, 11 OH-58/AB-206, 14 OH-13HS.

NAVY: 19,500 (11,400 conscripts, 900 women);
BASES: Salamis, Patras, Soudha Bay.
SUBMARINES: 10.

8 Glavkos (Ge T-209/1100) with 533mm TT.

2 Katsonis (US Guppy) with 533mm TT.
PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS: 18.
DESTROYERS: 11:

7 Themistocles (US Gearing) (ASW) with 1x8 ASROC, 2x3 ASTT, 1 with AB-212 hel; plus 3x2 127mm guns, 4 with 2x4 Harpoon SSM.

1 Miaoulis (US Sumner) with AB-212 hel, 2x3 ASTT; plus 3x2 127mm guns.

3 Aspis (US Fletcher) with 2x3 ASTT; plus 5 533mm TT, 4 127mm guns.
FRIGATES: 7:

2 Elli (Nl Kortenaer) with 2 AB-212 hel, 2x3 ASTT; plus 2x4 Harpoon

4 Aetos (US Cannon) with 2x3 ASTT.

1 Aegeon (Ge Rhein AD) with 2x3 ASTT, 2 100mm gun.
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS: 36:
MISSILE CRAFT: 16:

14 Laskos (Fr Combattante) PFM, 8 with 4 MM-38 Exocet, 6 with 6 Penguin 2 SSM, all with 2 533mm TT.

2 Stamou with 4 SS-12 SSM.
TORPEDO CRAFT: 10:

6 Hesperos (Ge Jaguar) PFT with 4 533mm TT.

4 No 'Nasty' PFT< with 4 533mm TT.
PATROL 10:

COASTAL 2 Armatolos (Dk Osprey) PCC.

INSHORE: 8: 2 Tolmi, 6 PCI<.
MINE WARFARE: 16:
MINELAYERS: 2 Aktion (US LSM-1) (100-130 mines).
MINE COUNTERMEASURES: 14:

9 Alkyon (US MSC-294) MSC.

5 Atalanti (US Adjutant) MSC.
AMPHIBIOUS: 12.

1 Najkratoussa (US Cabildo) LSD: capacity 200 tps, 18 tk, 1 hel.

2 Inouse (US County) LST: capacity 400 tps, 18 tk.

5 Ikaria (US LST-510): capacity 200 tps, 16 tk.

4 Ipopliarhos Grigoropoulos (US LSM-1) LSM, capacity 50 tps, 4 tk.

Plus about 55 craft: 2 LCT, 8 LCU, 11 LCM, some 34 LCVP.
SUPPORT AND MISCELLANEOUS: 13: 2 AOT, 4 AOT (small), 1 trg, 1 AE, 5 AGHS.

NAVAL AIR: 15 armed hel.
ASW: 1 hel div: 3 sqn:

2 with 14 AB-212 (11 ASW, 3 ECM);

1 with 4 SA-319 (with ASM).

AIR FORCE: 26,000 (14,400 conscripts, 1,100 women).
TACTICAL AIR FORCE: 7 cbt wings, 1 tpt wing.
FGA: 10 sqn:

3 with A-7H.

4 with F-104G.

2 with F-16.

1 with F-4E.
FIGHTER: 9 sqn:

2 with F-4E.

3 with F-5A/B.

1 with RF-5A.

2 with Mirage F-1CG.

1 with Mirage 2000E/D.

Deliveries of Mirage 2000 continue.
RECCE: 2 sqn:

1 with RF-4E.

1 with RF-104.
MR: 1 sqn with HU-16B.
TRANSPORT: 3 sqn with C-130H, YS-11, C-47, Do-28, Gulfstream.
LIAISON: T-33A.
HELICOPTERS: 3 sqn with AB-205A, AB-206A, Bell 47G/OH-13H, AB-212.
AD: 1 bn with Nike Hercules SAM (36 launchers). 12 bty with Skyguard/Sparrow SAM, twin 35mm guns.
AIR TRAINING COMMAND:
TRAINING: 4 sqn: 1 with T-41A; 1 with T-37B/C; 2 with T-2E.
EQUIPMENT: 375 cbt ac (plus 73 in store), no armed hel.
AIRCRAFT:

A-7H:52.47 (FGA); plus 4 in store; TA-7H:5(FGA).

F-104: 96. F-104G: 70 (FGA); plus 24 in store; TF-104G: 8* (FGA); RF-104G: 18 (recce).

F-5: 90. -A: 60 (36 FGA, 24 ftr); -B: 10 (6 FGA, 4 ftr); plus 13 (10 -A, 3 -B) in store. RF-5A: 20, plus 3 in store.

F-4: 37. -E: 32 (17 FGA, 15 ftr, plus 17 in store); RF-4E: 5 (recce).

F-16: 36 (FGA/ftr); plus 4 in store.

Mirage F-1: 36. CG: 32 (ftr); BG: 4*(trg), plus 4 in store.

Mirage 2000: 28. -E: 24 (ftr); -D: 4* (trg). plus 4 in store.

HU-16B: 12 (8 MR; 4 being updated). C-47: 8 (tpt).

C-130H: 11 (tpt). CL-215: 14 (tpt, fire-fighting).

Do-28: 15 (lt tpt). Gulfstream I: 1 (VIP tpt). T-2: 36* (trg). T-33A: 56 (liaison). T-37: 25 (trg). T-41: 20 (trg). YS-11-200: 6 (tpt).
HELICOPTERS:

AB-205A: 15 (tpt). AB-206A: 1 (tpt). AB-212: 4 (tpt).

Bell 47G: 11 (liaison).
MISSILES:

ASM: AGM-12 Bullpup, AGM-65 Maverick.

AAM: AIM-7 Sparrow, AIM-9 Sidewinder, R-550 Magic.

SAM: 36 Nike Hercules; 40 Sparrow.

FORCES ABROAD:
CYPRUS: 2,250. 2 inf bn and officers/NCO seconded to Greek-Cypriot forces.
UN AND PEACE-KEEPING:

IRAQ/KUWAIT (UNIKOM): 7 Observers.

PARAMILITARY:
GENDARMERIE: 26,500; MOWAG Roland, 15 UR-416 APC, 6 NH-300 hel.
COAST GUARD AND CUSTOMS: 4,000; some 100 patrol craft, 2 Cessna Cutlass, 2 TB-20 Trinidad ac.

FOREIGN FORCES:
US: 1,950. Army (250); Navy (200) facilities at Soudha Bay. Air (1,500) 2 air base gp.

ICELAND

ARMED FORCES: None.

PARAMILITARY: 130
COASTGUARD: 130:
BASE: Reykjavik
PATROL CRAFT: 3: 2 Aegir, 1 Odinn PCO with hel deck.
AVIATION: 1 F-27 ac, 1 SA-360.

FOREIGN FORCES:
NATO: Island Commander Iceland (ISCOMICE, responsible to CINCEASTLANT).
US:

NAVY: 1,800: MB: 1 sqn with 9 P-3C.

AIR FORCE: 1,200: 1 sqn with 18 F-15 plus AEW, tkr and SAR ac and hel.
NETHERLANDS: NAVY: 30, 1 P-3C.

ITALY

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: 361,400 (216,000 conscripts).
Terms of service: All services 12 months
RESERVES: 584,000. Army 520,000 (obligation to age 45), immediate mob 240,000.

Navy 36,000 (to age 39 for men, variable for officers to 73). Air 28,000 (to age 25 or 45 (specialists)).

ARMY: 234,200 (170,000 conscripts).
FIELD ARMY:
3 Corps HQ (1 mtn):

1 with 1 mech, 1 armd bde, 1 armd cav bn,

1 arty regt.

1 with 3 mech, 1 armd bde, 1 arty regt.

1 with 4 mtn bde, 1 armd cav bn, 3 hy arty bn.
1 AD gp: 5 AD arty (1 trg), 4 HAWK SAM bn.
1 hy arty regt.
Avn: 4 wings org in sqn and fit (fit usually has 4 ac or 6 hel):

7 lt ac fit with SM-1019/Cessna O-1E.

12 hel sqn, 14 fit with AB-206.

Multi-role: 12 hel sqn: 9 with AB-205; 2 with AB-212B, 1 with AB-412.

Med tpt: 4 hel sqn with CH-47.
TERRITORIAL DEFENCE:
7 Military Regions.

7 indep mech bde.
Rapid Intervention Force (FIR):

1 AB bde (incl 1 SF bn),

1 mech bde, 1 Marine bn (see Navy), 1 hel unit (Army), 1 air tpt unit (Air Force).
1 amph regt (2 Lagunari bn).
4 armd bn.
1 armd recce bn.
2 inf bn.
1 arty bn.
4 engr bn.
RESERVES: On mob: 1 armd, 1 mech, 1 mtn bde.
EQUIPMENT:
MBT: 1,220 (25 in store): 300 M-60A1, 920 Leopard (140 in store).
RECCE: 6 Centauro B-1 (trials) (CFE HACV).
APC: 3,879 (CFE: 3,339): 2,183 M-113, 1,667 VCC-1/-2, 14 Fiat 6614, 15 LVTP-7.
TOTAL ARTY: 1,952 (101 in store).
TOWED ARTY: 967: 105mm: 357 Model 56 pack; 155mm: 164 FH-70, 423 M-114; 203mm: 23 M-115.
SP ARTY: 283: 155mm: 260 M-109G/-L; 203mm: 23 M-110A2.
MRL: 227mm: 2 MLRS.
MORTARS: 120mm: 700. Plus 81mm: 1,205.
SSM: 6 Lance launchers.
ATGW: 432 TOW (incl 270 SP), 1,000 Milan.
RL: 1,000 APILAS.
RCL: 80mm: 720 Folgore.
AD GUNS: 25mm: 50 SIDAM SP; 40mm: 252.
SAM: 126 HAWK, 145 Stinger.
AIRCRAFT: 60: 48 SM-1019, 12 O-1E (target acquisition/utility).
HELICOPTERS: 28 A-109, 6 A-129, 92 AB-205A, 136 AB-206 (observation), 14 AB-212, 17 AB-412, 30 CH-47C.

NAVY: 49,000 incl 1,500 air arm, 600 special forces and 800 marines; (20,000 conscripts).

5 Main Commands: Fleet (Commander also COMEDCENT); Upper Tyrrhenian; Adriatic; Lower Tyrrhenian; Ionian and Strait of Otranto.
BASES: La Spezia (HQ), Taranto (HQ), Ancona (HQ), Brindisi, Augusta, Messina, La Maddalena, Cagliari, Naples (HQ), Venice.
SUBMARINES: 9:

2 Pelosi (imp Sauro) with Type 184 HWT.

4 Sauro with Type 184 HWT.

3 Toti SSC with Type 184 HWT.
PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS: 32:
CARRIER: 1:

1 G. Garibaldi CVV with 16 SH-3 Sea King hel, 4 Teseo SSM, 2x3 ASTT (has capability to operate V/STOL ac acquisition in progress).
CRUISERS: 2:

1 Vittorio Veneto CGH with 1x2 SM-1MR SAM, 6 AB-212 ASW hel (Mk 46 LWT); plus 4 Teseo SSM, 2x3 ASTT.

1 Andrea Doria CGH, with 1x2 SM-1MR SAM, 3 AB-212 hel; plus 2x3 ASTT.
DESTROYERS: 3:

2 Audace DDGH, with 1 SM-1MR SAM, 4 Teseo SSM, plus 2 AB-212 hel, 1 127mm gun, 2x3 ASTT.

1 Impavido DDG with 1 SM-1MR SAM; plus 1x2 127mm guns, 2x3 ASTT.
FRIGATES: 26:

8 Maestrale FFH with 2 AB-212 hel, 2 533mm DP TT; plus 4 Teseo SSM, 1 127mm gun.

4 Lupo FF with 1 AB-212 hel, 2x3 ASTT; plus 8 Teseo SSM, 1 127mm gun.

2 Alpino with 1 AB-212 hel, 2x3 ASTT, 1 ASW mor.

8 Minerva with 2x3 ASTT.

4 De Cristofaro with 2x3 ASTT, 1 ASW mor.
ADDITIONAL IN STORE: 1 CGH , 1 DDG , 1 SSC.
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS: 18:
CORVETTES: 3 Albatros with 2x3 ASTT.
MISSILE CRAFT: 7 Sparviero PHM with 2 Teseo SSM.
PATROL OFFSHORE: 4 Cassiopea with 1 AB-212 hel.
COASTAL 4 Bambu (ex-MSC) PCC assigned MFO.
MINE WARFARE: 15:
MCMV: 15:

2 Storione (US Aggressive) MSO.

4 Lerici MHC.

7 Castagno (US Adjutant) MHC.

2 Agave MSC. .
AMPHIBIOUS: 2:

2 San Giorgio LPD: capacity 350 tps, 30 trucks, 2 SH-3D or CH-47 hel, 7 craft.

Plus some 40 craft: about 4 LCU, 22 LCM and 14 LCVP.
SUPPORT AND MISCELLANEOUS: 34:

2 Stromboli AOR, 2 tugs, 11 coastal tugs, 4 water tankers, 3 trials, 2 trg, 3 AGOR, 6 tpt, 1 salvage.
SPECIAL FORCES (600) (Comando Subacquei Incursori - COMSUBIN):

6 gp; 2 assigned ash swimmer craft; 2 raiding ops; 1 underwater ops; 1 SF; 1 school; 1 research.

MARINES (San Marco gp) (800):

1 bn gp.

1 trg gp.

1 log gp.
EQUIPMENT: 30 VCC-1, 10 LVTP-7 APC, 16 81mm mor, 8 106mm RCL, 6 Milan ATGW.

NAVAL AIR ARM (1,500); 2 cbt ac, 36 armed hel.
FGA: 2* TAV-8B.
ASW: 5 hel sqn with 36 SH-3D, 60 AB-212.
ASM: Mane Mk 2.

AIR FORCE: 78,200 (26,000 conscripts).
FGA: 6 FGA/recce sqn:

3 with Tornado;

1 with F-104S (being modernized);

2 with G-91Y.
CAS: 4 sqn:

2 with AMX.

1 lt attack with MB-339;

1 lt attack/recce with G-91R/R1/R1A (being replaced).
FIGHTER: 7 sqn with F-104S.
RECCE: 1 sqn with F/RF-104G.
MR: 2 sqn with Atlantic (Navy-assigned; to be modernized).
EW: 1 ECM/recce sqn with G-222VS, PD-808.
CALIBRATION: 1 navigation-aid calibration sqn with G-222RM, PD-808, MB-339.
TRANSPORT: 3 sqn: 2 with G-222; 1 with C-130H.
COMMUNICATIONS: 1 sqn with Gulfstream III, Falcon 50, P-166M, SIAI-208M, PD-808, MB-326, DC-9 ac; SH-3D hel.
TRAINING: 1 OCU with TF-104G; 1 det (Cottesmore, UK) with Tornado; 6 sqn with G-91T, MB-326, MB-339A, SF-260M ac; AB-47G, NH-500 hel.
SAR: 1 sqn and 3 det with HH-3F. 6 det with AB-212.
AD: 8 SAM gp with Nike Hercules; 12 SAM bty with Spada.
EQUIPMENT: 449 cbt ac (plus 88 store), no armed hel.
AIRCRAFT:

Tornado: 81 (71 FGA, 10* in tri-national trg sqn); plus 15 in store.

F-104: 164. -S: 126 (18 FGA, 84 ftr, 24* trg) plus 20 in store; RF-104G: 18 (recce) plus 16 in store; TF-104G: 20 (OCU).

AMX: 52. 49 (FGA); -T: 3* (trg).

G-91: 99. -Y: 40 (FGA) plus 15 in store; -T: 59* (trg); plus 15 in store.

MB-339: 85 (15 tac, 65 (incl 50*) trg, 5 calibration) plus 7 in store.

Atlantic: 18 (MR).

MB-326: 56 (liaison).

Boeing-707: 1 (tkr/tpt). C-130H: 12 (tpt). G-222: 42 (38 tpt, 4 calibration), plus -GE: 1 (ECM).

DC-9-32: 2 (VIP). Gulfstream III: 2 (VIP). Falcon 50: 4 (VIP). P-166: 17: (-M: 11, DL3: 6 liaison and trg).

PD-808: 18 (ECM, calibration, VIP tpt); SF-260M: 39 (trg). SIAI-208:36 (liaison).
HELICOPTERS:

HH-3F: 19 (SAR).

SH-3D: 2 (liaison).

AB-212: 35 (SAR).

AB-412: 4.

AB-47G: 19 (trg).

NH-500D: 50 (trg).
MISSILES:

ASM: AS-20, Kormoran, AGM-65 Maverick.

AAM: AIM-7E Sparrow, AIM-9B/L Sidewinder, Aspide.

SAM: 96 Nike Hercules, 7 bty Spada.

FORCES ABROAD:
UN AND PEACE-KEEPING:

EGYPT (MFO): 90; 4 PCC.

INDIA/PAKISTAN (UNMOGIP): 7 Observers.

IRAQ/KUWAIT (UNIKOM): 6 Observers.

LEBANON (UNIFIL): 52. Hel unit.

MIDDLE EAST (UNTSO): 9 Observers.

PARAMILITARY:
CARABINIERI (Ministry of Defence) 111,400: Territorial: 9 bde, 24 regt, 101 gp. Trg: 1 bde.

Mobile def: 2 bde, 1 cav regt, 13 mobile bn, 1 AB bn, avn and naval units.
EQUIPMENT: 48 Fiat 6616 armd cars; 92 VCC2, 119 M-113, 24 M-106 APC; 22 A-109, 4 AB-205, 40 AB-206, 9 AB-412 hel.
PUBLIC SECURITY GUARD (Ministry of Interior): 80,400: 11 mobile units;

40 Fiat 6614 APC, 3 P-64B, 5 P-68 ac; 12 A-109, 20 AB-206, 9 AB-212 hel.
FINANCE GUARDS (Treasury Department): 53,000; 13 Zones, 20 Legions, 128 Gps;

13 A-109, 68 Nardi-Hughes (40 NH-500C, 16 -D, 12 -M) hel; 3 PCI, 65<; plus 309 boats.
HARBOUR CONTROL (Capitanerie di Porto) (Subordinated to Navy in emergencies): Some 25 PCI<, 100+ boats.

FOREIGN FORCES:
NATO:

HQ Allied Forces Southern Europe (AFSOUTH).

HQ 5 Allied Tactical Air Force (5 ATAF).
US: 14,100. Army (3,900); 1 AB bn gp; Navy (6,000); Marines (300); Air (3,900); 1 tac, 1 air base gp.

LUXEMBOURG

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: 800.

ARMY: 800.

1 lt inf bn.
EQUIPMENT:

APC: 5 Commando.

ATGW: TOW some 6 SP (Hummer).

RL: LAW.

AIR FORCE: (None, but for legal purposes NATO's E-3A AEW ac have Luxembourg registration.)

1 sqn with 18 E-3A Sentry (NATO Standard), 2 Boeing 707(trg).

PARAMILITARY: GENDARMERIE: 560.

NETHERLANDS

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: 101,400 (incl 3,900 Royal Military Constabulary, 800 Inter-Service Organization); 1,750 women; 45,400 conscripts.
Terms of service: Army and Air Force 12-14 months, Navy 12-15 months.
RESERVES: 152,400 (men to age 35, NCO to 40, officers to 45).

Army 132,200 (some - at the end of their conscription period - on short leave, immediate recall),

Navy some 9,000 (7,000 on immediate recall); Air Force 11,200 (immediate recall).

ARMY: 64,100 (40,500 conscripts).

1 Corps HQ, 3 mech div HQ.

3 armd bde (incl 1 cadre).

6 mech inf bde (incl 2 cadre).

1 indep inf bde (cadre).

Summary Combat Arm Units:

17 mech inf bn. 17 arty bn.

2 inf bn. 1 Lance SSM bn.

12 tk bn. 5 AD n.

4 recce bn. 3 hel sqn (Air Force-manned).
RESERVES: cadre bde and corps tps completed by call-up of reservists.

Territorial Command (41,600 on mob): 2 inf bde, 4 bn, spt units, could be mob for territorial defence.

Home Guard: 3 sectors; inf weapons.
EQUIPMENT:
MBT: 913 (incl 163 in store): 468 Leopard 1A4, 445 Leopard 2.
AIFV: 984 (incl 142 in store) (CFE: 718):718 YPR-765, 266 M-113C/-R all with 25mm.
APC: 2,232 (CFE: 749): 476 M-113, 1,120 YPR-765, 636 YP-408 (in store).
TOTAL ARTY: 824.
TOWED ARTY: 165: 105mm: 42 M-101; 155mm: 123 M-114.
SP ARTY: 298: 155mm: 222 M-109A3; 203mm: 76 M-110.
MRL: 227mm: 22 MLRS.
MORTARS: 107mm: 141 M-30, 53 M-106 SP; 120mm: 145 (incl 10 in store).
SSM: 7 Lance launchers (incl 1 in store).
ATGW: 753 (incl 135 in store): 427 Dragon, 326 (incl 302 YPR-765) TOW.
RCL: 106mm: 185.
AD GUNS: 35mm: 95 Gepard SP; 40mm: 131 L/70 towed.
SAM: 474 Stinger.
HELICOPTERS: 62 SAO 16 (to be replaced), 29 Bo-105. (Air Force-manned).
MARINE: 1 tk tpt, 3 coastal, 15 river patrol boats.

NAVY: 16,600, incl naval air arm (1,600) and marines (2,800) (1,400 conscripts).
BASES: Netherlands: Den Helder (HQ); Vlissingen. Overseas: Willemstad (Curasao), Oranjestad (Aruba).
SUBMARINES: 5:

1 Zeeleeuw with Mk48 HWT; plus Harpoon USGW.

2 Zwaardvis with Mk37 HWT.

2 Dolfijn with Mk 37 HWT.
PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS: 15:
DESTROYERS: 4 DDG (NL desig = FFG):

2 Tromp with 1 SM-1MR SAM; plus 2x4 Harpoon SSM, 1x2 120mm guns, 1 Lynx hel (ASW/OTHT), 2x3 ASTT (Mk46 LWT).

2 Van Heemskerck with 1 SM-1MR SAM; plus 2x4 Harpoon, 2x2 ASTT.
FRIGATES: 11:
FF: 11

1 Karel Doorman with 2x4 Harpoon SSM , plus 2x2 ASTT; 1 Lynx (ASW/OTHT) hel.

10 Kortenaer with 2 Lynx (ASW/OTHT) hel, 2x2 ASTT; plus 2x4 Harpoon.
MINE WARFARE: 26:
MINELAYERS: none, but Mercuur, listed under spt and misc, has capability.
MINE COUNTERMEASURES: 26:

15 Alkmaar (tripartite) MHC.

11 Dokkum MSC.
AMPHIBIOUS: craft only; about 17 LCA: 12<.
SUPPORT AND MISCELLANEOUS: 9: 2 Poolster AOR (1-3 Lynx hel), 3 survey, 1 Mercuur torpedo tender, 2 trg, 1 aux.

NAVAL AIR ARM: (1,600),
MR: 1 sqn with F-27M (see Air Force).
MR/ASW: 2 sqn (1 trg) with P-3C.
ASW/SAR: 2 sqn with Lynx hel.
EQUIPMENT: 13 cbt ac, 22 armed hel.
AIRCRAFT: P-3C:13(MR).
HELICOPTERS: Lynx: 22 (ASW, SAR).

MARINES: (2,800).

2 cdo gp.

1 mtn/arctic warfare coy.
RESERVE: 1 cdo gp.
AIR FORCE: 16,000 (3,500 conscripts).
FGA: 4 sqn with F-16A/B;
FIGHTER: 4 sqn with F-16A/B (3 ftr/FGA, 1 ftr).
RECCE: 1 sqn with F-16A.
MR: 2 F-27M (assigned to Navy).
TRANSPORT: 1 sqn with F-27.
OCU: 1 sqn with F-16B (temporarily integrated with
1 F-16A ftr sqn).
SAR: 1 flt with SA-319.
AD: 8 bty with HAWK SAM (4 in Ge). 4 bty with Patriot SAM (in Ge).
EQUIPMENT: 181 cbt ac (plus 23 in store), no armed hel.
AIRCRAFT:

F-16: 181. -A: 146 (54 FGA, 64 ftr, 20 recce, 8* trg); -B:35 (12 FGA, 14 ftr, 9*trg).

F-27: 16 (14 tpt, 2 MR).
HELICOPTERS: SA-316: 4 (SAR).
MISSILES:

AAM: AIM-9/L/N Sidewinder.

SAM: 48 HAWK, 20 Patriot, 100 Stinger.
AD: GUNS: 25 VL 4/41 Flycatcher radar, 75 L/70 40mm systems.

FORCES ABROAD:
GERMANY: 5,700. 1 armd bde (2 armd inf, 1 tk bn), 1 recce bn, 1 engr bn, spt elm (122 MBT, 18 155mm SP, 30 ATGW), 4 HAWK, 4 Patriot bty.
NETHERLANDS ANTILLES: 1 frigate, 1 amph cbt det, 1 MR det with 2 F-27MPA ac.
ICELAND: 30: 1 P-3C (at Keflavik).
UN AND PEACE-KEEPING:

ANGOLA (UNAVEM II): Observers.

EGYPT (MFO): 105: 5 sigs det.

MIDDLE EAST (UNTSO): 15 Observers.

PARAMILITARY:
ROYAL MILITARY CONSTABULARY: (Koninklijke Marechaussee): 3,900 (400 conscripts); 3 'div' comprising 10 districts with 72 'bde'.
CIVIL DEFENCE: (Corps Mobiele Colonnes): 270 (130 conscripts): 18,500 on mob; disaster relief under Army comd.

FOREIGN FORCES:
NATO: HQ Allied Forces Central Europe (AFCENT).
US: 2,750. Army 750; Air 2,000 1 tac ftr sqn.

NORWAY

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: some 32,700 (22,800 conscripts) incl 400 Joint Services org, 500 Home Guard permanent staff.
Terms of service: Army, Navy coast arty, Air Force, 12 months plus 4 to 5 refresher trg periods; Navy 15 months.
RESERVES: 285,000 mobilizable in 24-72 hours; obligation to 44 (conscripts remain with fd army units to age 35; officers to age 55; regulars: 60).

Army: 159,000; Navy: 26,000; Air 28,000. Home Guard: War some 85,000. Second-line reserves: 60,000 (all services).

ARMY: 15,900 (13,000 conscripts).

2 Commands, 5 district comd, 1 div, 16 subordinate comd.
STANDING FORCES:
North Norway:

1 reinforced mech bde: 2 inf, 1 tk, 1 SP fd arty, 1 engr bn, 1 AD bty, spt units.

1 border garrison bn.

1 reinforced inf bn task force: inf, tk coy, fd arty, AD bty.
South Norway:

1 inf bn (Royal Guard).

Indep units.
RESERVES: cadre units for mob:

3 div HQ, 3 armd, 4 mech, 6 lt inf bde, 5 mech, 23 inf, 7 arty bn; 60 indep inf coy, tk sqn, arty bty, engr coy, sigs units, spt.
LAND HOME GUARD: 80,000

18 districts each divided into 2-6 sub-districts and some 470 sub-units (pi).
EQUIPMENT:
MBT: 211: 78 Leopard 1, 55 M-48A5, 78 NM-116 (M-24/90).
AIFV: 53 NM-135 (M-113/20mm) (CFE).
APC: 150 M-113 (CFE: 81).
TOTAL ARTY: 527.
TOWED ARTY: 105mm: 228 M-101; 155mm: 48 M-114.
SP ARTY: 155mm: 126 M-109A3GN SP.
MORTARS: 107mm: 97 M-30F1, 28 M-106A1 SP. Plus 81mm.
ATGW: TOW-1/-2, 97 NM-142 (M-113/TOW-2).
RCL: 57mm: M-18; 84mm: Carl Gustav, 106mm: M-40A1.
AD GUNS: 20mm: Rh-202; 40mm: L/60 and L/70.
SAM: 108 RBS-70.

NAVY: 7,300, incl 2,000 coastal artillery (4,500 conscripts).

8 Naval/Coast defence comd.
BASES: Horten, Haakonsvern (Bergen), Ramsund, Olavsvern (Tromso).
SUBMARINES: 11:

3 Via with Ge Seeaal DM2A3 HWT.

8 Kobben SSC (3 modernized with Swe T-61) others US Mk 37 HWT.
FRIGATES: 5 Oslo with 2x3 ASTT, 1x6 Terne ASW RL; plus 6 Penguin 2 SSM.
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS: 35:
MISSILE CRAFT: 35:

14 Hauk PFM with 6 Penguin 2, 2 533mm TT.

15 Storm PFM with 6 Penguin 2.

6 Snogg PFM with 4 Penguin 2, 4 533mm TT.
MINE WARFARE: 8:
MINELAYERS: 2 Fufar, coastal (300-400 mines). Note: Amph craft also fitted for minelaying.
MINE COUNTERMEASURES: 6: 3 Sauda MSC, 1 Tana MHC. 2 diver spt.
AMPHIBIOUS: craft only; 5 LCT
SUPPORT AND MISCELLANEOUS: 2: 1 MCM/PF depot ship. 1 Royal Yacht.
ADDITIONAL IN STORE: 2 Corvettes, 1 MSC.
NAVAL HOME GUARD: 7,000. On mob assigned to the 8 naval/coast defence comd.

7 Tjeld PFT, 2 LCT, some 400 fishing craft.
COAST DEFENCE: 32 fortresses: 34 arty bty: 75mm; 105mm; 120mm; 127mm; 150mm guns. Some cable mine and torpedo bty.

AIR FORCE: 9,500 (5,300 conscripts).
FGA: 4 sqn with F-16 (incl 1 OCU).
FIGHTER: 1 trg sqn with F-5A/B (has AD role).
MR: 1 sqn with P-3C/N Orion (2 assigned to coast guard).
TRANSPORT: 3 sqn:

1 with C-130.

1 with Falcon 20 (tpt, EW).

1 with DHC-6.
TRAINING: MFI-15.
SAR: 1 sqn with Sea King Mk 43.
COAST GUARD: 1 sqn with Lynx Mk 86.
TAC HEL: 2 sqn: 2 with Bell 412 SP.
AD: 22 lt AA arty bty.
(Being delivered: 6 bty NOAH SAM, 10 bty RB-70).
EQUIPMENT: 85 cbt ac (plus 9 in store), no armed hel.
AIRCRAFT:

F-5A/B: 20 (ftr/trg); plus 9 in store.

F-16: 61. -A: 49 (FGA), -B: 12 (FGA).

P-3: -C: 4 (MR); -N: 2 (coast guard).

C-130H: 6 (tpt).

Falcon 20C: 3 (EW/tpt). DHC-6: 3 (tpt); MFI-15: 18 (trg).
HELICOPTERS:

Bell 412 SP: 18 (tpt).

Lynx Mk86; 6 (coast guard).

Sea King Mk43: 9 (SAR).
MISSILES:

ASM: Penguin Mk-3.

AAM: AIM-9L/N Sidewinder.
AD: GUNS: 40mm: 32 L/60, 64 L/70.

SAM: NOAH (Norwegian-adapted HAWK).
ANTI-AIRCRAFT HOME GUARD (on mob under comd of Air Force): 3,000;

2 bn (9 bty) lt AA; some Rh-202 20mm, 72 L/60 40mm guns (being replaced by Rh-202).

FORCES ABROAD:
UN AND PEACE-KEEPING:

ANGOLA (UNAVEM II): Observers.

EGYPT (MFO): Staff Officers.

INDIA/PAKISTAN (UNMOGIP): 5 Observers.

IRAQ/KUWAIT (UNIKOM): 8 Observers, medical unit (50).

LEBANON (UNIFIL): 896; 1 inf bn, 1 service coy, plus HQ personnel.

MIDDLE EAST (UNTSO): 18 Observers.

PARAMILITARY:
COAST GUARD: 680:
PATROL OFFSHORE: 13:

3 Nordkapp with 1 Lynx hel (SAR/recce), 2x3 ASTT, fitted for 6 Penguin Mk 2 SSM.

1 Nornen, 2 Farm, 7 chartered.
AIRCRAFT: 2 P-3N Orion ac, 6 Lynx hel (Air Force-manned).

FOREIGN FORCES:
NATO: HQ Allied Forces Northern Europe (HQ AFNORTH).
US: Prepositioned eqpt for 1 MEB.

PORTUGAL

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: 61,800 (33,300 conscripts).
Terms of service: All services 15-18 months.
RESERVES: 190,000 (all services) (obligation: men to age 38; officers to 65).

ARMY: 33,100 (23,000 conscripts).
6 Territorial Commands (4 military regions, 2 military zones).

1 composite bde (1 mech, 2 mot inf, 1 tk, 1 fd arty bn).

3 inf bde.

1 SF bde (1 SF, 1 inf, 1 arty, 1 log bn).

3 cav regt.

15 inf regt, each 1 armd, 3 inf bn.

3 fd, 1 AD, 1 coast arty regt.

2 engr regt.
EQUIPMENT:
MBT: 146: 60 M-47, 86 M-48A5.
RECCE: (CFE: 65) 29 Saladin (CFE HACV), 55 AML-60, 15 V-150 (CFE HACV), 21 EBR-75 (CFE HACV), 14 ULTRAV M-11, 32 Ferret Mk 4.
APC: 255 (CFE: 142): 172 M-113 (CFE 101), 81 V-200 Chaimite (CFE 39), 2 EBR.
TOTAL ARTY: 306 incl
TOWED ARTY: 142: 105mm: 54 M-101, 24 M-56; 140mm: 24 5.5-in; 155mm: 40 M-114A1.
SP ARTY: 155mm: 6 M-109A2.
MORTARS: 158: 107mm: 58 M-30 (incl 14 SP); 120mm: 100.
COAST ARTY: 150mm: 15; 152mm: 6; 234mm: 6.
ATGW: 46 TOW (incl 18 M-113, 4 M-901), 31 SS-11 (incl 22 V-200 Chaimite), 45 Milan (incl 6 ULTRAV M-11).
RCL: 240: 90mm: 112; 106mm: 128.
AD GUNS: 105 incl 20mm: M-163A1 Vulcan SP; 40mm: L/60.
SAM: 12 Blowpipe.

DEPLOYMENT:

3 inf regt, 2 coast arty bn, 2 AA bty in Azores and Madeira.

NAVY: 15,300 incl 2,500 marines (5,400 conscripts) 3 comd: Continental, Azores, Madeira.
BASES: Lisbon (Alfeite), Portimao (HQ Continental comd), Ponta Delgada (HQ Azores), Funchal (HQ Madeira).
SUBMARINES: 3 Albacora (Fr Daphne) SS with EL-5 HWT.
FRIGATES: 10:

2 Vasco Da Gama (Meko 200) with 2x4 Harpoon SSM, 1x8 Sea Sparrow SAM, 1 100mm gun;

plus 2x3 ASTT (US Mk-32), 2 Super Lynx hel (not yet acquired).

4 Commandante Joao Belo (Fr Cdt Riviere) with 2x3 ASTT, 1x 4 ASW mor, plus 3 100mm gun.

4 Baptista de Andrade with 2x3 ASTT; plus 1 100mm gun.
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS: 25:
PATROL OFFSHORE: 6: 6 Joao Coutinho PCO.
PATROL COASTAL: 12: 10 Cadne, 2 Sao Rogue ex-MSC.
INSHORE: 7<. (Plus 5 ARGOS (by end of 1991.)
AMPHIBIOUS: Craft only; 3 LCU, 12 LCM
SUPPORT AND MISCELLANEOUS: 12: 1 AOR, 3 AOT (small), 2 AK, 3 AGHS, 2 trg, 1 tug.

MARINES: (2,500) (1,300 conscripts).

3 bn (2 inf, 1 police), spt units.
EQUIPMENT: Chaimite APC, mor, 7 LCM.

AIR FORCE: 13,400 (4,900 conscripts) incl 2,300 AB tps listed with Army.

1 operational air command (COFA).
FGA: 4 sqn:

2 with A-7P;

1 with G-91R3/T1;

1 with G-91R4/T1.
SURVEY: 1 sqn with C-212B.
MR: 1 sqn with P-3P.
TRANSPORT: 6 sqn:

1 with C-130;

2 with C-212;

1 with Falcon 20 and Falcon 50.

2 with SA-316 hel.
SAR: 2 sqn with SA-330 hel.
LIAISON: 1 sqn with Reims-Cessna FTB-337G.
TRAINING: 4 sqn:

1 with C-212 ac, SA-316 hel;

1 with T-33 and T-38.

1 with T-37C;

1 with SOCATA TB-30 Epsilon
EQUIPMENT: 83 cbt ac, no attack hel.
AIRCRAFT:

Alpha Jet: 10 (FGA).

A-7: 38. -7P: 32 (FGA); TA-7P: 6* (trg).

G-91: 29. -R3: 24 (FGA); -T1: 5* (trg).

P-3P: 6 (MR).

C-130H: 5 (SAR, tpt).

C-212: 26. -A: 22 (16 tpt/SAR, 4 OCU, 2 ECM trg); -B: 4 (survey).

Cessna 337: 30 (22 liaison, 8 trg).

Falcon 20: 3 (tpt, calibration). Falcon 50: 3 (tpt).

RF-10: 3 (trg). T-33: 7 (trg). T-37: 23 (trg). T-38: 12 (trg). Epsilon: 17 (trg).
HELICOPTERS:

SA-330: 10 (SAR/tpt).

SA-316: 35 (trg, utility).

PARAMILITARY:
NATIONAL REPUBLICAN GUARD: 16,700; Commando Mk III APC, 7 SA-313 hel.
PUBLIC SECURITY POLICE: 18,800.
BORDER SECURITY GUARD: 8,000.

FOREIGN FORCES:
NATO: NATO HQ for IBERLANT area at Lisbon (Oeiras).
US: 1,600. Navy (400). Air (1,200) (incl Azores).
GERMANY: Air. OCU (Beja) with 18 Alpha Jet.

SPAIN

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: 257,400 (158,000 conscripts (to be reduced), some 200 women).
Terms of service: 12 months (can be extended voluntarily to 18, 24 or 36 months).
RESERVES: 2,400,000 (all services to age 38); Immediate Reserve: 249,600: Army 142,700; Navy 47,700; Air Force 59,200.

ARMY: 182,000 (115,000 conscripts);
8 Regional Operational Commands incl

2 Overseas:

1 armd div (1 armd, 1 mech bde, 1 arty, 1 lt armd cav, 1 engr regt).

1 mech div (2 mech bde, 1 arty, 1 lt armd cav, 1 engr regt).

1 mot div (2 mot, 1 mech bde, 1 arty, 1 lt armd cav, 1 engr regt).

2 mtn div (each 2 bde, 1 arty, 1 engr regt).

2 armd cav bde (each 1 armd, 2 lt armd cav, 1 arty regt).

1 air portable bde.

6 special ops bn.

5 regional engr bn.
General Reserve Force:

1 Spanish Legion (7,000): 3 regt;

2 with 1 mech, 1 mot bn, 1 ATK coy;

1 with 2 mot bn; 1 lt inf bn.

1 AB bde (3 bn) (also Army elm of Rapid Deployment Force).

1 AD comd (6 AD regt incl 1 HAWK SAM gp,

1 Mite Hercules bty, 1 Roland gp).

1 fd arty comd (1 fd, 1 locating, 1 MRL regt).

1 coast arty comd (6 mixed arty regt; 1 coast arty gp).

1 engr comd (2 engr regt).

Royal Guard Regt (incl inf, naval, air force coy and escort cav sqn).
Aviation (FAMET):

HQ with 1 hel, 1 spt, 1 trg sqn.

1 attack bn.

1 tpt bn (1 med, 1 hy coy).

3 utility units.
EQUIPMENT:
MBT: 838 (84 in store): 299 AMX-30 (60 -EM2), 329 M-47E1, 46 M-47E2, 164 M-48A5E.
RECCE: 340 BMR-VEC, 100 BMR-625 (CFE HACV).
APC: 1,742 (CFE: 1,082): 1,201 M-113 (CFE: 576), 541 BMR-600 (CFE: 506).
TOTAL ARTY: 1,355.
TOWED ARTY: 722: 105mm: 284 M-26, 170 M-56 pack; 122mm: 160 390-1; 155mm: 84 M-114; 203mm: 24 M-115.
SP ARTY: 156: 105mm: 48 M-108; 155mm: 96 M-109A1; 203mm: 12 M-110A2.
MRL: 140mm: 12 Teruel.
MORTARS: 120mm: 265 M-40, 192 M-106 SP, 8 BMR SP. Plus 81mm: 1,200 (incl 187 SP).
COAST ARTY: 6-in: 117; 305mm: 16; 381mm: 17.
ATGW: 442 Milan, 28 HOT.
RCL: 106mm: 654.
AD GUNS: 20mm: 329 GAI-BO1; 35mm: 92 GDF-002 twin; 40mm: 274 L/70.
SAM: 24 Improved HAWK, 13 Roland, 13 Skyguard/Aspide.
HELICOPTERS: 189 (28 attack): 3 HU-8, 59 HU-10B, 68 HA-15 (31 with 20mm guns, 28 with HOT, 9 trg),

6 HU-18, 17 HR-12B, 18 HT-21, 18 HT-17.
DEPLOYMENT:
CEUTA AND MELILLA: 15,800; 2 armd cav, 2 Spanish Legion, 2 mixed arty regt; 2 lt AD bn, 2 engr, 1 coast arty gp.
BALEARIC ISLANDS: 5,600; 1 inf regt: 2 inf bn. 1 arty regt: 2 fd arty, 1 coast arty, 1 engr bn, 1 special ops coy.
CANARY ISLANDS: 10,000; 2 inf bn. 1 Spanish Legion, 2 coast arty regt, 2 engr bn, 2 special ops coy.

NAVY: 39,800, incl marines (22,000 conscripts).

5 Commands (Fleet, plus 4 Naval Regions: Cantabria (Atlantic), Mediterranean, Straits, Canaries).
BASES: Ferrol (HQ Cantabria), Cadiz (HQ Straits and Rota (HQ Fleet)), Cartagena (HQ Mediterranean and submarine base),

Palma de Mallorca, Mahon, Las Palmas (HQ Canaries).
SUBMARINES: 8:

4 Galerna (Fr Agosta) with F-17 and L.5 HWT plus Exocet USGW.

4 Delfin (Fr Daphne) with F-17 and L.5 HWT.
PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS: 20:
CARRIERS: 1 (CVV):

1 Principe de Asturias (16,200t). Air gp about 21 ac: typically 8 AV-8B, 8 Sea King (Mk46 LWT), 4 AB-212, 1 Sea King AEW.
DESTROYERS: 4 Churruca (US Gearing) with 1x8 ASROC, 2x3 ASTT, 2x2 127mm guns, 1 Hughes 500 hel. (2 pay off Sept 1991).
FRIGATES: 15:
FFG: 9 (AAW/ASW):

4 Santa Maria (US Perry) with 1 SM-1MR/Harpoon launcher, 1 SH-60B hel, 2x3 ASTT.

5 Baleares with 1 SM-1MR SAM, 1x8 ASROC, 2 533mm, 4 324mm ASTT; plus 2x4 Harpoon, 1 127mm gun.
FF: 6 Descubierta with 2x3 ASTT, 1x2 ASW RL; plus 2x2 Harpoon SSM.
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS: 62:
PATROL OFFSHORE: 6: 2 Serviola, 4 Atrevida PCO.
COASTAL 20: 1 Cormoran PFC, 6 Lazaga, 10 Anaga, 3 Nalon (ex MSC) PCC.
INSHORE: 36: 6 Barcelo PFI; 30 PCI<.
MINE WARFARE: 12:
MCMV: 12:

4 Guadalete (US Aggressive) MSO.

8 Jucar (US Adjutant) MSC.
AMPHIBIOUS: 4:

2 Castilla (US Paul Revere) amph tpt, capacity: 1,600 tps.

2 Velasco (US Terrebonne Parish) LST, capacity: 400 tps, 18 tk.

Plus 13 craft: 3 LCT, 2 LCU, 8 LCM.
SUPPORT AND MISCELLANEOUS: 26.

1 AOR, 1 tpt, 7 ocean tugs, 2 diver spt, 3 water carriers, 7 AGHS, 4 trg, 1 sub salvage.

NAVAL AIR:
FGA: 2 sqn: 1 with AV-8A Matador (Harrier II), TAV-8A. 1 with AV-8B.
LIAISON: 1 sqn with 3 Comanche, Citation.
HELICOPTERS: 6 sqn:
ASW: 2 sqn:

1 with SH-3D/G Sea King (mod to SH-3H standard).

1 with SH-60B (LAMPS-III fit).
AEW: 1 fit with SH-3D (Searchwater radar).
COMMAND/RECCE: 1 sqn with AB-212.
TRAINING: 1 sqn with Hughes 369HM.
EQUIPMENT: 21 cbt ac, 35 armed hel.
AIRCRAFT:

AV-8: 21. -A:8 (FGA);-B: 11 (FGA); TAV-8S:2*(trg).

Comanche: 2 (liaison). Twin Comanche: 2 (liaison). Citation II: 3 (liaison).
HELICOPTERS:

AB-212: 10(ASW/SAR).

SH-3: 12 (9 -H ASW, 3 -D AEW).

Hughes 369HM: 10 (ASW).

SH-60B: 6 (ASW).

Bell 47G: 8 (trg).

MARINES: (7,500). (6,000 conscripts)

1 marine regt (3,500): 2 inf, 1 spt bn; 3 arty bty.

5 marine garrison regt.
EQUIPMENT:
MBT: 16 M-48E.
AFV: 17 Scorpion lt tk (CFE HACV), 27 LVTP-7 amph, 36 BLR.
TOWED ARTY: 105mm: 12 Oto Melara M-56 pack.
SP ARTY: 105 mm: 12 M-52A1; 155mm: 6 M-109A.
ATGW: 12 TOW, 18 Dragon.
RL: 88mm: M-65; 90mm: C-90C.
RCL: 106mm: 68.

AIR FORCE: 35,600 (21,000 conscripts).
CENTRAL AIR COMMAND (MACEN): 4 wings.
FIGHTER: 5 sqn:

2 with EF-18 (F-18 Hornet);

1 with RF-4C;

2 with Mirage F-1CE/BE.
TRANSPORT: 2 wings.

4 sqn with C-212 and CN-235.
EASTERN AIR COMMAND (MALEV): 2 wings.
FIGHTER: 4 sqn:

2 with EF-18 (F-18 Hornet)

2 with Mirage III EE/ED.
TRANSPORT: 1 wing:

1 sqn with C-130H/H-30.

1 sqn tkr/tpt with KC-130H
GIBRALTAR STRAIT AIR COMMAND (MAEST): 3 wings
FGA: 2 sqn with F-5A, RF-5A,
OCU with 2 sqn of F-5B.
MR: 1 sqn with P-3A.
AIR COMMAND, CANARY ISLANDS (MACAN): 1 wing.
FGA: 1 sqn with Mirage F-1EE.
TRANSPORT: 1 sqn with C-212, Do-27.
SAR: 1 sqn with F-27 ac, AS-332 hel.
TRAINING COMMAND (MAPER):
TRAINING:

11 ac sqn with Piper (Aztec, Navajo), Beech (Bonanza, Baron), C-101 Aviojet, C-212, E-26 Tamiz.

2 hel sqn: 1 with AB-205A, UH-1H; 1 with Hughes 269.
MATERIEL COMMAND (MAMAT): 1 wing.
TRIALS: 1 sqn with C-10I, C-212.
AIR FORCE HQ GROUP (ACGA):
TRANSPORT: 1 hel sqn with SA-330, AS-332.

1 ac sqn with Boeing 707 (tkr/tpt), Falcon 900, Falcon 50, Falcon 20, 1 DC-8 (VIP), to be replaced.
SAR: 3 sqn (incl 1 under MACAN):

1 with C-212 ac, AS-332 hel;

1 with C-212 ac, AS-332, SA-319 hel;

1 (MACAN) with F-27 ac, AS-332 hel.
SUPPORT: 2 sqn with CL-215, Do-27/C-127.
LIAISON: 1 ac sqn with C-212, Do-27/C-127; 1 hel sqn with SA-330, AS-332.
EQUIPMENT: 247 cbt ac, no armed hel.
AIRCRAFT:

EF-18 A/B: 72 (ftr, OCU).

F-5: 47. -A: 12 (FGA); -B:23 (OCU); RF-5A: 12 (recce).

Mirage: 80. F-1CE: 34 (FGA); F-1BE: 4 (ftr); F-1EE: 19 (ftr); IIIEE: 18 (ftr); IIIDE: 5 (ftr).

F-4: 40. -C: 32 (ftr); RF-4C: 8 (recce).

P-3: 8. -A: 3 (MR); -B: 5 (MR).

Boeing 707: 3 (tkr/tpt). C-130H: 12. 7 (tpt); KC-130H: 5 (tkr).

C-212: 82. (26 tpt, 9 SAR, 8 recce, 9 survey, 27 trg, 3 EW).

C-101: 85 (trg). CL-215: 17(spt). DHC-4: 18 (tpt).

Falcon 20: 3 (VIP tpt); Falcon 50: 1 (VIP tpt); Falcon 900: 2 (VIP tpt).

F-27: 3 (SAR). Do-27/CASA C-127: 46 (liaison). T-35: 38 (trg).

Other 41 (6 Aztec, 5 Baron, 27 Bonanza, 3 Navajo).
HELICOPTERS:

AB-205/UH-1H: 12 (trg). SA-319: 5 (SAR). SA-330: 5 (tpt). AS-332: 12 (9 SAR, 3 tpt).

Hughes 300A (TH-55A): 17(trg).
MISSILES: AAM: AIM-7 Sparrow, AIM-9 Sidewinder.

FORCES ABROAD:
UN AND PEACE-KEEPING:

ANGOLA (UNAVEM II): 6 Observers.

CENTRAL AMERICA (ONUCA): 58 Observers.

PARAMILITARY:
GUARDIA CIVIL: 63,000 (3,000 auxiliary); 20 inf tercios (regt), 56 rural bn, 6 traffic security gp, 1 anti-terrorist special gp;

BLR APC, 1 B-1IT (BK-117) hel.

FOREIGN FORCES:
US: 8,700. Navy (3,700). Air (5,000): 1 air force HQ: 1 tac wing with 72 cbt ac.

TURKEY

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: 579,200 (498,800 conscripts).
Terms of service: 18 months.
RESERVES: 1,107,000 to age 46 (all). Army 950,000, Navy 84,000, Air 73,000.

ARMY: 470,000 (427,000 conscripts).

4 army HQ: 10 corps HQ.

1 mech div (3 mech regt, 1 arty, 1 recce bn).

13 inf div (9 with 2 inf regt, 1 arty bn; 4 with 2 inf, 1 armd regt, 1 arty bn).

7 armd bde (each 2 armd, 2 mech inf, 2 arty bn).

6 mech bde (each 1 armd, 1 mech inf, 1 arty regt, 1 recce sqn).

10 inf bde (each 2 inf, 1 arty regt, 1 recce sqn).

1 AB bde (3 AB, 1 mtn arty bn).

2 cdo bde (each 3 cdo, 1 arty bn).

5 coastal def bn.

Corps units: 10 tk, 50 (30 fd, 20 AD) arty bn.

Note: some div and bde may be understrength.
EQUIPMENT:
MBT: some 3,783 (CFE: 2,808): 523 M-47 (in store), 1,130 M-48A1/A2 (to be -A5), 1,980 M-48A5 T1/T2, some 150 Leopard 1 A3.
LIGHT TANKS: 114 M-24 (in store) (CFE HACV).
RECCE: M-8 (in store).
APC: 3,560 (CFE: 1,390): 500 M-59 (in store), 2,460 M-113, 600 M-2/-3 (in store).
TOTAL ARTY: 4,187 (CFE: 3,440).
TOWED ARTY: 1,724 (CFE: 1,456): 105mm: 830 M-101A1 (CFE: 605); 150mm: 104 Skoda (CFE);

155mm: 500 M-114A1 (CFE: 493), 150 M-59 (CFE: 123); 203mm: 140 M-115 (CFE: 131).
SP ARTY: 528 (CFE: 507): 105mm: 300 M-52 (CFE-.279), 26 M-108 (CFE); 155mm: 150 M-44 (CFE); 175mm: 36 M-107 (CFE); 203mm: 16 M-110 (CFE).
MRL: 227mm: 6 MLRS (CFE); plus 70mm: 20 RA-7040 40 tube, towed.
MORTARS: 1,929 (CFE: 1,570): 107mm: 1,250 M-30 (CFE: 995), 179 M-106 SP (CFE) 120mm: 500 (CFE: 396). Plus 81mm: 1,500 incl SP.
COAST ARTY: 240mm: 20.
ATGW: 400 Cobra, 300 SS-11, 516 TOW SP, 392 Milan.
RL: M-72.
RCL: 57mm: 1,631 M-18; 106mm: 1,795 M-40A1.
AD GUNS: 1,285: 20mm: 200 GAI-DO1, 35mm: 260 GDF-003; 40mm: 725 L60/70, 100 M-42A1.
SAM: 12 Rapier, 150 Stinger, Redeye.
AIRCRAFT: 163. 8 Cessna 206, 4 -421, 1 Cherokee, 40 Citabria, 1 DHC-2, 5 Do-27A, 19 -28D, 50 O-1E, 15T-42A, 20 U-17.
HELICOPTERS: 273. 20 AB-204, 85 AB-205, 20 AB-206A, 3 AB-212, 30 OH-13H, 70 TH-55, 30 UH-1D, 15 UH-1H.

NAVY: 52,000, incl marines (40,000 conscripts).
BASES: Ankara (Navy HQ and COMEDNOREAST), Golciik (HQ Fleet), Istanbul (HQ Northern area and Bosphorus), Izmir, (HQ Southern area and Aegean),

Eregli (HQ Black Sea), Iskenderun, Aksaz Bay, Mersin (HQ Mediterranean).
SUBMARINES: 15 SS:

6 Atilay (Ge Type 209/1200) with SST-4 HWT.

7 Burakreis (US Guppy) with Mk 37 HWT.

2 Hizirreis (US Tang) with Mk 37 HWT.
PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS: 20.
DESTROYERS: 12:

8 Yucetepe (US Gearing) (ASW/ASUW) with 2x3 ASTT (Mk 46 LWT); 5 with 1x8 ASROC, 2 with Harpoon SSM, all with 2x2 127mm guns.

2 Alcitepe (US Carpenter) with 1x8 ASROC, 2x3 ASTT, 1x2 127mm guns.

1 Zafer (US Sumner) with 2x3 ASTT, 3x2 127mm guns.

1 Muavenet (mod Sumner), weapons as Zafer, plus 80 mines.
FRIGATES: 8:

4 Yavuz (Ge MEKO 200) with 1 AB-212 hel (ASW/OTHT), 2x3 ASTT; plus 2x4 Harpoon SSM, 1 127mm gun.

2 Gelibolu (Ge T-120 Kolri)with 4 533mm ASTT, 2x4 ASW mor; plus 2 100mm gun.

2 Berk with 2x3 ASTT.
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS: 47:
MISSILE CRAFT: 16:

8 Doian (Ge Lurssen-57) PFM with 2x4 Harpoon SSM.

8 Kartal (Ge Jaguar) PFM with 4 Penguin 2 SSM, 2 533mm TT.
TORPEDO CRAFT: 2 Turfan (Ge Jaguar) PFT with 4 533mm TT.
PATROL: 29:

COASTAL 7: 1 Girne PFC, 6 Sultanhisar PCC.

INSHORE: 22: 1 Bora (US Asheville) PFI, 12 AB-25PCI, 4 AB-21, 5<.
MINE WARFARE: 37:
MINELAYERS: 4:

1 Nusret (400 mines).

3 Mordotan (US LSM) coastal (400 mines).

Note: Bayraktar, Sarucabey and Cakabey LST have dual amph/minelaying role.
MINE COUNTERMEASURES: 33:

12 Seymen (US Adjutant) MSC.

4 Trabzon (Cdn Bay) MSC.

6 Karamursel (Ge Vegesack) MSC.

4 Foca (US Cape) MSI.

7 MCM base ships<.
AMPHIBIOUS: 7 LST:

2 Ertugrul (US Terrebonne Parish): capacity 400 tps, 18 tk.

2 Bayraktar (US LST-512): capacity 200 tps, 16 tk.

2 Sarucabey: capacity 600 tps, 11 tk.

1 Cakabey: capacity 400 tps, 9 tk.

Plus about 79 craft: 36 LCT, 12 LCU, 31 LCM.
SUPPORT AND MISCELLANEOUS: 26:

1 Akar AO, 5 spt tankers, 3 depot ships, 3 salvage/rescue, 2 survey, 4 tpt, 5 tugs, 2 repair, 1 div spt.
NAVAL AVIATION: 22 combat ac, 15 armed hel.

ASW: 1 sqn with 22 S-2A/E/TS-2A Tracker ac (Air Force aircraft, Air Force and Navy crews); 3 AB-204AS, 12 AB-212 ASW hel.
MARINES: 1 regt (4,000).

HQ, 3 bn, 1 arty bn (18 guns), spt units.

AIR FORCE: 57,200 (31,800 conscripts).

2 tac air forces, 1 tpt, 1 air trg comd.
FGA: 17 sqn:

5 (1 OCU) with F-5A/B (1 incl RF-5A, RT-33A recce);

4 (1 OCU) with F-4E (1 incl RF-4E recce);

3 with F-16 (1 OCU, 1 converting)

5 (1 OCU) with F/TF-104G.
FIGHTER: 2 sqn with F-104S/G, TF-104G.
RECCE: RF-5A, RF-4E (see FGA, above).
ASW: 1 sqn with S-2A/E Tracker (see Navy).
TRANSPORT: 4 sqn:

1 with C-130H and C-47;

1 with C-160D;

2 with C-47 (1 ECM/ELINT/SAR/calibration);

2 VIP tpt units with Viscount 794, C-47.
LIAISON:

3 HQ fit with C-47, AT-11, T-33 ac; UH-1H hel;

10 base fit with C-47, T-33 ac; UH-1H, UH-19B (Sikorsky S-55) hel.
TRAINING: 3 sqn: 1 with T-34, T-41; 1 with T-33, T-38; 1 with T-37; trg schools with C-47 ac, UH-1H hel.
SAM: 8 sqn with Nike Hercules; 2 Rapier sqn.
EQUIPMENT: 530 cbt ac (plus 120 in store), no attack hel.
AIRCRAFT:

F-16C/D: 71 (57 FGA, 14* -D trg).

F-5: 136. -A: 48 (FGA); -B: 10 (6 FGA, 4 recce); RF-5A: 18 (recce); NF-5A/B: 60 (FGA); some 44 in store.

F-4E: 141. 105 (FGA); 30 (OCU); RF-4E: 6 (recce); plus 30 in store.

F-104: 160. -G: 130 (FGA); TF-104G: 12 (10 FGA, 2 ftr); -S: 18 (ftr); plus 90 in store.

S-2 Tracker: 22. -A: 10 (8 ASW, 2 TS-2A trg); -E: 12 (ASW). With Navy.

C-130: 7 (tpt). C-160D: 20 (tpt). Viscount: 3 (VIP). C-47: 54 (38 tpt, 6 VIP, 10 trg).

Citation: 4 (VIP tpt). T-33: 95 (60 trg/OCU, 30 liaison/OCU, 5 recce). T-34: 12 (trg). T-37: 30 trg, 12 in store. T-38:28 (trg). T-41:18 (trg).
HELICOPTERS: UH-1H: 45+ (tpt, liaison, base fit, trg schools). AS-330: 4.
SAM: 128 Nike Hercules, 24 Rapier.

DEPLOYMENT:
ARMY:

1st Army: HQ ISTANBUL: 4 Corps with 1 mech, 7 inf div; 3 armd, 1 mech, 2 inf, 5 coastal def bde.

2nd Army: HQ MALATYA: (mainly located in Zone excluded from CFE): 3 Corps with 1 armd, 3 mech, 3 inf, 1 AB, 2 cdo bde.

3rd Army: HQ ERZINCAN: 3 Corps with 4 inf div; 3 armd, 2 mech, 4 inf bde (incl Forces Abroad, see below).

4th Army: HQ IZMIR: 2 inf div; 1 inf bde.

FORCES ABROAD:
CYPRUS: 1 corps of 2 inf div, (30,000); 300 M-48A5 MBT; 100 M-113, 100 M-59 APC;

144 105mm, 36 155mm, 8 203mm towed; 18 105mm, 6 155mm SP; 114 107mm mor; 84 40mm AA guns; 8 ac, 12 hel.
UN AND PEACE-KEEPING:

IRAQ/KUWAIT (UNIKOM): 7 Observers.

PARAMILITARY:
GENDARMERIE/NATIONAL GUARD: (Ministry of Interior, Ministry of Defence in War) 70,000 active, 50,000 reserve

(incl 3 lt inf bde (each 3 bn)), 1 cdo bde plus 4 cdo regt (each 3 bn) with V-150, UR-416, Condor APC; AB-204, AB-205, AB-206, 6 UH-60 hel).
COAST GUARD: 1,100: 28 PCI plus boats, 4 tpt.

FOREIGN FORCES:
NATO:

HQ Allied Land Forces South Eastern Europe (LANDSOUTHEAST).

HQ 6 Allied Tactical Air Force (6 ATAF).
US: 4,900. Army (1,300). Air (3,600): 1 tac, 1 air base gp.

UNITED KINGDOM

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: 300,100 incl 18,100 women and some 9,100 enlisted outside the UK.
RESERVES: 347,200.

Army: 268,800: Regular 187,500; Territorial Army (TA) 72,000; Home Service Force some 3,200.

Ulster Defence Regt (UDR) 6,100 (3,100 part time).

Navy: 31,400: Regular 25,700; Volunteers and Auxiliary Service 5,700.

Marines: 3,900: Regular 2,700; Volunteers and Auxiliary Forces 1,200.

Air Force: 43,100: Regular 41,300; Volunteers and Auxiliary Forces 1,800.

STRATEGIC FORCES: (2,000).
SLBM: 48 msl in 3 SSBN:

3 Resolution SSBN each with 16 Polaris A-3TK msl. (Plus 1 in extended refit.)
Ballistic Missile Early Warning System (BMEWS) station at Fylingdales (to be upgraded).

ARMY: 149,600 (incl 7,100 women and 8,800 enlisted outside the UK, of whom some 7,400 are Gurkhas).

(Note: regt are normally of bn size).

1 corps HQ.

3 armd div (2 with 3 armd bde, 1 with 2 armd, 1 mech bde (Saxon in UK), all 3 arty, 1 engr, 1 avn regt, 1 AD bty).

corps tps: 1 arty bde (1 SSM, 3 hy, 2 AD regt), 2 armd recce, 4 engr regt.

1 inf div (1 air-mobile bde, 2 inf bde (reserve), 1 arty regt).

1 mech bde (Saxon).

1 AB bde.

3 inf bde.

11 inf bde HQ (3 control ops in N. Ireland, remainder mixed regular and TA for trg/administrative purposes only).

3 engr bde HQ.
Summary Combat Arm Units:

14 armd regt (incl 1 trg regt).

5 armd recce regt.

15 mech inf bn (8 FV 432, 7 Saxon).

5 armd inf bn (Warrior).

32 inf bn (incl 5 Gurkha).

3 AB bn (2 only in para role).

1 SF (SAS) regt.

18 arty regt (1 SSM with 12 Lance launchers,

3 hy (incl 1 MLRS), 8 SP, 6 fd incl 1 cdo, 1 AB).

3 AD regt (Rapier).

13 engr regt (incl 1 Gurkha, 1 amph, 1 armd).

4 avn regt (plus 1 forming).
RESERVES:
Territorial Army: 2 armd recce, 3 lt recce regt, 41 inf bn, 2 SF (SAS), 2 fd, 1 arty recce, 4 AD (Blowpipe/Javelin), 8 engr regt, 1 avn sqn.
Home Service Force: some 43 coy (to be 47).
Ulster Defence Regiment (UDR): 9 bn (internal security role in Northern Ireland only).
Hong Kong Regiment.
EQUIPMENT:
MBT: 1,314 (1,198): 426 Challenger (408), some 850 Chieftain (752), 38 Centurion (38).
LIGHT TANKS: some 275 FV 101 Scorpion (CFE 256 HACV).
RECCE: some 315 FV 107 Scimitar, some 1,000 Ferret, some 350 Fox, 13 FV 601 Saladin (CFE HACV).
AIFV: some 510 Warrior (MCV-80) (465), 13 FV 432 Rarden (13).
APC: 3,590: (2,516) some 2,000 FV 432 (1,240), some 250 FV 603 Saracen (148), some 405 FV 103 Spartan (405),

some 527 AT-105 Saxon (302), 313 Humber(313).
TOTAL ARTY: 729 (636).
TOWED ARTY: 345 (309): 105mm: 212 L-118 (180), 52 M-56 (52); 140mm: 9 5.5-in (9); 155mm: 72 FH-70 (68).
SP ARTY: 367 (313): 105mm: 200 FV 433 Abbot; (151); 155mm: 111 M-109A1 (109), 3 SP-70 (trials); 175mm: 37 M-107 (37);

203mm: 16 M-110 (16) (to be withdrawn).
MRL: 227mm: some 26 MLRS (14).
MORTARS: 81mm: some 500.
SSM: 14 Lance launchers (incl 2 in store).
ATGW: ~l.100 Milan (incl 72 FV 103 Spartan SP), 48 Swingfire (FV 102 Striker SP), TOW.
RCL: 84mm: Carl Gustav.
SAM: Blowpipe, Javelin; 120 Rapier (some 50 SP).
AIRCRAFT: 5 BN-2, 21 Chipmunk trg.
HELICOPTERS: 30 Scout, 159 SA-341, 136 Lynx, AH-1/-7/-9, 4 A-109.
LANDING CRAFT: 2 Ardennes, 9 Arromanches log; 4 Avon, LCVP<; 3 tugs, 28 other service vessels.

NAVY (RN): 61,800 (incl Air, 7,400 Marines, 3,900 women and 300 enlisted outside the UK).
ROYAL FLEET AUXILIARY (RFA): (2,350 civilians) man major spt vessels.
ROYAL MARITIME AUXILIARY SERVICE (RMAS): (2,900 civilians) provides harbour/coastal services.
RESERVES:
ROYAL FLEET RESERVE: (25,300) Ex-regulars, no trg commitment.
ROYAL NAVAL RESERVE (RNR): (5,700) 6 HQ units, 11 Sea Trg Centres (STC), 12 Comms Trg Centres (CTC), 1 MCM sqn: 10 MCMV, 19 PCI.
ROYAL NAVAL AUXILIARY SERVICE (RNXS): (3,200) 72 auxiliary service units; Port HQ, patrols, etc.
BASES: UK: Northwood (HQ Fleet, CINCHAN/CINCEASTLANT), Devonport (HQ), Faslane, Portland, Portsmouth, Rosyth (HQ).

Overseas: Gibraltar, Hong Kong.
SUBMARINES: 24:
STRATEGIC SUBMARINES: 3 SSBN (plus 1 in long refit) (see p. 75).
TACTICAL SUBMARINES: 21:
SSN: 14 (incl 1 in refit):

6 Trafalgar, 6 Swiftsure all with Mk 24 HWT and Harpoon USGW.

1 Valiant, 1 Churchill with Mk 24 HWT and Harpoon.
SS: 7:

1 Upholder^t with Mk 24 HWT and Harpoon.

6 Oberon with Mk 24 HWT.
PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS: 48:
CARRIERS: 2 Invincible CVV (plus 1 in long refit); each with ac: 8 Sea Harrier V/STOL; hel: 12 Sea King: 9 ASW, 3 AEW; plus 1x2 Sea Dart SAM.
DESTROYERS: 12 DDG (incl 2 in refit):

12 Birmingham with 1x2 Sea Dart SAM; plus 1 Lynx hel, 2x3 ASTT, 1 114mm gun.
FRIGATES: 34 (incl 2 in refit):

4 Cornwall (Type 22 Batch 3) with 1 Sea King hel (Sting Ray LWT), 2x3 ASTT; plus 2x4 Harpoon SSM, 1 114mm gun.

10 Broadsword (Type 22 Batch 1/2) with 2 Lynx hel (2 with 1 Sea King), 2x3 ASTT; plus 4 MM-38 Exocet SSM.

3 Norfolk (Type 23) with 1 Lynx hel, 2x2 ASTT , plus 2x4 Harpoon SSM, 1 114mm gun.

6 Amazon with 1 Lynx hel, 2x3 ASTT; plus 4 MM-38 Exocet, 1 114mm gun.

11 Leander:

9 (Batch 2/3A) with 1 Lynx hel, 2x3 ASTT; plus 4 MM-38 Exocet.

1 (Batch 3B) with 1x3 ASW mor, plus 2 114mm guns.

1 Batch 21 trg with 2x3 ASTT.
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS: 34:
OFFSHORE: 14 PCO: 1 Endurance, 1 Sentinel, 2 Castle, 7 Jersey, 3 Peacock.
INSHORE: 20 PCI: 3 Kingfisher, 4 Manly, 13<.
MINE WARFARE: 35:
MINELAYER: No dedicated minelayer, but all submarines have limited minelaying capability.
MINE COUNTERMEASURES: 35:

13 Brecon MCO.

2 Sandown MHC.

12 Waveney MSO (11 with RNR).

6 Ton MHC, 1 Ton MSC.

1 Wilton MHC, trg.
AMPHIBIOUS: 7:

2 Fearless LPD (1 in refit) with 4 LCU, 4 LCVP; capacity 400 tps, 15 tk, 3 hel.

1 Sir Galahad, 4 Sir Lancelot LST: capacity 340 tps, 16 tk (Sir G. 18), 1 hel (RFA manned).

Plus 32 craft: 15 LCU, 17 LCVP.

Note: See Army for additional amph lift capability.
SUPPORT AND MISCELLANEOUS: 35:
UNDERWAY SUPPORT: 12: 3 Olwen, 1 Tidespring, 4 Green Rover AO, 2 Fort Grange, 2 Resource AEF.
MAINTENANCE/LOGISTIC: 11: 1 AR, 4 AOT, 3 AE, 3 AT.
SPECIAL PURPOSE: 6: 1 AVT, 1 trg (chartered), 3 trials/research, 1 Royal Yacht.
SURVEY: 6 AGHS. (26 of above civilian manned, either RFA or RMAS).

FLEET AIR ARM (FAA):
FIGHTER/ATTACK: 3 ac sqn with Sea Harrier FRS-1.
ASW: 6 hel sqn with Sea King HAS-5;
ASW/ATTACK: 2 sqn with Lynx HAS-2/-3 (in indep fit).
AEW: 1 hel sqn with Sea King AEW-2, 1 sqn with Sea King Mk5.
COMMANDO SUPPORT: 3 hel sqn with Sea King HC-4.
SAR: 1 hel sqn with Sea King HC-4.
TRAINING: 2 sqn: 1 with Jetstream ac; 1 with SA-341 Gazelle HT-2 hel.
FLEET SUPPORT: Canberra T-18/-22, Hunter T-7/-8, GA-11, PR-11, 3 Mystere-Falcon 20 (civil registration, operated under contract).
LIAISON: HS-125 (VIP, operated by RAF), Sea Heron, Sea Devon.
EQUIPMENT: 45 cbt ac, 153 armed hel.
AIRCRAFT:

Sea Harrier/Harrier: 45. Sea Harrier FRS-1: 41 (some being mod to FRS-2). T-4N: 4* (trg).

Canberra: 2 (spt). 7 in store.

Hunter: 26 (spt, trg).

HS-125: 2 (VIP tpt); Mystere-Falcon 20: 11 (spt); Jetstream: 19. T-2: 15 (trg); T-3: 4 (trg); Chipmunk: 14 (trg).
HELICOPTERS:

Sea King: 120. HAS-5: 76 (51 ASW, 25* trg). HC-4: 34 (cdo). AEW-2: 10.

Lynx: 77. HAS-2: 55. HAS-3: 22.

Gazelle HT-2/-3: 22 (trg).
MISSILES:

ASM: Sea Skua, Sea Eagle.

AAM: AIM-9 Sidewinder.

MARINES (RM): (7,400).

1 cdo bde: 3 cdo; 1 cdo arty regt (Army) + 1 bty (TA); 2 cdo engr sqn (1 Army, 1 TA), 1 log regt (joint Service); 1 lt hel sqn.

1 mtn and arctic warfare cadre.

Special Boat Service (SF): HQ: 5 sqn.

1 aslt sqn (6 landing craft).

1 gp (Commachio).
EQUIPMENT:
ATGW: Milan.
SAM: Javelin, Blowpipe.
HELICOPTERS: 8 SA-341, 6 Lynx AH-1.

AIR FORCE (RAF): 88,700 (incl 7,100 women).
FGA/BOMBER: 11 sqn: (nuclear capable)

9 with Tornado GR-1;

2 with Buccaneer S-2A/B (maritime strike, with Sea Eagle ASM).
FGA: 5 sqn:

3 with Harrier, 1 with GR-3, 2 with GR-5/-7.

2 with Jaguar.
FIGHTER: 9 sqn, plus 1 fit:

4 with Phantom; plus 1 fit (Falklands).

7 with Tornado F-3.
RECCE: 1 sqn with Tornado GR-1A; 1 photo-recce unit with Canberra PR-9, 1 sqn with Jaguar.
MR: 4 sqn with Nimrod MR-2.
AEW: 1 sqn with 2 Sentry E-3D.
ECM/ELINT: 2 sqn: 1 ECM with Canberra, 1 ELINT with Nimrod R-1.
TANKER: 3 sqn: 1 with Victor K-2; 1 with VC-10 K-2/-3; 1 with Tristar K-1/KC-1.
TRANSPORT: 5 sqn:

1 strategic with VC-10 C-1.

4 tac with Hercules C-1/-1K/-1P/-3P.
LIAISON: 2 comms sqn with HS-125, Andover ac; SA-341E hel.

Queen's Flt: BAe-146-100, Andover ac; Wessex hel.
CALIBRATION: 2 sqn: 1 with Andover E-3/-3A;

1 calibration/target facility with Canberra B-2/E-15/T-4/TT-18.
OCU: 10: Tornado G R - 1 , Tornado F-3, Buccaneer 5 Mk 2, Jaguar GR-1A/T2A, Harrier GR-3/5, T-4 Nimrod, Canberra B-2/T-4,

Hercules, VC-10, SA-330/CH-47.

1 wpn conversion unit with Tornado GR-1.

2 tac wpn units with Hawk T-1A.
TRAINING: Hawk T-1A, Jet Provost, Jetstream T-1, Bulldog T-1, Chipmunk T-10, HS-125 Dominie T-1, Tucano T-1.
TACTICAL HELICOPTERS: 5 sqn: 1 with Wessex, 2 with SA-330 HC-1; 2 with CH-47 HC-1.
SAR: 2 hel sqn; 9 fit: 4 with W f " a HC-2; 5 with Sea King HAR-3.
TRAINING: Wessex, SA-341.
AD: 1 SAM sqn with Bloodhound 2.
EQUIPMENT: 530 cbt ac (plus 323 in store), no armed hel.
AIRCRAFT:

Tornado: 234: GR-1: 156 (108 strike, 6 recce, 18* in tri-national trg sqn (Cottesmore), 24* in wpn conversion unit); F-2/3: 78 (60 ftr, 18* OCU);

plus 76 in store (29 F-2/-3, 47 GR-1).

Buccaneer 34 (24 attack, 10* OCU), plus 28 in store.

Jaguar: 44 (32 FGA, 12* OCU); plus 71 in store.

Harrier: 56. GR-5: 48 (36 FGA, 12* OCU); T-4:8* (OCU); plus 60 in store.

Phantom: 54. FGR-2: 54 (48 ftr, 6* OCU); plus 71 in store.

Hawk: 144 (84* tac weapons unit (Sidewinder capable), 60 trg).

Canberra: 48. B-2: 12 (trg); T-4:2 (trg); PR-7: 4 (trg); PR-9: 6 (recce); T-17: 12 (ECM); TT-18: 8 (target towing); E-15:4 (calibration).

Nimrod: 33. R-1:3 (ECM); MR-2: 24 (MR); 6* (OCU); plus 4 MR-2 in store.

Sentry (E-3D): 2 (AEW).

Victor: 12 (tanker).

Tristar 9. K-1: 4 (tanker/tpt); KC-1: 2 (tanker/ego); C-2: 3 (tpt).

VC-10: 22. C-1: 13 (strategic tpt to be mod to tanker/tpt); K-2:5 (tanker); K-3: 4 (tanker).

Hercules: 60 C-130H (mod): C-1: 8 (OCU); C-1K: 6 (tpt/tkr); C-1P: 16 (tac tpt, air-refuelled); C-3P: 30 (tac tpt).

Andover: 16 (8 calibration, 8 liaison).

HS-125: 30; T-1: 18 (trg); CC-1/-2/3: 12 (liaison).

BAe-146: 2 (VIP tpt).

Jet Provost: 34 (trg). Tucano: 130 (trg). Jetstream: 12 (trg). Chieftain: 3 (liaison). Bulldog: 116 (trg). Chipmunk: 54 (trg).
HELICOPTERS:

Wessex: 51 (32 tac tpt, 15 SAR, 2 OCU, 2 VIP).

CH-47: 37 (32 tac tpt, 5 OCU).

SA-330: 45 (40 tac tpt, 5 OCU).

Sea King: 14(10 SAR, 4 OCU).

SA-341: 22 (liaison, trg).
MISSILES:

ASM: Martel, AGM-84A Harpoon, Sea Eagle.

AAM: AIM-9B/D/G Sidewinder, AIM-7E Sparrow, Sky Flash.

ARM: AGM-45 Shrike.

SAM: 64 Bloodhound.

ROYAL AIR FORCE REGIMENT:

3 wing HQ.

5 lt armd sqn.

1 fd sqn.

10 SAM sqn (Rapier).
EQUIPMENT: 37 Scorpion lt tk (CFE: HACV); 114 Spartan APC, 13 Saracen APC, 80 Rapier SAM.
RESERVES (Royal Auxiliary Air Force Regiment): 6 fd def sqn; 2 lt AA gun sqn with 12 twin 35mm Oerlikon and Skyguard.

DEPLOYMENT:
ARMY:
United Kingdom Land Forces (UKLF):
Reinforcements for 1 (BR) Corps (declared to NORTHAG).

1 inf div (regular. 1 air-mobile bde, 1 arty regt, 1 avn sqn. TA: 2 inf bde, 2 arty regt).

1 mech bde (for armd div).

Additional TA units incl 18 inf bn, 2 SAS, 1 arty recce, 4 AD (Blowpipe) regt.
United Kingdom Mobile Force (UKMF): (declared to COMLANDJUT, based on 1 mech bde, would be reinforced by 5,000 TA/reservists).
Allied Command Europe Mobile Force (Land) (AMF(L)): (some 2,300): UK contribution: 1 inf bn, 1 armd recce, 1 sigs, 1 engr sqn, 1 arty bty,

1 log bn; 1 avn fit.
HQ Northern Ireland: (some 9,200 excl UDR): 3 inf bde HQ, up to 10 major units in inf role (6 resident, 4 roulement inf bn), 1 engr sqn, 1 avn regt.

9 UDR bn.
Remainder of Army regular and TA units for Home Defence.
NAVY:
FLEET: (CinC is also CINCCHAN and CINCEASTLANT).

Regular Forces, with the exception of most Patrol and Coastal Combatants, Mine Warfare and Support forces are declared

to ACCHAN or EASTLANT.
MARINES: 1 cdo bde (declared to AFNORTH).
AIR FORCE:
STRIKE COMMAND: (CinC is also CINCUKAIR).
Commands all combat air operations other than for RAF(Germany), Belize and Falklands: 3 Groups:

No. 1 (Strike, Attack, Transport), No 11 (AirDefence), No 18 (Maritime).
SUPPORT COMMAND: trg, supply and maint spt of other comd.

OVERSEAS:
ANTARCTICA: 1 ice patrol ship (in summer).
ASCENSION ISLAND: RAF: Hercules C-1K det.
BELIZE: 1,500. Army: some 1,200; 1 inf bn, 1 armd recce tp, 1 fd arty bty, 1 engr sqn, 1 hel fit (3 Gazelle AH-1).

RAF: 300; 1 fit (4 Harrier GR-3 FGA, 4 Puma hel), 1 Rapier AD det (4 fire units) RAF Regt.
BRUNEI: Army: some 800: 1 Gurkha inf bn, 1 hel fit (3 hel).
CANADA: Army: trg and liaison unit RAF: Tornado det.
CYPRUS: 4,200. Army: 2,700. 2 inf bn, 1 armd recce, 1 engr spt sqn, 1 hel fit

RAF: 1,500: 1 hel sqn (Wessex), det of Phantom, Tornado ac, 1 lt armd sqn RAF Regt.
FALKLAND ISLANDS: some 1,600. Army: 1 inf coy gp, 1 engr sqn (fd, plant).

RN: 1 DD/FF, 1 patrol, spt and auxiliary ships.

RAF: 1 Phantom fit, 6 Hercules C-1K, 3 Sea King HAR-3, 6 CH-47 hel, 1 sqn RAF regt (Rapier SAM).

(Garrison may vary throughout the year.)
GERMANY: 63,400. Army (BAOR declared to NORTHAG): 52,800; 1 corps HQ; 3 armd div; 1 arty bde, 2 armd recce, 4 engr regt.

Berlin Inf Bde: 2,800; 3 inf bn, 1 armd sqn (CFE: 899 MBT, 1,470 ACV, 300 arty, 60 attack hel).

RAF: 10,600 (declared to 2 ATAF); 13 ac, 2 hel sqn: 7 Tornado, 2 Harrier, 2 Phantom FGR-2, 1 Tornado recce, 1 Andover (comms);

1 SA-330, 1 CH-47 (tpt) (CFE: 154 cbt ac).

RAF regt: 2 Wing HQ; 4 Rapier SAM, 1 lt armd sqn. Berlin: (700).
GIBRALTAR: 1,600. Army: 700; Gibraltar regt (reserve). Navy/Marines: 500; 2 PCI, Marine det, 2 twin Exocet launchers (coast defence), base unit.

RAF: 400; periodic Jaguar ac det.
HONG KONG: 6,500. Army: 5,800 (British 1,700, Gurkha 4,100). Gurkha inf bde with 1 UK, 3 Gurkha inf bn, 1 Gurkha engr regt,

1 hel sqn (-) with 10 Scout AH-1, 3 small landing craft, 3 other vessels.

Navy/Marines: 500 (300 locally enlisted); 3 Peacock PCC, (12 patrol boats in local service).

RAF: 300; 1 Wessex hel sqn(10 HC-2) (until 1997). Reserves: Hong Kong regt (reserve) 1,200.
INDIAN OCEAN (Operation Armilla): 3 DD/FF, 1 spt ship. Diego Garcia: 1 naval party, 1 Marine det.
NEPAL Army: 1,200 (Gurkha trg org).
WEST INDIES (see also Belize): 1 DD/FF.
MILITARY ADVISERS: 600 in 33 countries.
UN AND PEACE-KEEPING:

CYPRUS (UNFICYP): 785: 1 inf bn(-), 1 armd recce sqn, 1 hel fit, engr and log spt (incl spt for UNIFTL).

EGYPT (MFO): 38 admin and spt.

IRAQ/KUWAIT (UNIKOM): 20 Observers.

FOREIGN FORCES:
US: 24,400. Navy (2,400). Air (22,000): 1 Air Force HQ, 246 cbt ac trg.
GERMANY/ITALY: Tri-national Tornado trg sqn.

NON-NATO EUROPE

Political Developments

The member states of NATO and the Warsaw Pact signed the Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE) Treaty on 19 November 1990. The Treaty limited the numbers of tanks, artillery, armoured combat vehicles, attack helicopters and combat aircraft which either alliance could hold. Each alliance then decided how the residual totals would be shared between its members; the details of residual shares are set out on pp. 233-4.

On 1 April 1991 the Warsaw Pact ceased to exist as a military alliance when the military organization was abolished, including the joint command and the joint air defence system. The final meeting of the Warsaw Treaty Political Consultative Committee was held in Prague on 1 July 1991 when the Treaty was finally terminated. Only Romania, of the former Warsaw Pact states, has subsequently signed a Treaty on Co-operation, Good Neighbourliness and Friendship with the Soviet Union. This Treaty contains a clause pledging 'not to tolerate the use of their territories by a third state to commit an act of aggression against the other side and not to support such a state'; while other former Warsaw Pact states are ready to complete treaties of co-operation and friendship with the Soviet Union, they have all drawn the line at including such an undertaking. Meanwhile, a number of bilateral treaties have been signed: a Military Co-operation Agreement between Hungary and Poland allows for co-production, procurement and an officer training and exchange scheme; a symbolic statement was signed by the leaders of Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Poland at Visegrad (where the kings of these countries had signed a co-operation agreement in 1335). The statement set out the intention to co-operate rather than compete in the economic field and foresaw the need to consult on matters of security.

Following the signing of CFE and the unification of Germany, the Soviet Union agreed to withdraw all its armed forces from Eastern Europe. The withdrawals from Czechoslovakia and Hungary, agreed to by the USSR in early 1990, were finally completed on 25 June 1991. The final details of the withdrawal programme from Poland have not yet been agreed but the first Soviet unit began to pull out in April 1991 and the Soviet Union has offered to complete its withdrawal in 1993, though Poland is still looking for an earlier date. Agreement has been reached on the terms under which Soviet forces withdrawing from Germany may transit through Poland.

The Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) at its meeting of Foreign Ministers in Berlin on 19-20 June agreed to a new conflict resolution procedure: any member state feeling threatened by events in a neighbouring country could, if its request gained 12 supporters, call an emergency CSCE meeting at Foreign Minister level to discuss the problem. However, any action taken would have to be agreed unanimously.

The internal problems of Yugoslavia give concern to its neighbours and to Europe as a whole, which fears the consequences of a break-up of the Federation. So far two republics, Slovenia and Croatia, which declared their independence on 25 June 1991, have formed their own military units - albeit of a paramilitary nature. The Yugoslav national army, with its preponderance of Serbian officers, made an unsuccessful attempt to curb Slovenia's bid for independence. Serbian forces have occupied significant parts of Croatia inhabited by Serbs. The European Community (EC) under a mandate of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE), has sent a group of observers to monitor the cease-fire in Slovenia and subsequently in Croatia.

Albania has abandoned its long-standing policy of isolation, even though the ruling communist party was returned to power in the first multiparty elections held on 31 March 1991. Since then, diplomatic relations have been resumed with a growing number of countries and Albania was unanimously accepted as a member of CSCE on 19 June 1991, shortly after the resignation of the communist government.

A new European grouping, the Pentagonal, has been formed, which spans membership of NATO, former Warsaw Pact members, and neutral and non-aligned nations. Its original five members were Italy, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Austria and Yugoslavia. It became the Hexagonal with the admission of Poland on 27 July 1991. Bulgaria and Romania have applied to join. Greece has proposed to Bulgaria and Turkey the establishment of a demilitarized zone in the area where their three borders meet. Bulgaria has welcomed the proposal.

Although NATO has ruled out any extension of its own membership to the east at this juncture, its members adopted, at a meeting of Foreign Ministers in Copenhagen on 6 June 1991, a statement entitled 'Partnership with the Countries of Central and Eastern Europe'. This included, 'our own security is inseparably linked to that of other states in Europe ... their freedom from any form of coercion or intimidation are therefore of direct and material concern to us ...'

Military Developments

The former members of the Warsaw Pact face a number of problems. The CFE Treaty continues to link them together, and to the Soviet Union, in particular over holdings of treaty limited equipment (TLE) and verification inspections. They must all eliminate relatively large numbers of tanks and artillery (many of them older types); most are reducing the size of their armed forces to cut defence spending; some are reducing the length of conscript service and others reserve training liability. Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Poland plan to reorientate their armed forces, whose deployment was required by the Warsaw Pact to be predominantly in the western part of these countries. The aim is to spread forces more evenly across the country; air defence must be reorientated to give a measure of all-round defence. These countries also have to deal with the environmental problems left by the departing Soviet forces, particularly the disposal of unexploded ammunition and waste oil.

Little progress has been made in eliminating surplus equipment, but CFE has not yet been ratified. A number of countries have used a provision of the Treaty (Article III(A)) to declare TLE to be earmarked for export and did not include these in their treaty totals. The MilitaryBalance lists them as 'in store'. The largest export pool is that of Czechoslovakia which contains nearly 1,600 tanks, over 1,900 ACV and 1,900 artillery pieces.

There have been few other significant developments in the armed forces of former Warsaw Pact states, and little new equipment has been delivered. In Bulgaria conscript service has been reduced by six months to 18, and active force strength has been reduced by 22,000 men. The number of tanks in service has been reduced by some 700 and artillery by about 500 pieces, but the majority of these are still in store awaiting export sale. The Navy has retired one Pobeda (Sov Romeo) class submarine. The replacement programme of Poti corvettes which began in 1989 (not previously reported in The Military Balance) continues; instead of five the Navy now has two Poti, two Tarantul I and one Pauk I corvettes. The Navy has also added six Mi-14 ASW to naval aviation. The Air Force has acquired 22 MiG-29 FGA, and four more Mi-24 attack helicopters.

Czechoslovakian defence spending is much reduced in real terms and active force strength has been cut by some 40,000 men. The Military Balance considers that the four mobilization divisions, with their main weaponry up for sale, can no longer be considered a military asset and they are therefore no longer listed. In addition to large numbers of tanks and artillery earmarked for export sale, the Czech Air Force has listed 98 aircraft for export, probably including Su-7/-20 FGA which are no longer in operational service and primarily MiG-21, the operational inventory of which has dropped by nearly 100 aircraft. Hungary has reduced conscript service by six months to one year and active force strength has dropped by 7,500 men. One (of four) Scud brigades has been disbanded.

In Poland conscription in the Navy has been reduced by six months to 18 and the armed forces have been cut by 8,000 men. One (of four) Scud brigade has been disbanded and the holdings of SSM launchers reduced (five Scud, 12 FROG). Three artillery brigades have been disbanded, the Navy has retired three Osa fast missile patrol craft and the Air Force has put over 50 of its aircraft up for sale, including Su-7 FGA and MiG-21 fighters. The Polish Navy has retired eight Polnocny LSM and commissioned two more Lublin LSM. The Air Force has retired all its 30 Su-7 FGA aircraft and 40 MiG-21 fighters; 53 of these aircraft are available for export.

The Military Balance has underestimated Romanian manpower for some years. Information provided by official sources has greatly improved the accuracy of the entry. Active armed force manpower is just over 200,000 (compared to The Military Balance 1990-1991 estimate of 163,000); Naval strength is over double at 19,200. Reserves are officially given as 626,000, though previously The Military Balance only listed its estimate of those within five years of completing full-time service. One Motor Rifle Division has been disbanded but independent formations now additionally include two mountain, one artillery and five anti-tank brigades and an SA-8 regiment not previously listed in The Military Balance. Airborne forces consist of three brigades and not four regiments. The Air Force has taken delivery of 13 MiG- 29 FGA. The Security Troops under Ministry of Defence control have been re-named Gendarmerie and now come under the Ministry of Internal Affairs. The Army inventory has increased by some 50 TR-85 MBT and 14 122mm Model 89 SP guns; holdings of SSM have been reduced (5 Scud, 17 FROG). Conscript service in the Romanian Navy has been reduced by six months to 18; one Tarantul I corvette has been added.

There have been no significant changes to the armed forces of the European neutral and non-aligned nations. The Military Balance has been guilty of double counting Finnish mobilization forces. Last year we listed nine active and 27 reserve brigades; in fact there are 11 training brigades where conscript soldiers are trained in peacetime. These formations become combat brigades on mobilization, together with a further 16 reserve brigades, giving a mobilization total of 27. There is no change to the number of men available. Equipment holdings show a decrease of 60 MBT and increases in BMP (20) and APC (70 A-180 Sisu and 200 MT-LB). Fresh information has allowed The Military Balance to revise its listing of artillery holdings. The Finnish Navy has commissioned the first of four Rauma fast missile patrol craft. Austria has added six SAAB 105 FGA aircraft to its operational inventory.

The non-NATO European response to the Gulf crisis was varied. Czechoslovakia sent a chemical defence unit which deployed with the Coalition ground forces. Poland sent over 300 medical staff, some 200 of whom were deployed at three Saudi military hospitals, as well as a hospital ship and a rescue ship both based at Jubayl. There was no non-NATO European contribution, other than some economic aid, to Operation Provide Comfort in northern Iraq. The United Nations Iraq/Kuwait Observer Mission (UNIKOM) commanded by an Austrian general, and observers have been supplied by Austria, Finland, Hungary, Ireland, Poland, Romania and Sweden (which also provides logistic support). Switzerland has supplied fixed wing aircraft support.

Economic Data

The Military Balance has used official economic data from former members of the Warsaw Pact where this is expressed in local currency. There are serious problems in converting these allocations and outlays into convertible currency. GDP figures in $US are derived from Plan Econ PPP (Purchase Power Parity) estimates, while defence budgets and expenditures are derived from adjusted exchange rates. The resulting figures are significantly different from those of previous years, but provide a more realistic overview of economies and defence spending.

ЕВРОПА ВНЕ НАТО

Политические события

Государства-члены НАТО и Варшавского договора подписали Договор об обычных вооруженных силах в Европе (ДОВСЕ) 19 ноября 1990 года. Договор ограничивал количество танков, артиллерии, боевых бронированных машин, ударных вертолетов и боевых самолетов, которые мог бы иметь любой альянс. Затем каждый альянс принял решение о том, как будут распределяться остаточные суммы между его членами; подробная информация об остаточных долях приводится на стр. 233-4.

1 апреля 1991 года Варшавский договор прекратил свое существование как военный союз, когда была упразднена военная организация, включая объединенное командование и объединенную систему противовоздушной обороны. Заключительное заседание Политического консультативного комитета Варшавского договора состоялось в Праге 1 июля 1991 года, когда договор был окончательно расторгнут. Только Румыния из бывших государств Варшавского договора впоследствии подписала договор о сотрудничестве, добрососедстве и дружбе с Советским Союзом. Этот договор содержит положение, обязывающее "не допускать использования своих территорий третьим государством для совершения акта агрессии против другой стороны и не поддерживать такое государство"; в то время как другие бывшие государства Варшавского договора готовы завершить договоры о сотрудничестве и дружбе с Советским Союзом, все они провели линию на включение такого обязательства. Между тем, был подписан ряд двусторонних договоров: соглашение о военном сотрудничестве между Венгрией и Польшей допускает совместное производство, закупки и схему обучения и обмена офицерами; символическое заявление было подписано лидерами Чехословакии, Венгрии и Польши в Вышеграде (где короли этих стран подписали соглашение о сотрудничестве в 1335 году). В заявлении говорится о намерении сотрудничать, а не конкурировать в экономической области, и предусматривается необходимость проведения консультаций по вопросам безопасности.

После подписания договора и объединение Германии, Советский Союз согласился вывести свои вооруженные силы из Восточной Европы. Вывод войск из Чехословакии и Венгрии, согласованный СССР в начале 1990 года, был окончательно завершен 25 июня 1991 года. Окончательные детали программы вывода войск из Польши еще не согласованы, но первое советское подразделение начало выводиться в апреле 1991 года, и Советский Союз предложил завершить его вывод в 1993 году, хотя Польша все еще ищет более раннюю дату. Достигнута договоренность об условиях, на которых вывод советских войск из Германии может осуществляться транзитом через Польшу.

Конференция по безопасности и сотрудничеству в Европе (СБСЕ) на своей встрече министров иностранных дел в Берлине 19-20 июня согласовала новую процедуру урегулирования конфликта: любое государство-член, чувствующее угрозу событий в соседней стране, может, если его просьба получит поддержку 12 сторонников, созвать чрезвычайное заседание СБСЕ на уровне министров иностранных дел для обсуждения этой проблемы. Однако любые принятые меры должны быть согласованы единогласно.

Внутренние проблемы Югославии вызывают озабоченность у ее соседей и Европы в целом, которая опасается последствий распада Федерации. До сих пор две республики, Словения и Хорватия, которые объявили о своей независимости 25 июня 1991 года, сформировали свои собственные военные подразделения - хотя и военизированного характера. Югославская национальная армия с преобладанием сербских офицеров предприняла неудачную попытку сдержать стремление Словении к независимости. Сербские войска оккупировали значительную часть Хорватии, населенную сербами. Европейское сообщество (ЕС) в соответствии с мандатом конференции по безопасности и сотрудничеству в Европе (СБСЕ) направило группу наблюдателей для наблюдения за прекращением огня в Словении, а затем в Хорватии.

Албания отказалась от своей давней политики изоляции, хотя правящая Коммунистическая партия вернулась к власти в результате первых многопартийных выборов, состоявшихся 31 марта 1991 года. С тех пор дипломатические отношения были возобновлены с растущим числом стран и Албания была единогласно принята в члены СБСЕ 19 июня 1991 года, вскоре после отставки коммунистического правительства.

Была сформирована новая европейская группировка, пятиугольная, которая охватывает членов в НАТО, бывших членов Варшавского договора, а также нейтральных и неприсоединившихся стран. Его первоначальными пятью членами были Италия, Чехословакия, Венгрия, Австрия и Югославия. Он стал шестиугольным с принятием Польши 27 июля 1991 года. Болгария и Румыния подали заявки на вступление. Греция предложила Болгарии и Турции создать демилитаризованную зону в районе пересечения их трех границ. Болгария приветствовала это предложение.

Хотя НАТО на данном этапе исключила любое расширение своего членства на восток, ее члены приняли на встрече министров иностранных дел в Копенгагене 6 июня 1991 года заявление, озаглавленное "партнерство со странами Центральной и Восточной Европы". В том числе: "наша собственная безопасность неразрывно связана с безопасностью других государств Европы ... поэтому их свобода от любых форм принуждения или запугивания имеет для нас прямое и материальное значение ...'

Военные события

Бывшие члены Варшавского договора, сталкиваются с рядом проблем. ДОВСЕ продолжает связывать их воедино и с Советским Союзом, в частности в отношении запасов ограниченного по договору оборудования (TLE) и проверочных инспекций. Все они должны ликвидировать относительно большое количество танков и артиллерии (многие из них более старых типов); большинство из них сокращают численность своих вооруженных сил, чтобы сократить расходы на оборону; некоторые сокращают продолжительность службы по призыву, а другие резервируют учебные обязательства. Чехословакия, Венгрия и Польша планируют переориентировать свои вооруженные силы, развертывание которых требовалось Варшавским договором преимущественно в западной части этих стран. Цель состоит в том, чтобы распределить силы более равномерно по всей стране; противовоздушная оборона должна быть переориентирована, чтобы дать меру всесторонней обороны. Этим странам также приходится заниматься экологическими проблемами, оставленными уходящими советскими войсками, в частности утилизацией боеприпасов и отработанного масла.

Был достигнут незначительный прогресс в ликвидации излишков оборудования, но ДОВСЕ еще не ратифицирован. Ряд стран использовали положение договора (Статья III (A)) для объявления TLE предназначенными для экспорта и не включили их в свои общие договорные показатели. Военный баланс перечисляет их как "в запасе". Самый большой экспортный пул - это Чехословакия, которая содержит почти 1600 танков, более 1900 ББМ и 1900 артиллерийских орудий.

В Вооруженных силах бывших государств Варшавского договора произошло мало других значительных событий, и было поставлено мало нового оборудования. В Болгарии срочная служба была сокращена на шесть месяцев до 18, а численность действующей армии была сокращена на 22 000 человек. Количество танков, находящихся на вооружении, было сокращено примерно на 700 единиц, а артиллерии - примерно на 500 единиц, но большинство из них все еще находятся в запасе в ожидании экспортной продажи. Военно-морской флот вывел одну подводную лодку типа Победа. Программа замены корветов Poti, начатая в 1989 году (ранее не сообщалось в военном балансе), продолжается; вместо пяти ВМС теперь имеют два корвета Poti, два корвета Tarantul I и один корвет Pauk I. Военно-морской флот также добавил шесть Ми-14 ASW к морской авиации. ВВС приобрели 22 истребителя МиГ-29 и еще четыре ударных вертолета Ми-24.

Чехословацкие расходы на оборону значительно сократились в реальном выражении, а численность действующей армии сократилась примерно на 40 000 человек. Военный баланс считает, что четыре мобилизационные дивизии с их основным вооружением, выставленным на продажу, больше не могут считаться военным активом, и поэтому они больше не перечислены. В дополнение к большому количеству танков и артиллерии, предназначенных для экспортной продажи, ВВС Чехии перечислили 98 самолетов для экспорта, вероятно, включая ИБ Су-7/-20, которые больше не находятся в оперативном обслуживании, и в первую очередь МиГ-21, оперативный запас которых сократился почти на 100 самолетов. Венгрия сократила срочную службу на шесть месяцев до одного года, а численность действующей армии сократилась на 7500 человек. Одна (из четырех) бригад Scud была расформирована.

В Польше призыв в военно-морской флот был сокращен на шесть месяцев до 18, а вооруженные силы были сокращены на 8 000 человек. Одна (из четырех) бригад Scud была расформирована и число пусковых БР уменьшается (пять Scud, 12 FROG). Три артиллерийские бригады были расформированы, Военно-Морской Флот уволил три быстроходных ракетных патрульных корабля Osa, а ВВС выставили на продажу более 50 своих самолетов, включая истребители Су-7 и МиГ-21. Польский военно-морской флот отправил в отставку восемь ДК Polnocny и ввел в строй еще два ДКА Lublin. ВВС отправили в отставку все свои 30 самолетов Су-7 и 40 истребителей МиГ-21; 53 из этих самолетов доступны для экспорта.

Военный баланс недооценивал румынскую рабочую силу в течение нескольких лет. Информация, представленная официальными источниками, значительно повысила точность записи. Численность действующих вооруженных сил составляет чуть более 200 000 человек (по сравнению с оценкой военного баланса 1990-1991 годов в 163 000 человек); Военно-Морские силы более чем вдвое превышают 19 200 человек. Резервы официально представлены как 626 000, хотя ранее в военном балансе была указана только его оценка в течение пяти лет после завершения полной службы. Одна мотострелковая дивизия была расформирована, но в состав самостоятельных формирований теперь дополнительно входят две горные, одна артиллерийская и пять противотанковых бригад и полк SA-8, ранее не числившийся в военном балансе. Воздушно-десантные войска состоят из трех бригад, а не четырех полков. ВВС приняли 13 истребителей МиГ-29. Силы безопасности, находящиеся под контролем Министерства обороны, были переименованы в жандармерию и теперь подчиняются Министерству внутренних дел. Армейский инвентарь увеличился примерно на 50 ОБТ TR-85 и 14 122mm самоходных пушек Model 89 SP; силы БР были сокращены (5 Scud, 17 FROG). Срочная служба в румынском флоте была сокращена на шесть месяцев до 18; был добавлен один корвет Tarantul I.

Существенных изменений в Вооруженных силах нейтральных и неприсоединившихся европейских государств не произошло. Военный баланс был виновен в двойном подсчете финских мобилизационных сил. В прошлом году мы перечислили девять действующих и 27 резервных бригад, на самом деле есть 11 учебных бригад, где солдаты-срочники проходят подготовку в мирное время. Эти формирования становятся боевыми бригадами по мобилизации, вместе с еще 16 резервными бригадами, давая мобилизацию в общей сложности 27. Количество доступных мужчин не меняется. Запасы оборудования показывают снижение на 60 ОБТ и увеличение в БМП (20) и БТР (70 А-180 Sisu и 200 МТ-ЛБ). Свежая информация позволила военному балансу пересмотреть свой список артиллерийских сил. Финский флот ввел в эксплуатацию первый из четырех быстроходных ракетных патрульных кораблей Rauma. Австрия добавила шесть самолетов SAAB 105 к своему эксплуатационному инвентарю.

Реакция Европы, не входящей в НАТО, на кризис в Персидском заливе была различной. Чехословакия направила подразделение химической обороны, которое развернулось вместе с наземными силами коалиции. Польша направила более 300 медицинских работников, около 200 из которых были развернуты в трех саудовских военных госпиталях, а также госпитальное судно и спасательное судно, базирующиеся в Джубайле. Не было никакого вклада европейских стран, не входящих в НАТО, кроме некоторой экономической помощи, в операцию по обеспечению комфорта в северном Ираке. Миссия Организации Объединенных Наций по наблюдению за Ираком/Кувейтом (ИКМООНН), которой командует австрийский генерал, и наблюдатели были предоставлены Австрией, Венгрией, Ирландией, Польшей, Румынией, Финляндией и Швецией (которая также оказывает материально-техническую поддержку). Швейцария поставила поддержку самолетом.

Экономические данные

Военный баланс использовал официальные экономические данные от бывших членов Варшавского договора, где это выражено в местной валюте. Существуют серьезные проблемы с конвертацией этих ассигнований и расходов в конвертируемую валюту. Показатели ВВП в долларах США рассчитываются на основе оценок ППС (паритета покупательной способности), а оборонные бюджеты и расходы - на основе скорректированных обменных курсов. Полученные цифры существенно отличаются от показателей предыдущих лет, но дают более реалистичный обзор экономики и расходов на оборону.

ALBANIA

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: 48,000 (22,400 conscripts).
Terms of service: Army 2 years; Air Force, Navy and special units 3 years.
RESERVES: 155,000 (to age 56): Army 150,000, Navy/Air Force 5,000.
ARMY: 35,000 (20,000 conscripts).

1 tk bde.

4 inf bde.

3 arty regt.

6 lt coastal arty bn.

1 engr regt.
EQUIPMENT:^t
MBT: 190:T-34, T-54.
RECCE: 13 BRDM-1.
APC: 120: BTR-40/-50/-152, Ch Type-531.
TOWED ARTY: 122mm: M-1931/37, M-1938, Ch Type-60; 130mm: Ch Type-59-1; 152mm: M-1937, Ch Type-66, D-1.
MRL: 107mm: Ch Type-63.
MORTARS: 82mm, 120mm, 160mm.
RCL: 82mm: T-21.
ATK GUNS: 45mm: M-1942; 57mm: M-1943; 85mm: D-44, Ch Type-56.
AD GUNS: 80: 23mm: ZU-23-2; 37mm: M-1939; 57mm: S-60; 85mm: KS-12.

NAVY: 2,000 (l,000 conscripts). 400 may serve in coast defence.^t
BASES: Durres, Vlore, Sazan Island, Pasha Liman.
SUBMARINES: 2 Sov Whiskey with 533mm TT (plus 1 trg, unserviceable).
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS: 37:
TORPEDO CRAFT: 29 Ch Huchwan PHT with 2 533mm TT.
PATROL: 8: 2 Sov Kronshtadt PCO; 6 Ch Shanghai-II PFI.
MINE WARFARE: 1 Sov T-301 MSI;
SUPPORT: 1 Sov Khobi harbour tanker.

AIR FORCE: 11,000(1,400 conscripts); 95 cbt ac, no armed hel.^t
FGA: 3 sqn:

1 with 10 Ch J-2;

2 with 35 J-4.
FIGHTER: 3 sqn:

2 with 30 J-6;

1 with 20 J-7.
TRANSPORT: 1 sqn with 10 C-5 (An-2), 3 Il-14M, 6 Li-2.
HELICOPTERS: 2 sqn with 20 Ch Z-5.
TRAINING: 8 CJ-5, 10 MiG-15UTI, 6 Yak-11.
SAM: some 4 SA-2 sites, 22 launchers.

PARAMILITARY: 12,000.
INTERNAL SECURITY FORCE: (5,000).
FRONTIER GUARD: (7,000).

AUSTRIA

TOTAL ARMED FORCES: (Air Service forms part of the Army):
ACTIVE: 44,000 (22,400 conscripts; some 68,000 reservists a year undergo refresher training, a proportion at a time).
Terms of service: 6 months recruit trg, 60 days reservist refresher trg during 15 years (or 8 months trg, no refresher);

30-90 days additional for officers, NCO and specialists.
RESERVES: 242,000 ready (72 hrs) reserves; 1,342,000 with reserve trg but no commitment (men to age 51, specialists, NCO, officers to 65).

ARMY: 38,000 (~20,000 conscripts).
Army HQ.
Standing Alert Force: (some 15,000):

1 mech div of 3 mech bde (each 1 tk, 1 mech inf,

1 SP arty; 2 with 1 SP ATK bn); 1 recce bn (cadre), 1 AA, 1 engr bn.

1 air-mobile, 1 mtn bn.
Field Units:

Army: 1 HQ, 1 arty (cadre), 1 guard, 1 SF bn.

Corps: 2 HQ, 2 arty (cadre), 1 SP ATK, 2 AA (cadre), 2 engr bn (cadre), 2 log regt (cadre).
9 Provincial Commands.

Peacetime: trg and maint.

On mob: equates to div HQ (with 1 inf bde, 1 or more territorial defence regt and indep units).

30 Landwehrstammregimenter (trg regt, no war role):
RESERVES:

8 inf bde HQ: with 24 inf, 8 arty.
Territorial Tps: (82,000):

25 inf regt, 90 inf coy, 42 guard coy; 16 hy, 15 lt inf, 11 inff/ATK bn,

5 hy arty bty (static), 13 engr, 6 ATK coy.
EQUIPMENT:
MBT: 159 M-60A3.
APC: 460 Saurer 4K4E/F.
TOWED ARTY: 105mm: 108 IFH (M-2A1);
155mm: 24 M-114.
SP ARTY: 155mm: 54M-109A2.
FORTRESS ARTY: 155mm: 24 SFK M-2.
MRL: 128mm: 18 M-51.
MORTARS: 81mm: 551;
107mm: 80 M-2;
120mm: 200 M-43.
ATGW: 38 RBS-56 Bill.
RL: 400 LAW.
RCL: 74mm: Miniman; 84mm: Carl Gustav, 106mm: 446 M-40A1.
ATK GUNS:
SP: 105mm: 225 Kuerassier JPz SKEWED: 85mm: 240 M-52/-55;
STATIC: 90mm: some 60 M-47 tk turrets; 105mm: some 200 L7A2 (Centurion tk);
AD GUNS: 20mm: 560; 35mm: 74 GDF-002 twin towed; 40mm: 38 M-42 twin SP.
MARINE WING (under School of Military Engineering): 2 river patrol craft<; 16 boats.

AIR FORCE: 6,000 (2,400 conscripts) 54 cbt ac, no armed hel.

1 air div HQ;

3 air regt;

1 AD regt.
FGA: 1 regt with 30 SAAB 105.
FIGHTER: 1 regt with 24 J-35Oe.
HELICOPTERS:
RECCE: 12 OH-58B, 12 AB-206A.
TRANSPORT: (med): 23 AB-212; (lt): 8 AB-204 (9 in store).
SAR: 24 A-316 B Alouette.
LIAISON: 1 sqn with 2 Skyvan 3M, 15 O-1(10 -A, 5 -E), 11 PC-6B.
TRAINING: 16 PC-7, 8 SAAB 105, 14 SAAB 91D.
AD: 3 bn with 36 20mm, 18 M-65 twin 35mm AA guns; Super-Bat and Skyguard AD, Goldhaube, Selenia MR(S-403) 3-D radar systems.

FORCES ABROAD:
UN AND PEACE-KEEPING:

CYPRUS (UNFICYP): 1 inf bn (410).

IRAQ/KUWAIT (UNMCOM): 7 Observers.

MIDDLE EAST (UNTSO): 17.

SYRIA (UNDOF): 1 inf bn (530).

BULGARIA

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: 107,000 (70,000 conscripts). (Excl some 10,000 construction tps.)
Terms of service: 18 months.
RESERVES: 472,500. Army 420,000; Navy (to age 55, officers 60 or 65) 7,500; Air (to age 60) 45,000.

ARMY: 75,000 (49,000 conscripts).
3 Military Districts/Army HQ:

1 with 1 tk bde;

1 with 4 MRD, 1 tk bde;

1 with 4 MRD, 2 tk bde;

(Cat A/B: 5 MRD, 4 tk bde; Cat C: 3 MRD).
Army tps: 4 Scud, 1 SAM bde, 3 arty, 3 AD arty regt, 1 cdo coy.
1 AB regt (manned by Air Force).
EQUIPMENT:
MBT: 2,149 (446 in store): 670 T-34, 1,145 T-55, 334 T-72.
ASSAULT GUN: 173 SU-100 (CFE HACV).
RECCE: 450 BRDM-1/-2.
AIFV: 29 BMP-1, 114 BMP-23.
APC: 765 BTR-60, 1,123 MT-LB.
TOTAL ARTY: 2,233 (594 in store).
TOWED: 716: 100mm: 15 M-1944 (BS-3); 122mm: 282 M-30, 32 M-1931/37 (A-19); 130mm: 72 M-46; 152mm: 104 M-1937 (ML-20), 211 D-20.
SP: 761: 122mm: 748 2S1; 152mm: 13 2S3.
MRL: 246: 122mm: 222 BM-21; 130mm: 24 RM-130.
MORTARS: 510: 107mm: 63 M-1938; 120mm: 359 Tundzha M-1938/43 SP; 160mm: 88 M-160.
SSM: launchers: 28 FROG-7, 36 Scud, 2 SS-23
ATGW: 200 AT-3 Sagger.
ATK GUNS: 85mm: 150 D-44; 100mm: 200 T-12.
AD GUNS: 400: 23mm: ZU-23, ZSU-23-4 SP; 57mm: S-60; 85mm: KS-12; 100mm: KS-19.
SAM: 50 SA-4/-6/-13.

NAVY: 10,000 (5,000 conscripts).
BASES: coastal: Varna (HQ), Atiya, Sozopol, Balchik. Danube: Vidin (HQ).
SUBMARINES: 3 Pobeda (Sov Romeo) class with 533mm TT (2 probably restricted to alongside trg only).
FRIGATES: 2:

1 Druzki (Sov Riga) with 4x5 ASW RL; plus 3 533mm TT, 3 100mm guns.

1 Smeli (Sov Koni) with 1x2 SA-N-4 SAM, 2x12 ASW RL; plus 2x2 76mm guns.
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS: 22:
CORVETTES: 5: 2 Poti ASW with ASW RL, 4 ASTT.

2 Tarantul I ASUW with 2x2 SS-N-2C Styx, 1x4 SA-N-5 Grail SAM; plus 1 76mm gun.

1 Pauk I with 1 SA-N-5 SAM, 2x5 ASWRL; plus 4 406mm TT.
MISSILE CRAFT: 6 Osa PFM with 4 SS-N-2A/B Styx SSM.
TORPEDO CRAFT: 4 Shershen PF T with 4 533mm TT.
PATROL INSHORE: 7 Zhuk PFI<.
MINE WARFARE: 33:
MINELAYERS: None but SS and FF have capability.
MCMV: 33:

1 Sov T-43 MSC.

4 Sonya MSC.

28 MSI: 6 Vanya, 2 Yevgenya, 2 Olya, 18<.
AMPHIBIOUS: 2.

2 Sov Polnocny LSM, capacity 150 tps, 6 tk;

Plus craft: 21 Vydra LCM.
SUPPORT AND MISCELLANEOUS: 9: 2 AOT, 2 AGOR, 1 AGI, 2 trg, 2 AT.
NAVAL AVIATION: 12 armed hel.
HELICOPTERS: 1 SAR/ASW sqn with 12 Mi-14 (ASW), 6 Mi-2, 3 Mi-4, 3 Mi-8.
COASTAL ARTY:

2 regt, 20 bty:
GUNS: 100mm: ~150; 130mm: SM-4-1.
SSM: SS-C-1b Sepal, SSC-3 Styx.
NAVAL GUARD: 3 coy.

AIR FORCE: 22,000 (16,000 conscripts), incl AB regt listed under Army; 266 cbt ac, 44 attack hel.

2 air div, 7 cbt regt.
FGA: 1 regt with 39 Su-25.
FIGHTER: 4 regt with some 26 MiG-23MF B/G; 105 MiG-21PFM, 20 MiG-29, 2 MiG-29UB.
RECCE: 1 regt with 18 MiG-21, 5 MiG-25, 20 Su-22.
TRANSPORT: 1 regt with 4 An-2, 5 An-24, 5 An-26, 1 L-410, 1 Yak-40(VIP).
SURVEY: 2 An-30.
HELICOPTERS: 2 regt with 14 Mi-2, 30 Mi-8/17, 44 Mi-24 (attack).
TRAINING: 3 trg regt with 70 L-29,37 L-39,15 *MiG-21, 16* MiG-23, 16 Yak-18.
MISSILES:

ASM: AS-7 Kerry.

AAM: AA-2 Atoll, AA-7 Apex, AA-8 Aphid.

SAM: SA-2/-3/-5/-10 (30 sites, some 280 launchers).

PARAMILITARY:
BORDER GUARDS (Ministry of interior): 12,000; 12 regt.
SECURITY POLICE: 4,000.
PEOPLE'S TERRITORIAL MILITIA (R): 150,000.

CYPRUS

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: 10,000 (incl 250 women).
Terms of service: conscription, 26 months, then reserve to age 50 (officers 65).
RESERVE: 108,000: 65,000 first-line (age 20-34); 43,000 second-line (age 35-50).

NATIONAL GUARD: 10,000.

1 Army, 2 div HQ.

2 bde HQ.

1 armd bde(-).

13 inf bn (incl 4 reserve).

1 SF bn.

7 arty bn.
EQUIPMENT:
MBT: 40 AMX-30B-2.
RECCE: 126 EE-9 Cascavel, ~36 EE-3 Jararaca.
AIFV: 27 VAB-VCI.
APC: 32 Leonidas, 81 VAB-VTT.
TOWED ARTY: 148: 75mm: 4 M-116A1 pack; 76mm: 54 M-42; 88mm: 18 25-pdr, 100mm: 36 M-1944;
105mm: 18 M-101, 18 M-56.
MRL: 128mm: 24 Yug M-63 (YMRL-32).
MORTARS: 81mm: 72 incl SP; 82mm: 80 M-41/-43
some SP; 107mm: 12 M-2.
ATGW: Milan (24 on EE-3 Jararaca), HOT (18 on VAB-UTM 800).
RL: 89mm: 450 M-20.
RCL: 57mm: 216 M-18; 106mm: 144 M-40A1.
AD GUNS: 155: 20mm: M-55, 27 VAB SP; 35mm: 8 GDF-003; 40mm; 94mm: 3.7-in.
SAM: 24 SA-7, 18 Mistral.
MARINE: 1 Salamis PFI<.
AIRCRAFT: 1 BN-2A Maritime Defender, 2 PC-9, 1 PA-22.
HELICOPTERS: 2 Bell 206, 2 Hughes 500, 4 SA-342 Gazelle (with HOT).

PARAMILITARY:
ARMED POLICE: 3,700; Shorland armd cars, 2 17m PCI<.

FOREIGN FORCES:
GREECE: 950 (ELDYK) (Army) 2 inf bn, plus ~300 officers/NCO seconded to Greek-Cypriot National Guard.
UNITED KINGDOM: (in Sovereign Base Areas) 4,200: Army: 2 inf bn, 1 armd recce sqn. Air Force: 1 hel sqn plus ac on det.
UNITED NATIONS:
UNFICYP: some 2,300; 3 inf bn (Austria, Canada, Denmark), 1 inf bn (-), annd recce sqn (UK).
MARITIME: 2 patrol boats.

'Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus'
Data presented here represents the de facto situation in the island. It in no way implies recognition, or IISS approval.

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: some 4,000.
Terms of service: conscription, 24 months, then reserve to age 50.
RESERVES: 11,000 first-line; 10,000 second-line; 5,000 third-line.

ARMY:

7 inf bn.

FOREIGN FORCES:
TURKEY: 30,000; 1 corps of 2 inf div, 300 M-48A5 MBT; 100 M-113, 100 M-59 APC;

144 105mm, 36 155mm, 8 203mm towed; 18 105mm, 6 155mm SP; 114 107mm mor, 84 40mm AA guns; 8 ac, 12 hel.

CZECHOSLOVAKIA

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: 154,000 (87,000 conscripts) (incl some 21,900 Ministry of Defence staff,

centrally controlled units for EW, trg, log and civil defence not listed below).
Terms of service: 18 months
RESERVES: 495,000. Army 450,000 (1.1 m more with residual liability to age 60); Air Force 45,000.

ARMY: 87,300 (69,000 conscripts).
2 Military Districts (MD):
Western MD with 2 Army HQ:

1 with 1 TD, 3 MRD, 1 arty, 1 SSM, 1 engr bde; 1 ATK regt.

1 with 2 TD, 2 MRD; 1 arty, 1 SSM, 1 engr bde; 1 ATK regt.

1 arty div.
Eastern MD with 1 Corps HQ, 2 TD (trg role)

(Cat A: 1 TD, 2 MRD. Cat B: 1 TD, 1 MRD. Cat C: 3 TD, 2 MRD.)

1 Scud bde,

1 AB recce bde,

1 SA-4 bde; 1 SA-6 regt.

4 engr (2 bridge, 2 road construction) bde.
EQUIPMENT:
MBT: 3,200 (1,580 in store): 373 T-34, 1,927 T-55, 900 T-72.
RECCE: 1,280: incl 480 BRDM (422 in store), 300 OT-65A.
AIFV: 1,560: 1,250 BVP-1 (BMP-1) (109 in store), 310 BMP-2 (53 in store).
APC: 1,900 (760 in store): incl OT-62A/B, OT-64A/C, OT-65, OT-810.
TOTAL ARTY: 3,446 (1,900 in store).
TOWED: 1,849 (1,361 in store): 100mm: 559 (461) M-53; 122mm: 17 M-19/31/37 (A-19), 995 (884) M-1938 (M-30), 249 D-30;

130mm: 11 M-46; 152mm: 18 (16) M-1937.
SP: 518: 122mm: 148 2S1; 152mm: 358 Dana (M-77); 203mm: 12 2S7.
MRL: 834 (539 in store): 122mm: 446 (236) RM-70; 130mm: 388 (303) RM-130 (M-51)
MORTARS: 245: 120mm: 237; 240mm: 8 2S4.
SSM: launchers: 26 FROG, 8 SS-21, 30 Scud, 4 SS-23.
ATGW: 566: AT-3 Sagger (220 on BRDM-2 SP), AT-4 Spigot, 80 AT-5 Spandrel.
ATK GUNS: 100mm: 250 M-53.
AD GUNS: 575: 30mm: M-53/-59 SP; 57mm: S-60.
SAM: SA-7; 210: SA-4/-6/-8/-9/-13.

AIR FORCE: 44,800 (18,000 conscripts); 297 cbt ac (plus 98 in store (for sale)), 56 attack hel.

1 mixed air corps; 1 FB div; 3 AD div; 10 regt.
FGA: 3 regt:

1 with 28 MiG-23BN.

1 with 36 Su-22.

1 with 36 Su-25.
FIGHTER: 2 regt and 2 sqn.

2 sqn with 28 MiG-21, 8 L-39.

1 with 29 MiG-23MF/ML.

1 with 18 MiG-21, 18 MiG-29.
ECM: 2 Tu-134.
RECCE: 1 regt with 4 1^29, 20 MiG-21RF, 14 Su-22.
TRANSPORT: 2 regt with 2 An-12, 6 An-24, 5 Il-14, 13 L-410M (plus 2 with Army), 1 Tu-134, 2 Tu-154, 1 Yak-40.
HELICOPTERS: 2 regt: 3 sqn.
ATTACK: 56 Mi-24.
ASSAULT TPT: (med) 75 Mi-8; (lt) 50 Mi-2.
TRAINING: 4 units: 60 L-29, 40 L-39, 38* MiG-21 U, 12 MiG-21MF, 8* Su-22U; 2* Su-25U; 2* MiG-29U, 8* MiG-23U, 30 Z-43, 20 Z-526.
LIAISON: ac incl Z-43.
IN STORE: 98 incl Su-7/-20, MiG-21.
AAM: AA-2 Atoll, AA-7 Apex, AA-8 Aphid.
AD: 2 div: 6 SAM regt: some 40 sites; 250 SA-2/-3/-5.

FORCES ABROAD:
UN AND PEACE-KEEPING:

ANGOLA (UNAVEM II): Observers.

KOREA (NNSC): Staff.

PARAMILITARY:
BORDER TROOPS: (Ministry of Interior) 13,000; 7 bde (each 3 bn); to be disbanded.
FEDERAL BORDER POLICE: 9,000; 5 bde (incl 1 trg).
NATIONAL SECURITY CORPS: (SNB) (Ministry of Interior): 9,000; OT-64 AFV.
CIVIL DEFENCE TROOPS: 3,200.

FINLAND

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: 31,800 (24,000 conscripts).
Terms of service: 8-11 months (11 months for officers and NCO). Some 30,000 a year do conscript service.
RESERVES (all services): some 700,000; some 50,000 reservists a year do refresher trg: total obligation 40 days (75 for NCO, 100 for officers)

between conscript service and age 50 (NCO and officers to age 60).
Total strength on mob some 500,000, with 300,000 in general forces (bde etc) and 200,000 in local defence forces,

(Army 460,000, Navy 12,000, Air Force 30,000) plus 200,000 unallocated as replacements etc.

ARMY: 27,300 (21,600 conscripts).
7 Military Areas; 23 Military Districts:

1 armd trg bde (reserve armd bde) (1 armd, 1 mech inf, 1 ATK bn, 1 arty regt, 1 AA bty).

10 inf trg bde (reserve inf bde) (each 3 inf bn (1 cadre), 3 with 1 arty regt, 1 with 1 arty bn).

2 indep inf bn.

1 arty regt.

Coast arty: 2 regt; 3 indep bn (1 mobile).

4 AD regt (incl 1 SAM bn with SAM-79).

2 engr bn.
RESERVES:

1 armd bde.

15 inf bde (1 Type 90, 14 Type 80).

Some 50 indep bn.

200 local defence units.
EQUIPMENT:
MBT: 60 T-55, 60 T-72.
LIGHT TANKS: 15 PT-76.
AIFV: 40 BMP-1, 32 BMP-2.
APC: 31 BTR-50P, 87 BTR-60, 2 BTR-80, 153 A-180 Sisu, 213 MT-LB.
TOWED ARTY: 105mm: 252 M-37/-61; 122mm: 276 H-63 (D-30); 152mm: 72 M-38, K-89; 155mm: 36 M-74 (K-83).
COAST ARTY: 100mm: D-10T (tank turrets); 122mm: M-60; 130mm: 170 M-54; 152mm: 240.
COAST SSM: some RBS-15.
MRL: 122mm: M-76 (BM-21).
MORTARS: 81mm: 880; 120mm: 614.
ATGW: 24 M-82 (AT-4Spigot), 12 M-83 (BGM-71C Improved TOW), AT-5 Spandrel.
RL: 112mm: APILAS.
RCL: 55mm: M-55; 74mm: Miniman; 95mm: 100 SM-58-61.
AD GUNS: 20mm; 23mm: ZU-23; 30mm; 35mm: GDF-002; 40mm: 100+ L-60/L-70; 57mm: 12 S-60 towed, 12 ZSU-57-2 SP.
SAM: SAM-79 (SA-3), SAM-78 (SA-7), SAM-86 (SA-14), SA-16.

NAVY: 2,000 (1,300 conscripts).
BASES: Upinniemi (Helsinki), Turku.
4 functional sqn (gunboat, missile, patrol, mine warfare). Approx 50% of units kept fully manned. Others in short-notice storage, rotated regularly.
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS: 22:
CORVETTES: 2 Turunmaa with 1 120mm gun, 2x5 ASW RL.
MISSILE CRAFT: 9:

4 Helsinki PFM with 4x2 MTO-85 (Sw RBS-15SF) SSM;

4 Tuima (Sov Osa-II) with 4 MTO-66 (Sov SS-N-2B) SSM.

1 Rauma PFM with 2x2 and 2 MTO-85 (SwRBS-15SF) SSM.
PATROL CRAFT: inshore: 11:

2 Rihtniemi with 2 ASW RL.

3 Ruissalo with 2 ASW RL.

6 Nuoli PFI<.
MINE WARFARE: 8:
MINELAYERS: 2:

1 Pohjanmaa (trg), 120 mines; plus 1 120mm gun.

1 Keihassalmi, 100 mines.
MCM: 6 Kuha MSI<.
AMPHIBIOUS: craft only; 3 Kampela LCU tpt, 6 Kola LCU, 5 Kave LCU.
SUPPORT AND MISCELLANEOUS: 13:

5 Valas coastal tpt (can be used for minelaying).

8 icebreakers (civil, Board of Navigation Control).

AIR FORCE: 2,500 (l,100 conscripts); 118 cbt ac, no armed hel.

3 AD districts:

3 fighter wings.
FIGHTER: 3 wings:

1 with 20 MiG-21bis; 10 Hawk Mk-51.

2 with 40 J-35, 20 Hawk Mk-51.
OCU: 4* MiG-21U/UM, 4* SAAB SK-35C.
RECCE: some Hawk Mk 51 and MiG-21bis (incl in fighter sqn).
SURVEY: 3 Learjet 35A (survey, ECM trg, target-towing).
TRANSPORT: 1 ac sqn with 3 F-27. 1 hel fit with 2 Hughes 500, 7 Mi-8 (tpt/SAR).
TRAINING: 20 Hawk* Mk 51, 28 L-70 Vinka.
LIAISON: 15 Piper (9 Cherokee Arrow, 6 Chieftain).
AAM: AA-2 Atoll, AIM-9 Sidewinder, RB-27, RB-28 (Falcon).

FORCES ABROAD:
UN AND PEACE-KEEPING:

AFGHANISTAN (OSGAP): 1.

CYPRUS (UNFICYP): 7.

INDIA/PAKISTAN (UNMOGIP): 5.

IRAQ/KUWAIT (UNIKOM): 7.

LEBANON (UNIFIL): 1 inf bn (543).

MIDDLE EAST (UNTSO): 21.

SYRIA (UNDOF): 1 inf bn (411).
PARAMILITARY:
FRONTIER GUARD (Ministry of Interior): 4,400 (on mob 24,000); 4 frontier, 3 coast guard districts, 1 air comd;

2 offshore, 3 coastal, 10 inshore patrol craft; 3 Mi-8 (SAR), 2 AS-332, 3 AB-412, 7 AB-206 hel; 4 lt ac.

HUNGARY

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: 86,500 (45,900 conscripts).
Terms of service: 12 months.
RESERVES: 210,000: Army: 192,000; Air: 18,000 (to age 50).

ARMY: 66,400 (36,400 conscripts) incl Danube Flotilla.
1 Army, 3 Corps HQ: each Corps with 1 tk, 3 MR, 1 arty bde, 1 ATK, 1 SA-6 regt.
Army tps: 1 arty, 1 ATK, 1 SA-4 bde; 1 MRL, 1 AD arty regt, 1 AB bn. (2 tk, 2 MR bde at Cat A, remainder Cat B.)
EQUIPMENT:
MBT: 1,482: 62 T-34, (in store), 143 T-54, 1,139 T-55 (152 in store), 138 T-72.
LIGHT TANKS: 7 PT-76 (CFE: HACV).
RECCE: 331: some 160 BRDM-2, 171 FUG D-442.
AIFV: 502 BMP-1 (8 in store).
APC: 1,261: 148 BTR-80, 40 FUG D-442, 1,042 PSZH D-944, 31 MT-LB. (Plus some 700 'look alike' types).
TOTAL ARTY: 1,087:
TOWED: 591: 122mm: 234 M-1938 (M-30) (4 in store); 152mm: 49 M-1943 (D-1), 308 D-20 (6 in store).
SP: 171: 122mm: 154 2S1 (3 in store); 152mm: 17 2S3 (12 in store).
MRL: 122mm: 62 BM-21 (6 in store).
MORTARS: 120mm: 263 (9 in store).
SSM: launchers: 18 FROG-7, 9 Scud (all to be destroyed).
ATGW: 312:117 AT-3 Sagger, 21 AT-4 Spigot (incl BRDM-2 SP), 174 AT-5 Spandrel.
ATK GUNS: 85mm: 162 D-44; 100mm: 106 MT-12.
AD GUNS: 23mm: 14 ZSU-23-4 SP; 57mm: 144 S-60.
SAM: 110: 18 SA-4, 44 SA-6, 44 SA-9, 4 SA-13; plus 240 SA-7, 54 SA-14.

DANUBE FLOTILLA:
MCMV: 6 Nestin MSI (riverine); boats.

AIR FORCE: 20,100 (9,500 conscripts); 111 cbt ac plus 34 in store, 39 attack hel.

1 air corps:
FIGHTER:

2 regt with 60 MiG-21bis/MF.

1 sqn with 9 MiG-23MF.

(Plus 34 MiG-21 bis/MF in store.)
RECCE: 1 sqn with 11 Su-22.
TRANSPORT: 2 An-24, 12 An-26, 1 L-410, 1 Il-18.
HELICOPTERS: 3 regt.

1 ATK/tpt.

2 sqn with 39 Mi-24.

1 sqn with 23 Mi-8/-17;

1 tpt with 25 Mi-8

1 liaison with 35 Mi-2
TRAINING: 25 *MiG-21, 3 *MiG-23, 3 *Su-22.
AAM: AA-2 Atoll.
AD: 1 bde: SAM regt, some 16 sites: 120 SA-2/-3/-5.

FORCES ABROAD:
UN AND PEACE-KEEPING:

ANGOLA: (UNAVEM II): Observers.

IRAQ/KUWAIT: (UNIKOM): 7 Observers.

PARAMILITARY:
BORDER GUARDS: (Ministry of Interior) 18,000 (13,500 conscripts); 11 districts.
CONSTRUCTION TROOPS: (Ministry of Defence) 800 (675 conscripts).

IRELAND

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: 12,900 incl 100 women.
Terms of service: voluntary, 3-year terms to age 60, officers 56-65.
RESERVES: 16,100 (obligation to age 60, officers 57-65). Army: first-line 1,000, second-line 14,800. Navy 300.

ARMY: 11,200.
4 Territorial Commands.

1 inf force (2 inf bn).

4 inf bde:

2 with 2 inf bn, 1 with 3, all with 1 fd arty regt, 1 cav recce sqn, 1 engr coy;

1 with 2 inf bn, 1 armd recce sqn, 1 fd arty bty.

Army tps: 1 lt tk sqn, 1 AD regt, 1 Ranger coy.
(Total units: 11 inf bn; 1 UNIFIL bn ad hoc with elm from other bn, 1 tk sqn, 4 recce sqn (1 armd), 3 fd arty regt (each of 2 bty);

1 indep bty, 1 AD regt (1 regular, 3 reserve bty), 3 fd engr coy, 1 Ranger coy).
RESERVES:

4 Army Gp(garrisons), 18 inf bn, 6 fd arty regt,

3 cav sqn, 3 engr sqn, 3 AA bty.
EQUIPMENT:
LIGHT TANKS: 14 Scorpion.
RECCE: 19 AML-90, 32 AML-60.
APC: 60 Panhard VTT/M3, 10 Timoney.
TOWED ARTY: 88mm: 48 25-pdr, 105mm: 12 lt.
MORTARS: 81mm: 400; 120mm: 72.
ATGW: 21 Milan.
RCL: 84mm: 444 Carl Gustav, 90mm: 96 PV-1110.
AD GUNS: 40mm: 24 L/60, 2 L/70.
SAM: 7 RBS-70.

NAVY: 900.
BASE: Cork.
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS: 7:

7 PCO:

1 Eithne with 1 Dauphin hel;

3 Enter, 1 Deirdre.

2 Orla (UK Peacock).

AIR FORCE: 800. 13 cbt ac, 8 armed hel.

3 wings (1 trg):
COIN: 1 sqn with 6 CM-170-2 Super Magister.
COIN/TRAINING: 1 sqn with 7 SF-260WE, 1 SF-260MC ac, 2 SA-342L trg hel.
MR: 2 Super King Air 200, 1 CASA 235.
TRANSPORT: 1 HS-125, 1 Super King Air 200, 1 Gulfstream III.
LIAISON: 1 sqn with 6 Reims Cessna F-172H, 1 F-172K.
HELICOPTERS: 3 sqn.

1 Army spt with 8 SA-316B.

1 Navy spt with 2 SA-365.

1 SAR with 3 SA-365.

FORCES ABROAD:
UN AND PEACE-KEEPING:

AFGHANISTAN/PAKISTAN (OSGAP): 1.

ANGOLA (UNAVEM II): Observers.

CENTRAL AMERICA (ONUCA): 19.

CYPRUS (UNFICYP): 8.

IRAQ/KUWAIT (UNIKOM): 8.

LEBANON (UNIFIL): 1 bn+ (750); 4 AML-90 armd cars, 10 Sisu APC, 4 120mm mor.

MIDDLE EAST (UNTSO):21.

MALTA

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: 1,650.

'ARMED FORCES OF MALTA':
Comd HQ, spt tps.
No.1 Regt with:

1 inf coy; RPG-7 RL, 81mm and 82mm mor.

1 marine sqn; 9 inshore patrol craft.

1 airport coy; 1 airport sy coy.

1 hel fit; 1 AB-206A, 3 AB-47G, 1 Bell-47G, 2 Breda Nardi Hughes. (3 SA-316 in store).
No.2 Regt with:

1 AD bty; 50 ZPU-4 14.5mm, 39 Bofors

40mm L/70 AA guns.

1 general duties coy.

1 sy coy.

1 electrical and mechanical engr coy.

POLAND

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: 305,000 (191,100 conscripts).
Terms of service: All services 18 months.
RESERVES: 507,000. Army 420,000; Navy 17,000 (to age 50); Air Force 70,000 (to age 60).

ARMY: 199,500 (127,500 conscripts). (incl centrally controlled staffs (3,000), trg (26,100) and log units (28,100)).
3 Military Districts/Army HQ:

2 each with 4 mech div.

1 with 1 mech div.

(5 Cat A, 2 Cat B, 2 Cat C).
Army tps:

1 AB bde ((Cat A) 4 AB, 1 arty bn).

1 coast def bde ((Cat A) 3 coast def, 1 MRL, 1 FROG, 1 engr bn).

3 arty bde (each 4 bn).

3 Scurf bde.

3 ATK, 2 protection, 1 rifle regt.
Div tps: 3 SA-6, 2 SA-8 regt.
RESERVES: 4 mob mech div.
EQUIPMENT:
MBT: 2,850: 2,093 T-54/-55, 757 T-72.
LIGHT TANKS: 30 PT-76 (CFE: HACV).
RECCE: 631 FUG/BRDM-2.
AIFV: 1,391 BMP-1.
APC: 928: 7 OT-64A (SKOT), 170 OT-64C(1) (SKOT-2A), 679 OT-64C(2)(SKOT-2AP), 72 OT-62C (TOPAS-2AP); plus some 1,000 'look alike' types.
TOTAL ARTY: 2,300:
TOWED: 883: 122mm: 715 M-1938 (M-30); 152mm: 166 D-20, 2 D-1.
SP: 599: 122mm: 498 2S1; 152mm: 93 Dana (M-77); 203mm: 8 2S7.
MRL: 262: 122mm: 232 BM-21, 30 RM-70.
MORTARS: 120mm: 556 M-120.
SSM: launchers: 40 FROG, 25 Scud B.
ATGW: 436: 296 AT-3 Sagger (incl BRDM-2 SP), 115 AT-4 Spigot, 18 AT-5 Spandrel, 7 AT-6 Spiral.
ATK GUNS: 85mm: 725 D-44.
AD GUNS: 903: 23mm: 242 ZU-23-2, 87 ZSU-23-4 SP; 57mm: 574 S-60.
SAM: SA-6/-7/-8/-9/-13.

NAVY: 19,500 incl Naval Aviation. (11,600 conscripts).
BASES: Gdynia, Hel, Swinoujscie, Gdansk; Kolobrzeg (border/coast guard).
SUBMARINES: 3:

1 Orzel SS (Sov Kilo) with 533mm TT.

2 Wilk (Sov Foxtrot) with 533mm TT.
PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS: 2:
DESTROYERS: 1 Warszawa D D G (Sov mod Kashin) with 2x2 SA-N-1 Goa SAM, 4 SS-N-2C Styx SSM, 1x5 533mm TT, 2 ASW RL.
FRIGATES: 1 Kaszub with 2 ASW RL, 4 533mm TT.
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS: 20:
CORVETTES: 4 Gornik (Sov Tarantull) with 2x2 SS-N-2C Styx SSM.
MISSILE CRAFT: 8 Sov Osa-I PFM with 4 SS-N-2A SSM.
PATROL: 8 Obluze PCI
MINE WARFARE: 23:
MINELAYERS: None, but submarines and Krogulec MSC have capability.
MINE COUNTERMEASURES: 23:

8 Krogulec MSC.

13 Notec MSI.

2 Leniwka MSI.
AMPHIBIOUS: 19:

4 Lublin LSM, capacity 130 tps, 8 tk.

15 Polnocny LSM, capacity 180 tps, 6 tk, some with 2 140mm MRL.

Plus craft: 2 Deba LCU.
SUPPORT AND MISCELLANEOUS: 10: 2 AGI, 3 spt tankers, 3 survey, 1 trg, 1 hospital.

NAVAL AVIATION: 1 div (2,300); 4 armed hel.
HELICOPTERS: 21. Mi-14: 11 (4 ASW, 5 MCM, 2 SAR); Mi-8: 10 (spt).

COAST DEFENCE: (4,200).

6 arty bn with M-1937 152mm.

3 SSM bn with SS-C-2B.

AIR FORCE: 86,000 (incl AD tps) (52,000 conscripts); 506 cbt ac, plus 53 in store for sale, 29 attack hel. 2 air div:
FGA: 3 regt: 3 with some 20 Su-20, 105 Su-22;
FIGHTER: 3 Air Defence Corps: 8 regt with 259 MiG-21/U; 23 MiG-23MF; 12 MiG-29.
RECCE: 31 MiG-21RF.
TRANSPORT: 1 regt with 10 An-2, 1 An-12, 12 An-26, 4 Il-14.
VIP: 1 VIP tpt/liaison sqn with 2 Tu-134A, 12 Yak-40, 1 Tu-154, 4 Mi-8.
HELICOPTERS: 3 regt with 134 Mi-2, 21 Mi-8 (may be armed, being replaced by Mi-17), 3 Mi-17, 29 Mi-24 (attack).
TRAINING: 30* MiG-21UTI, 6 *MiG-23U, 4 MiG-29UB, 7 PZL-130, 20 *Su-22, 50 TS-8, 120 TS-11.
IN STORE: 53 incl Su-7B/U, MiG-21.
AAM: AA-2 Atoll, AA-8 Aphid.
ASM: AS-7 Kerry.
SAM: 4 bde; 1 indep regt with 700 SA-2/-3/-5.

FORCES ABROAD:
UN AND PEACE-KEEPING:

AFGHANISTAN (OSGAP): 1.

IRAQ/KUWAIT (UNIKOM): 7.

KOREA (NNSC): Staff.

SYRIA (UNDOF): 154. Log spt.

PARAMILITARY:
BORDER GUARDS (Ministry of Interior): 15,000: 14 Provincial Comd: 14 units; 18 PCI: 5 Obluze, 2 Gdansk, 11 Pilica.
PREVENTION UNITS OF CITIZENS MILITIA: (OPOMO): 18,000 (13,000 conscripts).

FOREIGN FORCES:
USSR: Northern Group of Forces: 35,000: Army: 1 Gp HQ; 1 TD, 1 MRD

RUMANIA

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: 200,800 (127,200 conscripts).
Terms of service: Army, Air Force 12 months; Navy 18 months.
RESERVES: 626,000: Army 565,000; Navy 40,000; Air 21,000.

ARMY: 161,800 (105,700 conscripts).
4 Army Areas:

1 with 1 TD, 1 MRD;

1 with 2 MRD;

1 with 2 MRD, 1 tk bde;

1 with 1 TD, 2 MRD.

(Cat A: 2 TD, 4 MRD. Cat B: 3 MRD.)
Army tps:

5 mtn bde.

3 arty bde.

6 ATK bde.

4 AA bde; 1 AA, 3 SA-6, 1 SA-8 regt.

2 Scud bde.

3 AB bde.
EQUIPMENT:
MBT: 2,875 incl 1,059 T-34, 756 T-55,30 T-72, 617 TR-85, 413 TR-580.
ASSAULT GUN: 412 (CFEHACV): 326 SU-76, 66 SU-100, 20 ISU-152.
RECCE: 139 BRDM-2.
AIFV: 156 MLI-84.
APC: 2,575: 50 BTR-60, 155 TAB-77, 441 TABC-79, 1,872 TAB-71, 57 MLVM (MT-LB).
TOTAL ARTY: 3,836.
TOWED: 1,583: 100mm: 267 Skoda (various models); 105mm: 87 Schneider, 122mm: 495 M-1938 (M-30), 2 M-1931/37 (A-19);

130mm: 144 Gun 82; 150mm: 128 Skoda (Model 1934), 6 Ceh (Model 1937); 152mm: 84 D-20, 24 Gun-How 85,61 Model 1938,285 Model 81.
SP: 32: 122mm: 6 2S1, 26 Model 89.
MRL: 478: 122mm: 134 APR-21, 308 APR-40; 130mm: 36 R-2.
MORTARS: 1,743: 120mm: 1,094 M-120, 587 Model 1982; 160mm: 50 M-160; 240mm: 12 M-240.
SSM: launchers: 15 FROG, 13 Scud.
ATGW: 534: AT-1 Snapper, AT-3 Sagger (incl BRDM-2 SP).
ATK GUNS: 1,450: 57mm: M-1943; 85mm: D-44; 100mm: T-12.
AD GUNS: 1,118: 30mm; 37mm; 57mm; 85mm; 100mm.
SAM: 62 SA-6/-7/-8.

NAVY: 19,200 (10,800 conscripts). Black Sea Fleet, Danube Sqn, Coastal Defence.
BASES: Coastal: Mangalia, Constanta; Danube: Braila, Giurgiu, Sulina, Tulcea.
SUBMARINE: 1 Sov Kilo SS with 533mm TT.
PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS: 5:
DESTROYER: 1 Muntenia DDG with 4x2 SS-N-2C Styx SSM, plus SA-N-5 Grail SAM, 2 IAR-316 hel, 2x3 533mm TT.
FRIGATES: 4 Tetal with 2 ASW RL, 4 ASTT.
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS: 105:
CORVETTES: 4:

3 Sov Poti ASW with 2 x ASW RL, 4 533mm TT.

1 Tarantul 1 with 2x2 SS-N-2C Styx, 1x4 SA-N-5 Grail SAM; plus 1 76mm gun.
MISSILE CRAFT: 6 Sov Osa PFM with 4 SS-N-2A Styx.
TORPEDO: 42:

12 Epitrop PFT with 4 533mm TT.

30 Ch Huchuan PHT with 2 533mm TT.
PATROL 53:

OFFSHORE: 4 Democratia (GDR M-40) PCO.

COASTAL 3 Sov Kronshtadt PCC.

INSHORE: 9: 5 Ch Shanghai PFI, 4 Ch Huchuan.

RIVERINE: 37: 4 Brutar with 1 100mm gun, 33<.
MINE WARFARE: 43:
MINELAYERS: 2 Cosar, capacity 100 mines.
MCM: 41:

4 Musca MSC.

12 T.301 MSI.

25 VD141 MSI<.
SUPPORT AND MISCELLANEOUS: 10: 2 'Croitof log spt/tenders (hel deck), 3 spt tankers, 2 AGOR, 1 trg, 2 tugs.
HELICOPTERS: 2 IAR-316.

COASTAL DEFENCE (6,600): HQ Constanta.
4 sectors:

4 coastal arty bty with 32 130mm.
10 AA arty bty.

3 with 18 30mm.

5 with 30 37mm

2 with 12 57mm

AIR FORCE: 19,800(10,700 conscripts); 465 cbt ac, 104 armed hel (declared as CFE attack hel).

2 air div: 7 cbt regt.
FGA: 7 sqn with 19 MiG-17,59 IAR-93, 72 MiG-15.
FIGHTER: 19 sqn:

1 with 13 MiG-29.

3 with 36 MiG-23.

15 with 189 MiG-21
RECCE: 2 sqn: 1 with 14 Il-28 (recce/ECM), 1 with 10 MiG-21.
TRANSPORT: 1 regt with 9 An-24, 14 An-26, 2 Il-18, 2 Boeing 707, 1 Rombac 1-11.
SURVEY: 3 An-30,
HELICOPTERS: 3 regt plus 2 sqn with 104 IAR-316B, 82 IAR-330-H, 28 Mi-8, 2 Mi-17, 4 SA 365N.
TRAINING: 32 IAR-823, 10 IAR-28, 14 *IAR-93, 45 L-29, 32 L-39, 39 *MiG-21, *2 MiG-29UB, *6 IAR-99. *6 MiG-23DC, 17 An-2.
AAM: AA-2 Atoll, AA-7 Apex.
AD: 1 div: 20 SAM sites with 135 SA-2.

FORCES ABROAD:
UN AND PEACE-KEEPING:

IRAQ/KUWAIT (UNIKOM): 7 Observers.

PARAMILITARY:
BORDER GUARDS: (Ministry of Defence): 18,400 (14,400 conscripts: 6 bde, 7 naval gp; 20 Ch Shanghai II PFI).
GENDARMERIE (Ministry of Interior): 34,800.
NATIONAL GUARD: in process of being reorganized.

SWEDEN

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: 63,000 (46,800 conscripts);
Terms of service: Army and Navy TA-15 months, Air Force 8-12 months.
RESERVES (obligation to age 47): 709,000: Army (incl Local Defence and Home Guard) 550,000; Navy 102,000; Air Force 57,000.

ARMY: 43,500 (35,000 conscripts).

5 Military comd; 26 Defence districts (Laens).
PEACE ESTABLISHMENT:

41 armd, cav, inf, arty, AA, engr, sig, spt regt (local defence, cadre for mob, basic conscript plus refresher trg).
WAR ESTABLISHMENT: (700,000 on mob)
Field Army: (350,000).

5 armd bde (incl Gotland bde).

1 mech bde.

10 inf, 5 Norrland.

100 indep armd, inf, arty and AA arty bn.

1 avn bn.

9 arty avn pi.
Local Defence Units: (250,000) 60 indep bn, 400-500 indep coy.
Home Guard: (125,000) incl inf, arty, static arty, AD
EQUIPMENT:
MBT: 340 Strv-101, 110 Strv-102/-104 (Centurion), 335 Strv-103B.
LIGHT TANKS: 200 Ikv-91.
APC: 600 Pbv-302.
TOWED ARTY: 105mm: 550 Type-40; 150mm: 140 M-39; 155mm: 300 FH-77A/-B.
SP ARTY: 155mm: 30 BK-1A.
MORTARS: 81mm: 1,000; 120mm: 500.
ATGW: RB-53 Bantam, RB-55 (TOW, incl Pvrbv 551 SP), RB-56 Bill.
RCL: 74mm: Miniman; 84mm: AT-4, Carl Gustav, 90mm: PV-1110.
AD GUNS: 20mm: 114; 40mm: 600.
SAM: RB-69 (Redeye), RBS-70 (incl Lvrbv SP), RB-77 (Improved HAWK).
AIRCRAFT: 17 SK-61C (BAe Bulldog) observation, 2 Dornier Do-27 tpt.
HELICOPTERS: 20 Hkp-9A ATK, 14 Hkp-3 tpt, 26 Hkp-5B trg, 19 Hkp-6A utility.

NAVY: 12,000, incl coast defence and naval air (6,300 conscripts).
BASES: Musko, Karlskrona, Hamosand, Goteborg (spt only).
SUBMARINES: 12:

4 Vastergotland with TP-617 HWT and TP-42 LWT.

1 modernized Nacken (A1P) with TP-617 and TP-42.

2 Nacken, 5 Sjoormen, with TP-61 and TP-42.
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS: 42:
MISSILE CRAFT: 31 PFM:

1 Goteborg with 4x2 RBS-15 SSM; plus 2 533mm or 4 400mm TT, 4 ASW mor.

2 Stockholm with 4x2 RBS-15 SSM; plus 2 533mm or 4 400mm TT, 4 ASW mor.

16 Hugin with 6 RB-12 (No Penguin) SSM; plus 4 ASW mor.

12 Norrkoping with 4x2 RBS-15 SSM or up to 6 533mm TT.
PATROL: 11: 4 PFI, 7 PCI.
MINE WARFARE: 26:
MINELAYERS: 3:

1 Carlskrona (200 mines), trg.

2 Alvsborg (200 mines).

(mines can be laid by all SS classes).
MINE COUNTERMEASURES: 23:

6 Landsort MCC.

3 Arko MSC.

14 other MSI.
AMPHIBIOUS: craft only; 12 LCM.
SUPPORT AND MISCELLANEOUS: 12: 1 AGI, 1 salvage ship, 1 survey, 6 icebreakers, 2 tugs, 1 MCM spt ship.

COAST DEFENCE: (2,650; 1,700 conscripts).

5 arty bde: 12 mobile, 53 static units incl 2 amph defence, arty, barrier bn, minelayer sqn.
EQUIPMENT:
GUNS: 40mm incl L/70 AA, 75mm, 120mm incl CD-80 Karin (mobile); 75mm, 120mm Ersta (static).
MORTARS: 81mm.
SSM: RBS-17 Hellfire, RBS-08A, RBS-15KA, RB-52.
MINELAYERS: 10 coastal, 16 inshore.
PATROL CRAFT: 18 PCI<.
AMPHIBIOUS: 14 LCM, 80 LCU, about 60 LCA.

NAVAL AIR: 1 cbt ac, 14 armed hel.
ASW: 1 C-212 ac.
HELICOPTERS: 3 sqn with 14 Hkp-4B/C ASW, 9 Hkp-6 liaison.

AIR FORCE: 7,500 (5,500 conscripts); 470 cbt ac, no armed hel.

1 attack Staff.

4 AD districts.
FGA: 6 sqn:

5 with 81 AJ-37;

L (OCU) with 18 SK-37.
FIGHTER: 11 sqn:

3 with 68 J-35, 11 SK-35C;

8 with 139 JA-37.
RECCE: 3 sqn with *48 SH/SF-37.
ECM: 2 Caravelle (ECM/ELINT).
TRANSPORT: 1 sqn with 8 C-130E/H, 3 King Air 200, 2 Metro III (VIP), 16 SK-60E, 1 SAAB 340B.
TRAINING: 22 J-32D/E (14 -E ECM trg; 8 -D target-towing), 30 SK-50,105 *SK-60 (also have lt attack/recce role), 50 SK-61.
SAR: 10 Hkp, 10 Super Puma. 4 Hkp 9B (Bo-105 CBS).
UTILITY: 6 Hkp-3, 2 Hkp-10 hel.
AAM: RB-24 (AIM-9B/3 Sidewinder), RB-27 (Falcon), RB-28 (Improved Falcon), RB-71 (Skyflash), RB-74 AIM 91 (Sidewinder).
ASM: RB-04E, RB-05A, RB-15F, RB-75 (Maverick).
AD: Semi-automatic control and surveillance system, Stril 60, co-ordinates all AD components.

FORCES ABROAD:
UN AND PEACE-KEEPING:

AFGHANISTAN/PAKISTAN (OSGAP): 6.

ANGOLA (UNAVEM II): Observers.

CENTRAL AMERICA (ONUCA): Observers.

CYPRUS (UNFICYP): Staff Officers.

INDIA/PAKISTAN (UNMOGIP): Observers.

IRAQ/KUWAIT (UNIKOM): 8. Observers, 30 log sp.

KOREA (NNSC): Staff.

LEBANON (UNIFIL): 1 logbn (645).

MIDDLE EAST (UNTSO): Observers.

PARAMILITARY:
COASTGUARD: (600); 1 Kbv-181 and 1 Kbv-171 fishery protection vessels, 70 PCI<; Air Arm: 3 C-212 MR, 1 Cessna 337G, 1 402C ac.
CIVIL DEFENCE: shelters for 6,300,000. All between age 16-25 liable for civil defence duty.
VOLUNTARY AUXILIARY ORGANIZATIONS: Some 35,000 volunteers for army units from:

Motor Cycle Corps, Radio Organization, Women's Motor Transport Corps, Women's Auxiliary Defence Services, Red Cross.

^b Each year some 100,000 reservists carry out refresher trg; length of trg depends on rank (officers up to 31 days, NCO and specialists, 24 days, others 17 days). Commitment is 5 exercises during reserve service period, plus mob call-outs.

SWITZERLAND

TOTAL ARMED FORCES: (Air Corps forms part of the Army):
ACTIVE: about 3,500 regular, plus recruits (2 intakes of 18,000 each for 17 weeks only).
Terms of service: 17 weeks compulsory recruit trg at age 20, followed by reservist refresher trg of

3 weeks over an 8-year period between ages 21-32 for Auszug (call out),

39 days over a 3-year period (33-42) for Landwehr (militia),

13 days over 2-year period (43-50) for Landsturm (Home Guard/last reserve). Some 438,500 attend trg each year.
RESERVES (all services): 625,000.

ARMY: 565,000 on mob.

3 corps, each 1 mech, 2 inf div, 1 inf, 1 cyclist, 1 SAM, 1 engr regt, 1 arty bn, 1 hel sqn, 1 lt ac flt.

1 mtn corps with 3 mtn div (each 1 inf, 1 fortification, 1 redoubt bde), 1 mtn, 7 inf, 1 engr, 5 pack horse bn, 1 hel sqn.
Corps Tps: 6 Territorial Zones: each with log, medical and civil defence regt.

11 border bde.
Army Tps:

1 inf, 3 engr regt, 3 sigs (EW) bn.

1 airport guard regt, 1 indep airport bn.

20 fortress guard coy.
EQUIPMENT:
MBT: some 870: some 180 Pz-87 (Leopard 2), 150 Pz-55/-57 (Centurion), 150 Pz-61, 390 Pz-68 (195 to be mod).
AIFV: 625 M-63/-73 (M-113 with 20mm).
APC: 725 M-63/-73/-64 (M-113).
TOWED ARTY: 105mm: some 432 Model-35, 468 Model-46.
SP ARTY: 155mm: 473 PzHb-66/-74 (M-109U).
MRL: 81mm: RWK-014 30-tube.
MORTARS: 2,750: 81mm: M-33, M-72; 120mm: 110M-64/-74.
ATGW: 40 MOWAG Piranha with TOW-2; 800 B/B-65 (Bantam), B/B-77 (Dragon).
RL: 83mm: 5,500 M-80.
RCL: 106mm: 600 M-58.
ATK GUNS: 90mm: 850 Model-50/-57.
AD GUNS: 20mm: 1,700; 35mm: 260 GDF-002.
SAM: 60 B/L-84 (Rapier).
MARINE: 11 Aquarius patrol boats.

AIR CORPS: 60,000 on mob (incl military airfield guard units). 289 cbt ac, no armed hel.
1 Air Force bde: 3 air regt (1 lt ac wing, 1 long-range recce patrol coy).
FGA: 8 sqn with 126 Hunter F-58, 7 T-68.
FIGHTER: 8 sqn:

6 with 92 F-5E, 12 F-5F;

2 with 30 Mirage HIS, 4 -III BS.
RECCE: 1 sqn with 18 Mirage IIIRS.
LIAISON/SAR: 1 sqn with 2 Learjet 36, 18 PC-6.
HELICOPTERS: 7 sqn with 9 AS-332, 26 SA-315, 70 SA-316.
TRAINING: 20 Hawk Mk 66, 66 P-3, 40 PC-7, 4 PC-9, Vampire FB.6 (target-towing).
ASM: AGM-65A/B Maverick, AS-30.
AAM: AIM-9 Sidewinder, AIM-26B Falcon.
1 airbase bde: 3 regt x 4 bn, each with 4 bty of 20mm and twin 35mm guns with Skyguard fire-control radar.
1 AD bde:

1 SAM regt (2 bn, each of 2 bty; 64 Bloodhound);

1 AD arty regt (each of 3 bty; 35mm guns, Skyguard fire control).

FORCES ABROAD:
UN AND PEACE-KEEPING:

IRAQ/KUWAIT (UNIKOM): fixed wing air sp.

KOREA (NNSC): Staff.

MIDDLE EAST (UNTSO): Observers.

PARAMILITARY:
CIVIL DEFENCE: 480,000 (300,000 fully trained). Shelter programme for 5,500,000; emergency supplies and medical facilities.

YUGOSLAVIA

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: 169,000 (95,000 conscripts).
Terms of service: 12 months.
RESERVES: 510,000: Army 440,000; Navy 43,000; Air 27,000 (to age 55, officers 60).

ARMY: 129,000 (87,000 conscripts);
4 Military Regions; incl 1 coastal joint land/sea comd).
17 Corps HQ.
1 mech inf div HQ.

6 tk bde. 11 mech bde

24 mot inf bde. 1 mtn bde

1 amph bde. 1 AB bde.

4 arty bde 5 arty regt

4 ATK arty bde 2 ATK arty regt

4 AD regt 6 SAM 6 regt
RESERVES: Territorial Defence Force: 885,000 in wartime; org on a republic basis, designed for guerrilla warfare after invasion;

eqpt mainly small arms with some ATK, AD wpn.
EQUIPMENT:
MBT: 1,850: 850 T-54/-55, some 300 M-84 (T-74; mod T-72) and T-72, some 400 T-34 (in store), 300 M-4 (in store).
LIGHT TANKS: 13 PT-76.
RECCE: 92 M-3A1, 18 M-8, some 130 BRDM-2.
AIFV: 490 M-80.
APC: 200 BTR-40/-50, 300 M-60P.
TOWED ARTY: 1,934: 105mm: 400: M-56, M-18; 122mm: 200 M-1931/37, 332 M-1938/D-30; 130mm: 186 M-46;

152mm: 240: M-1937, D-20/M-84; 155mm: 150 M-59, 426 M-65, M-114.
SP ARTY: 105mm: M-7; 122mm: 2S1.
MRL: 128mm: 60 M-77, 100 M-63, M-85. 262mm: M-87.
MORTARS: 82mm: 3,400; 120mm: 3,000.
SSM: 4 FROG-7.
ATGW: BOV-1 veh with AT-3 Sagger, AT-4 Spigot and AT-5 Spandrel reported.
RCL: 57mm: 1,550; 82mm: 2,000 M-60PB SP; 105mm: 650 M-65.
ATK GUNS: 75mm: 748: M-1943, PAL-40; 90mm: 540: M-63B2 (incl SP); 100mm: 511 T-12.
AD GUNS: 20mm: 2,300: M-55/-75, BOV-3 SP triple; 30mm: 620: M-53, M-53/-59, BOV-3 SP; 37mm: 418 M-1939; 40mm: 128: M-1, L/70;

57mm: 304: S-60, ZSU-57-2 SP; 85mm: 260 M-1944; 90mm: 210 M-117; 94mm: 46 3.7 in.
SAM: SA-6/-7/-9/-13.

NAVY: 11,000 incl 900 marines, 2,300 coast defence (4,500 conscripts).
BASES: Split, Pula, Sibenik, Kardeljevo, Kotor.
SUBMARINES: 5:

2 Sava SS with 533mm TT

3 Heroj SS with 533mm TT plus 6 Una SSI for SF ops
FRIGATES: 4:

2 Kotor with 4 SS-N-2B Styx SSM, 2x12 ASW RL, 2x3 ASTT.

2 Split (Sov Koni) with 4 SS-N-2B Styx SSM, 2x12 ASW RL.
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS: 65:
MISSILE CRAFT: 15:

6 Rade Koncar PFM with 2 SS-N-2B Styx.

9 Mitar Acev (Sov Osa-I) PFM with 4 SS-N-2A.
TORPEDO CRAFT: 14 Topcider (Sov Shershen) with 4 533mm TT.
PATROL 36:

COASTAL 2 Mornar ASW with 4 x ASW RL.

INSHORE: 11 Mima

RIVERINE: some 23.
MINE WARFARE: 14
MINELAYERS: None, but DTM-211 LCT can lay 100 mines - see amph forces.
MCM: 14:

4 Vukov Klanac MHC

4 UK Ham MSI.

6 M-117 MSI.

(plus some 13 riverine MSI<).
AMPHIBIOUS: craft only; 46: 14 DTM-211 LCT, 32 DJC-601 LCM.
SUPPORT AND MISCELLANEOUS: 7: 3 PO-91 Lubin tpt, 1 salvage, 1 Sov Moma survey, 1 trg, 1 river flagship.

MARINES: (900)
2 marine bde (2 regt each of 2 bn).

COAST DEFENCE: (2,300)

25 coast arty bty:
GUNS: 85mm: 45 M-44; 88mm: 55 M-36; 122mm: 75 M-37; 130mm: 85 M-54; 152mm: 85 D-20.
SSM: SS-C-3 Shaddock, Brom (truck-mounted SS-N-2).

AIR FORCE: 29,000 (3,500 conscripts); 489 cbt ac, 165 armed hel.

3 air corps each 1 AD div, incl ac, AD arty, SAM.
FGA: 12 sqn with 69 P-2 Kraguj, 50 Jastreb, 25 Super Galeb, 69 Orao-2.
FIGHTER: 13 sqn with 100 MiG-21F/PF/M/bis, 15 MiG-21U, 26 MiG-29 (24 -A, 2 -UB).
RECCE 4 sqn with 30 Galeb, 15 Jastreb RJ-1, 20 Orao-1.
ARMED HEL: 45 Mi-8 (ask); 120 Gazela (attack).
ASW: 1 hel sqn with 6 Ka-25, 1 hel sqn with 10 Mi-8 (Navy-assigned).
TRANSPORT: 2 ac sqn with 11 An-12, 15 An-26, 4 CL-215 (SAR, fire-fighting), 2 Falcon 50 (VIP), 2 Learjet 25, 6 PC-6, 6 Yak-40.

7 hel sqn with Gazela, Mi-8 (Army-assigned).

1 sqn with 10 Mi-8, 12 Gazela (Navy-assigned).
LIAISON: 46 UTVA-66 ac, 14 Partizan hel.
TRAINING: ac: 70 *Super Galeb/Jastreb, 100 UTVA-75/-76; hel: 20 Gazela.
AAM: AA-2 Atoll, AA-8 Aphid, AA-10 Alamo, AA-11 Archer.
ASM: AGM-65 Maverick, AS-7 Kerry.
AD: 14 SAM bn (8 SA-2, 6 SA-3).

15 regt AD arty.

FORCES ABROAD:
UN AND PEACE-KEEPING:

ANGOLA (UNAVEM II): 11 Observers.

PARAMILITARY:
FRONTIER GUARDS: Ministry of Defence (14,000); 11 Mima, 5 Type-131 PCI.
MILICIJA (Police): BRDM-2 recce; TAB-71 APC; SA-341/-342 hel.
CIVIL DEFENCE: 2m on mob (not under Army).

REPUBLICAN FORCES:
CROATIA: National Guard; still forming, perhaps 22,000 men and police.
SLOVENIA: Territorial Defence mobilized by republic; some 60-70,000 men.

The Middle East and the Mediterranean

Political Developments and the Gulf War

The Iraqi invasion of Kuwait on 2 August 1990 occurred just before The Military Balance 1990-1991 went to press. The background and course of the war have been fully described in Strategic Survey 1990-1991; the highlights only are repeated here. The invasion took six hours to complete and there was some fear that Iraqi forces might continue to advance southwards into Saudi Arabia. The Gulf Cooperation Council Military Agreement was shown to be inadequate, and from the start the Arab League was divided, although it condemned the invasion.

The US reacted promptly and its first forces were deployed to Saudi Arabia on 7 August. The United Nations imposed a sanctions regime on Iraq and Kuwait on 6 August. An impressive build-up of military force took place over the next six months. Code-named Operation Desert Shield, it consisted of forces predominantly from the US, but with ground and air forces from France and the UK, and ground forces from a number of Arab, Muslim and other countries. Eventually 29 countries deployed forces to the Gulf region; full details are given on pp. 238-42. On 28 November 1990, the UN authorized the use off' all necessary means' to regain Kuwait and 'to restore international peace and security in the area' if Iraq did not withdraw unconditionally from Kuwait by midnight on 15 January 1991. Iraq did not comply: Operation Desert Storm, the Coalition air offensive, began at 2 am local time on 17 January. Some five weeks later, on 24 February, a massive ground offensive, Operation Desert Sabre, was launched at 4 am local time, and a cease-fire was ordered 100 hours after that, at 8 am on 28 February.

In Iraq the end of the war was followed by uprisings: by Shi'a Arabs in the south and Kurds in the north. Both insurgencies were ruthlessly crushed by the remains of the Iraqi Army, notably by those forces which had remained outside the theatre of the Coalition's ground operations. Repression resulted in a mass migration of refugees: the Shi'as fled to Iran and the marshland south-east of Basra; and the Kurds to the mountains on the Iraq-Turkey-Iran borders. Coalition forces remained aloof for some time until the pressure of public and political opinion led to the deployment of a new allied force, first to south-eastern Turkey and then into northern Iraq to establish safe havens for the Kurdish refugees in an operation known as Provide Comfort. There were no serious clashes with Iraqi forces. Protracted negotiations followed between the Kurds and the Iraqi government on the establishment of an autonomous Kurdish region. The allies withdrew their forces from Iraq in mid-July and established a small multinational force backed by air power in Turkey as a deterrent to the renewed persecution of the Kurds. Coalition forces remain in Kuwait and Saudi Arabia. In the former, a US Armoured Cavalry Regiment and a battle group based on an infantry battalion from the UK provide a measure of deterrence until an Arab force can be established. Several US Air Force squadrons remain in Saudi Arabia, along with administrative units still involved in back-loading stores and equipment. The United Nations Iraq/Kuwait Observer Mission (UNIKOM) has established a demilitarized zone extending 10 km into Iraq and 5 km into Kuwait from the agreed boundary between the two

The UN's formal cease-fire terms required Iraq to submit to the UN Secretary-General lists of locations and amounts of its chemical and biological weapons and its ballistic missiles with a range greater than 90 miles, and lists of its material that could be used in nuclear weapons or nuclear weapons production to the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). The Secretary-General and the IAEA were required to submit plans for on-site inspection and the destruction of all weapons of mass destruction. Iraq provided lists. The CBW inventory was extensive and included three types of agent: mustard gas and two nerve agents, Sarin and Tabun, of which close to 800 tons of finished product and component chemicals were declared. CW ammunition included aircraft bombs (1,370), artillery shells (105) and rockets (9,500) (probably for MRL). The ballistic missile list comprised 52 missiles (one Scud, 51 Al-Hussein) with 53 warheads (23 conventional and 30 with chemical weapons). There were also six mobile launchers and erectors and 32 launch platforms. Inspection of CW has begun, and already most of the ballistic missiles have been destroyed. After an initial satisfactory start, the IAEA inspectors were repeatedly refused access to several sites and they reported that nuclear materials and equipment had been moved elsewhere to avoid inspection. It gradually emerged that Iraq's nuclear weapon programme was far more extensive than had been previously assessed by the West. Two further lists of nuclear sites and material have been provided by the Iraqis and inspection continues. UN inspectors have discovered far larger quantities of CW munitions and pre-production chemicals than were originally declared.

In a surprise move on 14 August 1990, soon after the invasion of Kuwait, Saddam Hussein wrote to the Iranian President and in effect capitulated to all of Iran's demands, including a return to the 1975 Treaty of Algiers. While the move allowed Saddam to redeploy a large number of troops stationed on the Iran-Iraq border, Iran continued to denounce the occupation of Kuwait and confirmed that it would comply fully with the UN sanctions resolution. Iran was able to increase its oil exports; Egypt and Syria also gained financially as they received substantial aid from Saudi Arabia in return for deploying troops there; Egypt was also forgiven some $7 bn debt by the US. Jordan, however, lost both politically and economically because of the pro-Iraqi stance taken by King Hussein. Not only was aid withheld, but Saudi Arabia closed its frontier with Jordan and cut off the supply of oil.

There was a general assumption that some new form of security arrangement would be developed for the Gulf region. After the Damascus meeting of the so-called 'Six plus Two' (the GCC states plus Egypt and Syria), it was believed that Egypt and Syria would provide relatively large forces to guarantee the security of the GCC states in return for large-scale economic aid. This hope had yet to materialize at the time of writing. Much attention has been given to the subject of restricting the supply of arms to the Middle East, a project not helped by the US announcement of arms sales to Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, the UAE and Israel. Representatives of the permanent members of the UN Security Council held a meeting in Paris in July at which they pledged strong support for the establishment of a weapons-of-mass-destruction-free zone in the Middle East and expressed the intention to observe 'rules of restraint' regarding conventional weapons transfers. Further meetings are planned for September and October 1991.

Contrary to widespread hopes, there was no early or substantive progress on the region's two main unsolved problems: the Arab-Israeli confrontation and the future of the Palestinians. The US is working to achieve a peace process involving a series of bilateral Arab-Israeli talks under the mantle of an international conference at which the UN would have observer status. The conference would convene only to open the process and then meet at six-monthly intervals to hear progress reports. In July 1991 Syria, followed by Jordan and Lebanon, accepted the US proposals as the basis for peace talks, and the PLO accepted that they should be represented at the talks (rather than insisting on a formal PLO delegation to which the Israelis would refuse to talk).

The Lebanon and Syria signed a Treaty of Brotherhood, Co-operation and Co-ordination on 22 May 1991, which gives Damascus control of Lebanese foreign and defence policy. In Morocco and the Western Sahara a UN-monitored cease-fire is to come into effect on 6 September 1991 to be followed by a referendum in Western Sahara. The UN monitoring force is to be known as MINURSO (United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara). A mission commander was appointed in April 1991.

Military Developments

Algeria has increased its tank and artillery holdings with 200 more T-72 MBT, 80 more 122mm 2S1 SP guns, 25 152mm 2S3 SP guns and 50 BM-14-16 MRL added to the inventory. Morocco has taken delivery of 100 SK Kuerassier light tanks and two more El Lahik (Danish Osprey-class) coastal patrol craft. Two out of four of these ships operate under the customs service, as do four of the El Wacil inshore patrol craft. The Mauritanian Navy has taken delivery of two inshore patrol craft: a UK /wra-class PCI and a German Neustadt-class PFI. The Air Force has two additional COIN aircraft, FTB-337 Milirole.

Libyan aircraft holdings have been reduced; the aircraft disposed of were probably beyond repair. Last year 14 Turkish SAR-33 inshore patrol craft were listed in error the craft have not been delivered. There have been few changes to the Egyptian inventory: a further 150 Walid APC have been delivered; two Soviet Romeo-class submarines were retired; and three Assiout (Soviet 43-class) mine countermeasure ships commissioned. Sudan has taken delivery of its first ten Chinese Type-59 tanks and the Air Force has increased by nine its holdings of Chinese J-6 aircraft.

Recent events make the listings for the Somali Republic somewhat meaningless. After the flight of Siad Barre, the country has broken up, with the northern province declaring itself as the independent Republic of Somaliland, and the Somali National Movement attempting to hold power, backed by some 7-8,000 men, in Mogadishu. It is unclear how much war materiel remains in a serviceable state.

In Yemen the armed forces are in the process of reorganization following unification. Some 40 brigades are listed, but with only some 60,000 men in the Army these must be well understrength. The country is to be divided into 'operational districts', probably eight in number, each of which will be garrisoned by a division. The new Navy is stronger than the combined strength of its forebears. Delivery has been taken of two Soviet Tarantul-I-class corvettes, and the mine countermeasures force has doubled in size with the addition of one Soviet Natya-class MSO and two more Soviet Yevgenya-class MSI. Naval manpower has been doubled. On the other hand, the Air Force has retained only about 60% of the original fleet of aircraft and has reduced the number of types in service. It has, however, taken delivery of eight more Mi-24/-35 attack helicopters.

Oman has taken delivery of over 40 M-60A3 tanks from US surplus stockpiles and The Military Balance now lists the Navy's FulkAl Sulamah (originally thought to be a transport) as an amphibious ship. It can operate two Super Puma helicopters and has two vehicle landing craft at davits, the capacity of which is estimated to be 240 troops and 30 vehicles. The Air Force is planning to procure 16 Hawk COIN aircraft. Saudi Arabia is planning to double the size of its armed forces and will introduce divisions into the Army. Over the last year the main deliveries to the Army have been 200 M-60A3 MBT, 200 Bradley fighting vehicles and 46 ASTROS II MRL. Eight more Tornado and 18 F-15C have increased aircraft numbers. The first package of arms, worth some $7.5 bn, has been notified to the US Congress and will include: 150 M-1A2 MBT, 200 Bradley, nine MLRS, 150 TOW ATGW launchers, six Patriot fire units (48 launchers) and 12 Apache AH-64 attack helicopters. The final value of arms sales from the US may reach $23 bn. Bahrain has increased its M-60 tank holding by 26 to 81 and has ordered six Apache attack helicopters. Kuwait managed to save a proportion of its military assets from the invasion of 2 August, mainly from the Air Force. Two missile craft escaped, but the remainder of the Navy was captured by the Iraqis, put into their service, and later sunk by the US and UK Navies. The Air Force still has in service close to 40 combat aircraft (A-4 and Mirage F-1) and 24 helicopters, including 12 SA-342 armed with HOT ATGW. The Army was less fortunate and although enough men escaped to form two brigades, they lost the bulk of their equipment. The UAE has ordered 20 Apache attack helicopters.

Obtaining accurate information on the current Iraqi order of battle and on its weapons holdings is virtually impossible. Good information is available on the number and type of divisions overrun during the war, and on the numbers of ground force weapons (but not the individual type of weapon) destroyed. Naval losses are well documented. Details of aircraft lost in air-toair combat and of those which escaped to Iran are known, but losses during air raids, particularly of planes in hardened shelters, are not well documented. The Military Balance is therefore unable to provide detailed lists of Iraq's weapons holdings this year. In general terms it can be said that some 41 divisions (30 infantry* four mechanized and seven armoured) ceased to exist as divisions. Equipments destroyed or captured included 3,008 tanks, 1,856 armoured vehicles and 2,140 pieces of artillery. Thirty-five Iraqi aircraft were shot down (9 Mirage F-1,4 Su-7/-17,2 Su-22,2 Su-25,4 MiG-21,7 MiG-23,2 MiG-25, 5 MiG-29), while 115 combat aircraft were flown to Iran (24 Mirage F-1, 4 Su-20, 40 Su-22, 24 Su-24, 7 Su-25, 12 MiG-23, 4 MiG-29), as well as at least one Adnam 11-26 AEW aircraft (the remaining two are believed to have been destroyed on the ground). Whether Iran will return these aircraft is uncertain. Although Iran has said that it will, it has also claimed that only 22 aircraft actually landed. With the exception of the Italian-made frigates and corvettes still held in Italy and Egypt, the whole of the Iraqi Navy was sunk, mainly by helicopter attack. All told, 34 combatants (7 missile craft (Osa), 6 torpedo craft (Soviet P-6), 7 inshore patrol craft, 8 mine countermeasures craft and 6 amphibious ships) were destroyed. The helicopter force has come through virtually untouched: only six were shot down and none are reported as having flown to Iran. During Operation Desert Storm they were well dispersed, often hidden in residential areas. While Iraq's offensive capability has undoubtedly been destroyed, it still maintains a strong army capable of crushing insurgency and of offering some measure of deterrence against attack.

Iran has been quietly rebuilding its armed forces. For the first time, The Military Balance has been able to number the Revolutionary Guard naval strength (20,000), hence the increase in active manpower. The Navy has commissioned an additional amphibious ship. The Air Force has taken delivery of its first 20 MiG-29. Two new types of MRL have been developed: the 333mm Shahin and the 355mm Nazeat; no details of numbers in service are available. Originally these two nicknames were thought to refer to SSM under development.

Jordan's artillery strength shows a large increase of 112 155mm M-109 and 44 203mm M-110 SP guns. Syria has acquired 350 more T-72 tanks, and has 100 more on order from Czechoslovakia, from where it hopes to buy still more. Some 20 Scud SSM launchers have been delivered by North Korea; it is thought that these will be more accurate than the Scud B already held by Syria. China is under pressure from the US not to sell Syria the M-9 SSM, which has a range of 500 km. The Syrian Navy has four more Soviet Osa-class missile craft. The Air Force has retired its elderly Su-7 and MiG-17, but has 70 Su-22 FGA aircraft not listed before. In Lebanon, government forces have successfully collected the heavy weapons from most militias and the PLO, but not from the Israeli-supported South Lebanese Army. Some 5,000 militia men are to be absorbed into the Army from all militia factions.

Israel was subjected to attack by 39 Iraqi SSM between 18 January and 25 February 1991. Fortunately, casualties were low: one killed, with 12 other deaths indirectly attributed to the attacks and 200 injured. For the first time foreign troops were stationed on Israeli soil when the US and The Netherlands deployed Patriot batteries to reinforce the two newly received Israeli batteries. The Israelis are playing down Patriot's capability to ensure the continued development of their Arrow ATBM system, which would have a much longer engagement range than Patriot. The second stage of development has been authorized, but although the US is paying 72% of the cost, Israel is finding it an expensive project. The second phase will involve 11 test flights over the next 45 months. There have been a number of changes to the Naval order of battle. Four Saar 2 PFM have been retired and a fifth Saar 4.5 was commissioned. A new class of Saar, the 5, is starting construction in 1991. They will be armed with Gabriel, Harpoon and Barak SAM. Six more Super Dvora-class fast attack craft have been brought into service. After several false starts, the Navy is to get two new submarines. Funded by and built in Germany, they are unlikely to enter service before 1997. The Air Force has taken delivery of 19 Apache AH-64 attack helicopters and expects to receive 25 more F-15 aircraft, ten of which are to come from USAF stocks. The IDF, despite an additional $600m in US military aid, is under increasing economic pressure and a number of cuts have been hinted at. The aim will be to reduce the time spent on duty by reservists (although this is to some extent dependent on the state of the intifada) by cutting several thousand primarily non-combatant officers and civilians and possibly reducing the length of conscription for women.

Ближний Восток и Северная Африка

Политические события и Война в Персидском заливе

Вторжение Ирака в Кувейт 2 августа 1990 года произошло как раз перед тем, как военный баланс 1990-1991 годов попал в прессу. Предыстория и ход войны были полностью описаны в Стратегическом обзоре 1990-1991 годов; здесь повторяются только основные моменты. Вторжение заняло шесть часов, и были некоторые опасения, что иракские силы могут продолжать продвигаться на юг в Саудовскую Аравию. Военное соглашение Совета сотрудничества стран Залива было признано недостаточным, и с самого начала Лига арабских государств разделилась, хотя и осудила вторжение.

США отреагировали оперативно, и 7 августа их первые силы были развернуты в Саудовской Аравии. Организация Объединенных Наций ввела режим санкций в отношении Ирака и Кувейта 6 августа. В течение следующих шести месяцев произошло впечатляющее наращивание военной силы. Под кодовым названием Операция Desert Shield, она состояла из сил преимущественно из США, но с наземными и воздушными силами из Франции и Великобритании, а также сухопутными войсками из ряда арабских, мусульманских и других стран. В конечном итоге 29 стран развернули свои силы в регионе Персидского залива; полная информация приводится на стр. 238-42. 28 ноября 1990 года ООН разрешила использовать все необходимые средства на восстановление Кувейта и восстановления международного мира и безопасности в этом районе, если Ирак не согласиться безоговорочно уйти из Кувейта до полуночи 15 января 1991 года. Ирак не подчинился: операция "Буря в пустыне", воздушное наступление коалиции, началась в 2 часа ночи по местному времени 17 января. Примерно через пять недель, 24 февраля, в 4 часа утра по местному времени была начата массированная наземная наступательная операция "Сабля пустыни", а спустя 100 часов, в 8 часов утра 28 февраля, был отдан приказ о прекращении огня.

В Ираке за окончанием войны последовали восстания: арабы-шииты на юге и курды на севере. Оба мятежа были безжалостно подавлены остатками иракской армии, особенно теми силами, которые остались за пределами театра наземных операций коалиции. Репрессии привели к массовой миграции беженцев: шииты бежали в Иран и болотистую местность к юго-востоку от Басры, а курды - в горы на иракско-турецко-иранской границе. Коалиционные силы оставались в стороне в течение некоторого времени, пока давление общественного и политического мнения не привело к развертыванию новых союзных сил, сначала в Юго-Восточной Турции, а затем в северном Ираке, чтобы создать безопасные убежища для курдских беженцев в операции, известной как Provide Comfort. Серьезных столкновений с иракскими войсками не было. Последовали длительные переговоры между курдами и иракским правительством о создании автономного курдского региона. Союзники вывели свои войска из Ирака в середине июля и создали небольшие многонациональные силы при поддержке авиации в Турции в качестве сдерживающего фактора от возобновления преследования курдов. Коалиционные силы остаются в Кувейте и Саудовской Аравии. В первом случае американский бронетанковый кавалерийский полк и боевая группа, базирующаяся на пехотном батальоне из Великобритании, обеспечивают меру сдерживания до тех пор, пока не будут созданы арабские силы. Несколько эскадрилий ВВС США остаются в Саудовской Аравии, наряду с административными подразделениями, все еще участвующими в погрузке запасов и оборудования. Иракско-кувейтская миссия Организации Объединенных Наций по наблюдению (ИКМООНН) создала демилитаризованную зону, простирающуюся на 10 км вглубь Ирака и на 5 км вглубь Кувейта от согласованной границы между двумя странами

В соответствии с официальными условиями прекращения огня ООН Ирак должен был представить генеральному секретарю ООН списки мест и количеств своего химического и биологического оружия и своих баллистических ракет с дальностью более 90 миль, а также списки своих материалов, которые могут быть использованы в ядерном оружии или производстве ядерного оружия, Международному агентству по атомной энергии (МАГАТЭ). Генеральный секретарь и МАГАТЭ должны представить планы проведения инспекций на местах и уничтожения всех видов оружия массового уничтожения. Ирак представил списки. Запасы ХБО были обширными и включали три типа агентов: иприт и два нервно-паралитических агента, зарин и табун, из которых было заявлено около 800 тонн готовой продукции и компонентов химических веществ. Боеприпасы ХО включали авиационные бомбы (1370), артиллерийские снаряды (105) и ракеты (9 500) (вероятно, для РСЗО). Список баллистических ракет включал 52 ракеты (одна Scud, 51 Al-Hussein) с 53 боеголовками (23 обычных и 30 с химическим оружием). Было также шесть мобильных пусковых установок и установщиков и 32 пусковых платформы. Началась инспекция ХО, и уже большая часть баллистических ракет была уничтожена. После первоначального удовлетворительного начала инспекторам МАГАТЭ неоднократно отказывали в доступе на несколько объектов, и они сообщали, что ядерные материалы и оборудование были перемещены в другие места, чтобы избежать инспекции. Постепенно выяснилось, что иракская ядерная оружейная программа является гораздо более обширной, чем это было ранее оценено Западом. Иракцы представили еще два списка ядерных объектов и материалов, и инспекция продолжается. Инспекторы ООН обнаружили гораздо большие количества боеприпасов и химикатов для производства ХО, чем было первоначально заявлено.

14 августа 1990 года, вскоре после вторжения в Кувейт, Саддам Хусейн неожиданно обратился с письмом к иранскому президенту и фактически капитулировал перед всеми требованиями Ирана, включая возвращение к алжирскому договору 1975 года. Хотя этот шаг позволил Саддаму передислоцировать большое количество войск, дислоцированных на ирано-иракской границе, Иран продолжал осуждать оккупацию Кувейта и подтвердил, что он полностью выполнит резолюцию ООН о санкциях. Иран смог нарастить экспорт нефти; Египет и Сирия также получили финансовую помощь, поскольку они получили существенную помощь от Саудовской Аравии в обмен на размещение там войск; Египту также было прощено около $7 млрд долга США. Иордания, однако, проиграла и политически, и экономически из-за проиракской позиции, занятой королем Хусейном. Не только была задержана помощь, но Саудовская Аравия закрыла свою границу с Иорданией и отрезала поставки нефти.

Было высказано общее предположение о том, что для региона Персидского залива будет разработана какая-то новая форма обеспечения безопасности. После встречи в Дамаске так называемой "шестерки плюс два" (государства ССАГПЗ плюс Египет и Сирия) считалось, что Египет и Сирия предоставят относительно крупные силы для обеспечения безопасности государств ССАГПЗ в обмен на крупномасштабную экономическую помощь. На момент написания этой книги эта надежда еще не осуществилась. Большое внимание было уделено теме ограничения поставок оружия на Ближний Восток - проекту, которому не помогло объявление США о продаже оружия Саудовской Аравии, Бахрейну, ОАЭ и Израилю. Представители постоянных членов Совета Безопасности ООН провели в июле в Париже встречу, на которой они заявили о решительной поддержке создания зоны, свободной от оружия массового уничтожения, на Ближнем Востоке и выразили намерение соблюдать "правила сдержанности" в отношении передачи обычных вооружений. Новые встречи запланированы на сентябрь и октябрь 1991 года.

Вопреки широко распространенным надеждам, не было достигнуто никакого раннего или существенного прогресса по двум главным нерешенным проблемам региона: арабо-израильской конфронтации и будущему палестинцев. США работают над достижением мирного процесса, включающего серию двусторонних арабо-израильских переговоров под эгидой Международной конференции, на которой ООН будет иметь статус наблюдателя. Конференция будет собираться только для того, чтобы открыть этот процесс, а затем собираться каждые шесть месяцев для заслушивания докладов о ходе работы. В июле 1991 года Сирия, а затем Иордания и Ливан приняли предложения США в качестве основы для мирных переговоров, и ООП согласилась с тем, что они должны быть представлены на переговорах (а не настаивать на официальной делегации ООП, с которой израильтяне отказались бы говорить).

Ливан и Сирия подписали 22 мая 1991 года Договор о братстве, сотрудничестве и координации, который дает Дамаску контроль над ливанской внешней и оборонной политикой. В Марокко и Западной Сахаре прекращение огня под наблюдением ООН должно вступить в силу 6 сентября 1991 года, после чего в Западной Сахаре должен состояться референдум. Силы ООН по наблюдению будут называться МООНРЗС (миссия Организации Объединенных Наций по проведению референдума в Западной Сахаре). Командиром миссии был назначен в апреле 1991 года.

Военные события

Алжир увеличил свои танковые и артиллерийские запасы еще на 200 Т-72 МБТ, 80 более 122 мм 2С1, 25 152 мм 2С3 самоходных орудий и 50 БМ-14-16 РСЗО добавлены в инвентарь. Марокко приняло 100 легких танков SK Kuerassier и еще двух береговых патрульных судов El Lahik (датский тип Osprey). Два из четырех этих судов работают под управлением таможенной службы, как и четыре патрульных корабля El Wacil. Мавританский флот принял поставку двух прибрежных патрульных кораблей: британского типа Jura PCI и немецкого типа Neustadt PFI. У ВВС есть два дополнительных самолета монеты, FTB-337 Milirole.

Ливийские авиационные силы были сокращены; утилизированные самолеты, вероятно, не подлежали ремонту. В прошлом году 14 турецких SAR-33 береговых патрульных судов были перечислены по ошибке катера не были доставлены. В египетский инвентарь было внесено мало изменений: еще 150 БТР Walid были поставлены; две советские подводные лодки типа Romeo были выведены из эксплуатации; и три советских противоминных корабля класса Assiout были введены в эксплуатацию. Судан принял свои первые десять китайских танков Type-59, а ВВС увеличили на девять свои силы китайских самолетов J-6.

Последние события делают списки для Сомалийской Республики несколько бессмысленными. После бегства Сиада Барре страна распалась, и северная провинция объявила себя независимой республикой Сомалиленд, а сомалийское национальное движение пыталось удержать власть при поддержке примерно 7-8 000 человек в Могадишо. Неясно, сколько военной техники остается в исправном состоянии.

В Йемене вооруженные силы находятся в процессе реорганизации после объединения. В списке числится около 40 бригад, но только с 60 000 человек в армии они должны быть сильно недоукомплектованы. Страна должна быть разделена на "оперативные районы", вероятно, восемь в количестве, каждый из которых будет гарнизон дивизии. Новый флот сильнее, чем объединенная сила его предков. Была осуществлена поставка двух советских корветов типа Tarantul-I, а силы противоминного противодействия удвоились в размерах с добавлением одного Советского МТЩ типа Natya и еще двух советских РТЩ типа Yevgenya. Военно-морские силы были удвоены. С другой стороны, ВВС сохранили лишь около 60% первоначального парка самолетов и сократили количество типов, находящихся на вооружении. Однако они приняли еще восьми ударных вертолетов Ми-24/-35.

Оман принял более 40 танков M-60A3 из избыточных запасов США, и военный баланс теперь перечисляет Fulkal Sulamah ВМС (первоначально считавшийся транспортным) как десантный корабль. Он может управлять двумя вертолетами Super Puma и имеет два десантных корабля на шлюпбалках, мощность которых оценивается в 240 военнослужащих и 30 транспортных средств. ВВС планируют закупить 16 самолетов Hawk. Саудовская Аравия планирует удвоить численность своих вооруженных сил и ввести в армию подразделения. За последний год основными поставками в армию стали 200 ОБТ M-60A3, 200 боевых машин Bradley и 46 РСЗО Astros II. Еще восемь Tornado и 18 F-15C увеличили количество самолетов. Первый пакет вооружений, стоимостью около $7,5 млрд, был уведомлен Конгрессу США и будет включать: 150 ОБТ M-1A2, 200 Bradley, девять РСЗО, 150 пусковых установок ПТУР TOW, шесть огневых установок Patriot (48 пусковых установок) и 12 ударных вертолетов Apache AH-64. Итоговая стоимость продаж оружия из США может составить $23 млрд. Бахрейн увеличил свой танковый парк M-60 на 26 до 81 и заказал шесть ударных вертолетов Apache.Кувейту удалось спасти часть своих военных активов от вторжения 2 августа, главным образом от Военно-Воздушных сил. Два ракетных корабля уцелели, но остальная часть Военно-Морского флота была захвачена иракцами, поставлена на их службу, а затем потоплена ВМС США и Великобритании. ВВС по-прежнему имеют на вооружении около 40 боевых самолетов (А-4 и Mirage F-1) и 24 вертолета, в том числе 12 SA-342, вооруженных ПТРК HOT. Армии повезло меньше, и хотя достаточно людей сбежали, чтобы сформировать две бригады, они потеряли большую часть своего оборудования. ОАЭ заказали 20 ударных вертолетов Apache.

Получение точной информации о текущем Иракском боевом порядке и о его оружейных запасах практически невозможно. Имеется хорошая информация о количестве и типе дивизий, захваченных во время войны, и о количестве уничтоженного оружия Сухопутных войск (но не об отдельном типе оружия). Военно-морские потери были хорошо задокументированы. Известны подробности о потерях самолетов в воздушном бою и о тех, кто бежал в Иран, но потери во время воздушных налетов, особенно самолетов в укрепленных укрытиях, не очень хорошо документированы. Поэтому военный баланс не в состоянии представить подробные списки иракских запасов оружия в этом году. В общих чертах можно сказать, что около 41 дивизии (30 пехотных* четыре механизированных и семь бронетанковых) перестали существовать как дивизии. Уничтоженная или захваченная техника включала 3 008 танков, 1 856 бронемашин и 2 140 единиц артиллерии. Тридцать пять иракских самолетов было сбито (9 Мираж F-1,4 Су-7/-17,2 Су-Су 22,2-25,4 миг-миг 21,7-23,2 МиГ-25, 5 МиГ-29), В то время как 115 боевых самолетов были доставлены в Иран (24 Mirage F-1, 4 Су-20, 40 Су-22, 24 Су-24, 7 штурмовиков Су-25, 12 МиГ-23, 4 МиГ-29), а также как минимум один Adnam 11-26 самолет РЛДН (остальные два, как полагают, были уничтожены на земле). Вернет ли Иран эти самолеты, неизвестно. Хотя Иран сказал, что он будет, он также утверждал, что только 22 самолета фактически приземлились. За исключением итальянских фрегатов и корветов, все еще находившихся в Италии и Египте, весь иракский флот был потоплен, главным образом, вертолетными атаками. Всего было уничтожено 34 боевых корабля (7 ракетных (Osa), 6 торпедных (советских P-6), 7 береговых патрульных, 8 противоминных и 6 десантных). Вертолетные силы прошли практически нетронутыми: только шесть были сбиты, и ни один из них не долетел до Ирана. Во время операции "Буря в пустыне" они были хорошо рассеяны, часто прятались в жилых районах. Хотя наступательный потенциал Ирака, несомненно, был уничтожен, он по-прежнему сохраняет сильную армию, способную подавить мятеж и предложить некоторую меру сдерживания от нападения.

Иран спокойно восстанавливает свои вооруженные силы. Впервые военный баланс смог увеличить численность военно-морских сил революционной гвардии (20 000 человек), что привело к увеличению активной живой силы. Военно-Морской Флот ввел в строй дополнительный десантный корабль. ВВС приняли на вооружение свои первые 20 истребителей МиГ-29. Были разработаны два новых типа РСЗО: 333mm Shahin и 355mm Nazeat; никаких подробностей о численности в обслуживании нет. Первоначально эти два прозвища, как полагали, относились к ТБР в стадии разработки.

Артиллерийская мощь Иордании показывает значительное увеличение 112 155-мм M-109 и 44 203-мм M-110 самоходных орудий. Сирия приобрела еще 350 танков Т-72, и еще 100 по заказу Чехословакии, откуда она надеется купить еще больше. Около 20 пусковых установок БР Scud были поставлены Северной Кореей; считается, что они будут более точными, чем Scud B, уже удерживаемый Сирией. Китай находится под давлением США, чтобы не продавать Сирии БР М-9, который имеет дальность 500 км. ВМС Сирии располагают еще четырьмя советскими ракетными катерами типа Osa. ВВС уволили свои старые Су-7 и МиГ-17, но имеет 70 самолетов Су-22, не перечисленных ранее. В Ливане правительственные силы успешно собрали тяжелое оружие у большинства ополченцев и ООП, но не у поддерживаемой Израилем армии Южного Ливана. Около 5000 ополченцев должны быть приняты в армию из всех группировок ополченцев.

Израиль подвергся нападению 39 иракских БР в период с 18 января по 25 февраля 1991 года. К счастью, число жертв было невелико: один человек погиб, еще 12 человек косвенно пострадали в результате нападений и 200 получили ранения. Впервые иностранные войска были размещены на израильской земле, когда США и Нидерланды развернули батареи Patriot для усиления двух вновь полученных израильских батарей. Израильтяне преуменьшают возможности Patriot по обеспечению дальнейшего развития своей системы ПРО Arrow, которая будет иметь гораздо более длинный диапазон действия, чем Patriot. Второй этап развития был санкционирован, но хотя США платят 72% от стоимости, Израиль считает его дорогостоящим проектом. Второй этап будет включать 11 испытательных полетов в течение следующих 45 месяцев. В морской боевой порядок был внесен ряд изменений. Четыре РКА Saar 2 были выведены, а пятый Saar 4.5 был введен в эксплуатацию. Начинает строительство нового типа Saar 5, в 1991 году. Они будут вооружены Gabriel, Harpoon и Barak. Еще шесть РКА типа Super Dvora были введены в эксплуатацию. После нескольких фальстартов военно-морской флот должен получить две новые подводные лодки. Финансируемые и построенные в Германии, они вряд ли поступят на вооружение раньше 1997 года. ВВС приняли поставку 19 ударных вертолетов Apache AH-64 и рассчитывают получить еще 25 самолетов F-15, десять из которых должны поступить из запасов ВВС США. ЦАХАЛ, несмотря на дополнительную военную помощь США в размере $600 млн, находится под растущим экономическим давлением, и намекают на ряд сокращений. Цель будет заключаться в сокращении времени, проводимого на службе резервистами (хотя это в некоторой степени зависит от состояния интифады), путем сокращения нескольких тысяч в первую очередь не боевых офицеров и гражданских лиц и, возможно, сокращения продолжительности призыва на военную службу женщин.

ALGERIA

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: 125,500 (70,000 conscripts).
Terms of service: Army only 18 months (6 months basic, 1 year civil projects).
RESERVES: Army: some 150,000, to age 50.

ARMY: 107,000 (70,000 conscripts).

6 Military Regions.

3 armd bde (3 tk, 1 mech, 1 arty, 1 engr bn, recce coy, ATK, log bn).

8 mech bde (3 mech, 1 tk, 1 arty, 1 engr recce, ATK, log bn).

9 mot inf bde (3 inf, 1 tk, 1 arty, 1 engr bn).

1 AB/SF bde.

31 indep inf, 4 para bn.

7 indep arty, 5 AD bn.

4 engr bn.

12 coy desert troops.
EQUIPMENT:
MBT: some 960: 330 T-54/-55, 330 T-62, 300 T-72.
RECCE: 120 BRDM-2.
AIFV: 915: 690 BMP-1, 225 BMP-2.
APC: 460 BTR-50/-60.
TOWED ARTY: 415: 122mm: 15 D-74, 100 M-1931/37, 40 M-30, 190 D-30; 130mm: 10 M-46; 152mm: 60 M-1937.
SP ARTY: 200: 122mm: 150 2S1; 152mm: 25 ISU-152, 25 2S3.
MRL: 128: 122mm: 48 BM-21; 140mm: 50
BM-14-16; 240mm: 30 BM-24.
MORTARS: 120mm: 120M-43.60M-160,150 M-1937.
ATGW: 40 AT-3 Sagger (some SP/BRDM-2), Milan.
RCL: 178: 82mm: 120 B-10; 107mm: 58 B-11.
ATK GUNS: 296: 57mm: 156 ZIS-2; 85mm: 80 D-44; 100mm: 10 T-12, 50 SU-100 SP.
AD GUNS: 880: 14.5mm: 65 ZPU-2/-4; 20mm: 100; 23mm: 100 ZU-23 towed, 210 ZSU-23-4 SP; 37mm: 150 M-1939; 57mm: 75 S-60;

85mm: 20 KS-12; 100mm: 150 KS-19; 130mm: 10 KS-30.
SAM: SA-7/-8/-9.

NAVY: 6,500.
BASES: Mers el Kebir, Algiers, Annaba, Jijel.
SUBMARINES: 2:

2 Sov Kilo with 533mm TT.

(plus 2 Sov Romeo\ that may be used for trg).
FRIGATES: 3 Mourad Reis (Sov Koni) with 2x12 ASW RL.
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS: 20:
CORVETTES: 3 Rais Hamidou (Sov Nanuchka II) with 4 SS-N-2C Styx SSM.
MISSILE CRAFT: 11 Osa with 4 SS-N-2 SSM.
PATROL: 6.

COASTAL 2 local-built C-58 PFC.

INSHORE: about 3 El Yadekh PCI, 1<.
MINE WARFARE: 1 Sov T-43 MSC.
AMPHIBIOUS: 3:

2 Kalaat beni Hammad LST, capacity 240 tps, 10 tk, 1 hel.

1 Polnocny LSM, capacity 100 tps, 5 tk.
COAST GUARD (under naval control): 500; about 6 El Yadekh PCI, 16 PFI<.

AIR FORCE: 12,000; 241 cbt ac, 58 armed hel.
FGA: 3 sqn:

1 with 30 MiG-17;

1 with 17 MiG-23BN/MF;

1 with ~6 Su-24.
FIGHTER: 10 sqn:

6 with 95 MiG-21MF/bis;

1 with 14 MiG-25;

3 with 40 MiG-23B/E.
RECCE: 1 sqn with 3 MiG-25R.
MR: 1 sqn with 2 Super King Air B-200T.
TRANSPORT: 2 sqn with 6 An-12, 10 C-130H, 4 C-130H-30, 3 SE-210, 1 Aero Commander 680 (survey);

VIP: 1 Il-18, 2 Falcon 20, 3 Gulfstream III, 2 Super King Air 200, 4 Il-76, 3 F-27.
HELICOPTERS: 7 sqn:
ATTACK: 4 sqn with 38 Mi-24,1 with 20 Mi-8/-17.
TRANSPORT: (hy): 1 sqn with 1 Mi-4, 1 Mi-6, 8 Mi-8/-17; (med): 1 sqn with 4 Mi-6,1 Mi-8/-17.
TRAINING: 3 MiG-15, 25* MiG-17, 3* MiG-21U, 5* MiG-23U, 3* MiG-25U, 6 T-34C, 19 Yak-11, 24 L-39, plus 24 ZLIN-142 in store.
AAM: AA-2.
AD: GUNS: 3 bde+: 85mm, 100mm, 130mm.
SAM: 3 regt: 1 with 30 SA-2, 2 with SA-6, 21 SA-3.

FORCES ABROAD:
UN AND PEACE-KEEPING:

ANGOLA (UNAVEM II): Observers.

PARAMILITARY:
GENDARMERIE: (Ministry of Interior): 23,000; 44 Panhard AML-60/M-3 APC, 28 Mi-2 hel.

BAHRAIN

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: 7,450.

ARMY: 6,000.

1 bde: 2 inf bn, 1 tk, 1 SF bn, 1 armd car sqn, 2 arty, 2 mor bty.
EQUIPMENT:
MBT: 81 M-60A3.
RECCE: 22 AML-90.
APC: some 10 AT-105 Saxon, 110 Panhard M-3.
TOWED ARTY: 105mm: 8 lt; 155mm: 14 M-198.
MORTARS: 81mm: 9.
ATGW: 15 BGM-71A TOW.
RCL: 106mm: 30 M-40A1; 120mm: 6 MOBAT.
SAM: 40+ RBS-70, 60+ Stinger.

NAVY: 1,000.
BASE: Jufair (Manama).
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS: 13:
CORVETTES: 2 Al Manama (Ge Lurssen 62-m) with 2x2 MM-40 Exocet SSM, 1 Dauphin II hel (AS-15 ASM).
MISSILE CRAFT: 4 Ahmad el Fateh (Ge Lurssen 45-m) with 2x2 MM-40 Exocet.
PATROL 7: 2 Al Riffa (Ge Lurssen 38-m PFI). 5 PFI<.

AIR FORCE: 450;24 cbt ac, 12 armed hel.
FGA: 1 sqn with 8 F-5E, 4 F-5F.
FIGHTER: 1 sqn with 8 F-16C, 4-D.
TRANSPORT: 2 Gulfstream (1 -II, 1-III; VIP).
HELICOPTERS: 1 sqn with 12 AB-212 (8 armed), 4 Bo-105 (armed).
MISSILES: ASM: AS-11, AS-12.

AAM: AIM-9P Sidewinder.

PARAMILITARY: (Ministry of Interior):
COAST GUARD 250;6 PCI< some 10 motor dhows, plus boats; 3 landing craft, 1 hovercraft.
POLICE 9,000; 2 Hughes 500, 2 Bell 412, 1 Bell 205 hel.

DJIBOUTI

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: some 3,400, incl 600 Gendarmerie.

ARMY: 2,600.

2 Comd (North, South).

1 inf bn, incl mor, ATK pi.

1 armd sqn.

1 spt bn.

1 border cdo bn.

1 AB coy.
EQUIPMENT:
RECCE: some 10 BRDM-2, 4 AML-60, 16 AML-90, 15 M-11 VBL.
APC: 10 BTR-60.
TOWED ARTY: 105mm: M-56 pack how.
MORTARS: 81mm: 20; 120mm: 4.
RL: 70: 73mm; 89mm: LRAC; 120mm: 6.
RCL: 106mm: 18 M-40A1.
AD GUNS: 20mm: 5 M-693 SP; 23mm: 2 ZU-23; 40mm: L/70.

NAVY: 90.
BASE: Djibouti.
PATROL CRAFT, INSHORE: 8<; plus boats.

AIR FORCE: 80; no cbt ac or armed hel.
TRANSPORT: 2 C-212, 2 N-2501, lt: 1 Cessna U206G, 1 Socata 235GT.
HELICOPTERS: 3 AS-355, 2 SE-3130, 1 SA-330.

(defected from Ethiopia: some 18 ac and hel incl MiG-23, An-12 ac, Mi-8, Mi-24 hel).

PARAMILITARY:
GENDARMERIE: (Ministry of Defence): 600: 1 bn, 1 patrol boat.
NATIONAL SECURITY FORCE: (Ministry of Interior): 1,200.

FOREIGN FORCES:
FRANCE: 4,000, incl 1 inf, 1 Foreign Legion regt, 1 FGA sqn.

EGYPT

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: 420,000 (some 252,000 conscripts).
Terms of service: 3 years (selective).
RESERVES: 604,000. Army 500,000; Navy 14,000; Air Force 20,000; AD 70,000.

ARMY: 290,000 (perhaps 180,000 conscripts).
2 Army HQ:

4 armd div (each with 2 armd, 1 mech bde).

8 mech/mot inf div (type: 2 mech, 1 armd bde).

1 Republican Guard armd bde.

1 indep armd bde.

3 indep inf bde.

4 indep mech bde.

2 airmobile, 1 para bde.

15 indep arty bde.

2 hy mor bde.

7 cdo gp.

2 SSM bde (1 with FROG-7, 1 with Scud B).
EQUIPMENT:*
MBT: 3,190: 1,040 T-54/-55 (260 being mod), 600 T-62, 1,550 M-60 (700 A1, 850 A3).
RECCE: 300 BRDM-2.
AIFV: 470: 220 BMP-1, some 250 BMR-600P.
APC: 2,890: 650 Walid, 165 Fahd, 1,075 BTR-50/OT-62, 1,000 M-113A2.
TOWED ARTY: 1,108: 122mm: 48 M-31/37, 400 M-1938, 220 D-30M; 130mm: 440 M-46.
SP ARTY: 155mm: 150 M-109A2.
MRL: about 200: 122mm: 156 BM-11, 60 BM-21/as-Sahr-18/-30.
MORTARS: 82mm (some 50 SP); 120mm: 450 M-43; 160mm: 60 M-160.
SSM (launchers): 12 FROG-7, 9 Scud B.
ATGW: 1,000 AT-1 Snapper, AT-2 Swatter, 1,400 AT-3 Sagger (incl BRDM-2); 220 Milan; 200 Swingfire, 520 TOW (incl 52 on M-901 (M-113) SP).
RCL: 107mm: B-11.
AD GUNS: 14.5mm: ZPU-2/-4; 23mm: 460 ZU-23-2, 117 ZSU-23-4 SP, 45 Sinai; 37mm: 150 M-1939; 57mm: 300 S-60, 40 ZSU-57-2 SP.
SAM: 1,300 SA-7/I'Ayn as-Saqr, SA-9, 26 M-54 SP Chaparral.

NAVY: 20,000 (12,000 conscripts).
BASES: Alexandria (HQ, Mediterranean), Port Said, Mersa Matruh, Safaqa, Port Tewfig; Hurghada (HQ, Red Sea).
SUBMARINES: 4 Sov Romeo with 533mm TT, (plus 4 Ch Type-033 awaiting refit).
PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS: 5:
DESTROYER: 1: El Fateh (UK 'Z') (trg) with 4 114mm guns, 5 533mm TT.
FRIGATES: 4:

2 El Suez (Sp Descubierta) with 2x3 ASTT, 1x2 ASW RL; plus 2x4 Harpoon SSM.

2 Al Zaffir (Ch Jianghu) with 2 ASW RL; plus 1x2 CSS-N-2 (HY-2) SSM.
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS: 39:
MISSILE CRAFT: 21:

6 Ramadan with 4 Otomat SSM.

3 Sov Osa-I with 4 SS-N-2A Styx SSM.

6 October< with 2 Otomat SSM.

6 Ch Hegu (Komar-type)< with 2 HY-2 SSM.
PATROL: 18:

8 Ch Hainan PFC with 4 ASW RL.

6 Sov Shershen PFI with BM-21 (8-tube) 122mm or 1 BM-24 (12-tube) 240mm MRL, or 4 533mm TT.

4 Ch Shanghai II PFI.
MINE WARFARE: 12:
MINELAYERS: 3 SRN-6 hovercraft.
MINE COUNTERMEASURES: 9:

4 Aswan (Sov Yurka) MSC.

3 Assiout (Sov 43 class) MSC.

2 El Fayoum (Sov T-301) MSI.
AMPHIBIOUS: 3 Sov Polnocny LSM, capacity 100 tps, 5 tk, plus 11 LCU.
SUPPORT AND MISCELLANEOUS: 21: 6 AOT (small), 1 submarine spt, 5 trg, 7 tugs, 2 diving spt.

NAVAL AVIATION: 17 armed hel.
HELICOPTERS: 5 Sea King Mk 47 (ASW, anti-ship); 12 SA-342 (anti-ship).

COASTAL DEFENCE: (Army tps, Navy control):
GUNS: 130mm: SM-4-1.
SSM: 30 Otomat and Samlet.

AIR FORCE: 30,000 (10,000 conscripts); (incl AD comd).^b 495 cbt ac, 74 armed hel.
FGA: 8 sqn:

1 with 14 Alpha Jet.

2 with 33 F-4E.

4 with 76 Ch J-6.

1 with 16 Mirage 5E2.
FIGHTER: 16 sqn:

2 with 33 F-16A.

2 with 34 F-16C.

3 with 52 Ch J-7.

5 with 83 MiG-21.

3 with 54 Mirage 5E.

1 with \6 Mirage 2000C.
RECCE: 2 sqn with 6 Mirage 5SDR, 14 MiG-21.
EW: 2 C-130H (ELINT), 4 Beech 1900 (ELINT) ac; 4 Commando 2E hel (ECM).
AEW: 5 E-2C.
MR: 2 Beech 1900C surveillance ac.
TRANSPORT: 3 sqn with 19 C-130H, 5 DHC-5D, 1 Super King Air.
HELICOPTERS: 15 sqn:
ATTACK: 4 sqn with 74 SA-342K/-L (44 with HOT, 30 with 20mm gun).
TACTICAL TRANSPORT: hy: 14 CH-47C; med: 40 Mi-8, 25 Commando (5 -1 tpt, 17 -2 tpt, 3 -2B VIP), 2 S-70 (VIP);

lt: 12 Mi-4, 17 UH-12E (trg), 10 Chetak (trg).
TRAINING: incl 28* Alpha Jet, 4 DHC-5, 54 EMB-312, 6* F-16B, 6* F-16D, 36 Gumhuria, 16* JJ-6, 40 L-29, 10 L-39, MiG-21U,

5* Mirage 5SDD, 3* Mirage 2000B, 10 PZL-104, Z-526.
MISSILES:

ASM: AGM-65 Maverick, Exocet AM-39, AS-5 Kelt, AS-12, AS-30, AS-30 Laser, HOT.

ARM: Armat.

AAM: AA-2 Atoll, AIM-7F Sparrow, AIM-9F/L/P Sidewinder, R-530, R-550 Magic.
RPV: 48 R4E-50 Skyeye. 29 Teledyne-Ryan 324.

AIR DEFENCE COMMAND: 80,000 (50,000 conscripts).

5 div: regional bde.

100 AD arty bn.

60 SA-2, 58 SA-3, 14 SA-6 bn.

12 bty Improved HAWK

12 bty Chapparal.

12 bty Crotale
EQUIPMENT:
AD GUNS: some 2,000: 20mm, 23mm, 37mm, 40mm, 57mm, 85mm, 100mm.
SAM: 756+: some 360 SA-2, 240 SA-3, 60 SA-6, 72 Improved HAWK, 24 Crotale.
AD SYSTEMS: some 12 Amoun (Skyguard/RIM-7F Sparrow, some 36 twin 35mm guns, some 36 quad SAM).

Sinai-23 short-range AD (Dassault 6SD-20S radar, 23mm guns, 'Ayn as-Saqr SAM).

FORCES ABROAD: Advisers in Oman, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Zaire.
UN AND PEACE-KEEPING:

ANGOLA: (UNAVEM II): Observers.

PARAMILITARY:
COAST GUARD: ~2,000.
PATROL, INSHORE: 29: 12 Timsah PCI, 9 Swiftships, 2 Nisr, 6 Crestitalia PFI<, plus some 60 boats.
CENTRAL SECURITY FORCES: 300,000.
NATIONAL GUARD: 60,000: Walid APC.
FRONTIER GUARD FORCES: 12,000; 13 Frontier Regt

FOREIGN FORCES:
PEACE-KEEPING (MFO): some 2,600. Contingents from Canada, Colombia, Fiji, France, Italy, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, UK, Uruguay and US.

^b Most Soviet eqpt now in store, incl MBT and some cbt ac.

IRAN

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: 528,000.
Terms of service: 24 months.
RESERVES: Army: 350,000, ex-service volunteers.

ARMY: 305,000 (perhaps 250,000 conscripts).

~3 Army HQ.

4 armd div (each 3 bde).

7 inf div.

1 AB bde.

1 SF div (4 bde).

Some indep armd, inf bde (incl 'coastal force').

5 arty gps.
RESERVES: 'Qods' bn (ex-service).
EQUIPMENT:^t
MBT: perhaps 700 incl: T-54/-55, Ch T-59, T-62, some T-72, Chieftain Mk 3/5, M-47/-48, M-60A1.
LIGHT TANKS: 40 Scorpion.
RECCE: 130 EE-9 Cascavel.
AIFV: 150+ BMP-1.
APC: perhaps 600: BTR-50/-60, M-113.
ARTY: perhaps 1,000.
TOWED: 105mm: M-56, M-101A1; 122mm: D-30, Ch Type-54/Type-60; 130mm: 200 M-46/Type-59;

155mm: 50 M-71, 18 FH-77B, ~130 GHN-45, ~50 G-5; 203mm: some 30 M-115.
SP: 155mm: some 95 M-109A1; 175mm: 30 M-107; 203mm: 10 M-110.
MRL: 107mm: 40 Ch Type-63; 122mm: 65 BM-21, Ch Type-81, BM-11, RM-70; 230mm: Oghdir, 333mm: Shahin 2; 355mm: Nazeat.
MORTARS: 81mm; 107mm: M-304.2-in.; 120mm: 3,000.
SSM: Scud; local manufacture msl reported under development Iran-130.
ATGW: ENTAC, SS-11/-12, Dragon, TOW, AT-3 Sagger (some SP).
RCL: 57mm: M-18.
AD GUNS: 1,500: 23mm: ZU-23 towed, ZSU-23-4 SP; 35mm: 92; 37mm; 57mm: ZSU-57-2 SP.
SAM: SA-7, some HN-5.
AIRCRAFT: incl 40+ Cessna (185, 310, O-2A), 2 F-27, 2 Falcon 20, 15 PC-6, 5 Shrike Commander.
HELICOPTERS: 100 AH-1J (attack); 31 CH-47C (hy tpt); 100 Bell 214A; 20 AB-205A; 50 AB-206.

REVOLUTIONARY GUARD CORPS (Pasdaran Inqilab): Some 170,000.
GROUND FORCES: some 150,000; 11 Regional Commands: loosely org in bn of no fixed size, grouped into perhaps

24 inf, 4 armd div and many indep bde, incl inf, armd, para, SF, arty (incl SSM), engr, AD and border defence units, serve indep or with Army;

small arms, spt weapons from Army; controls Basij (see Paramilitary) when mob.
NAVAL FORCES: some 20,000; five island bases (Al Farsiyah, Halul (oil platform), Sirri, Abu Musa, Larak);

some 40 Swedish Boghammar Marin boats armed with ATGW, RCL, machine guns. Italian SSM reported.

Controls coast defence elm incl arty and CSS-N-2 (HY-2) Silkworm SSM in at least 3 sites, each 3-6 msl.

Now under joint command with Navy.
MARINES: 3 bde reported.

NAVY: 18,000, incl naval air and marinest.
BASES: Bandar Abbas (HQ), Bushehr, Kharg, Bandar-e-Anzelli, Bandar-e-Khomeini, Chah Bahar.
PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS: 8:
DESTROYERS: 3:

1 Damavand (UK Battle) with 4x2 SM-1 (boxed) SSM, 2x2 114mm guns; plus 1x3 AS mor.

2 Babr (US Sumner) with 4x2 SM-1 SSM (boxed), 2x2 127mm guns; plus 2x3 ASTT.
FRIGATES: 5:

3 Alvand (UK Vosper Mk 5) with 1x5 Sea Killer SSM, 1x3 AS mor, 1 114mm gun.

2 Bayandor (US PF-103).
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS: 29:
MISSILE CRAFT: 10 Kaman (Fr Combattante II) PFM some fitted for Harpoon SSM.
PATROL INSHORE: 19: 3 Kaivan, 3 Parvin PCI, 3 N. Korean Chaho PFI, plus some 10 hovercraft< (about half serviceable).
MINE WARFARE: 3.

2 Shahrokh MSC (1 in Caspian Sea), 1 Harischi MSI.

(2 Iran Ajr LST used for minelaying).
AMPHIBIOUS: 10:

4 Hengam LST, capacity 9 tk, 225 tps, 1 hel.

3 Iran Hormuz 24 (S. Korean) LST, capacity 8 tk, 140 tps.

2 Iran Ajr LST.

1 Foque LHA, capacity 120t.

Plus craft: 3 LCT.
SUPPORT AND MISCELLANEOUS: 13: 1 Kharg AOR, 2 Bandar Abbas AOR, 1 repair, 2 water tankers, 7 Delva spt vessels.

MARINES: 3 bn.

NAVAL AIR: 9 armed hel.
ASW: 1 hel sqn with s3 SH-3D, 6 AB-212 ASW.
MCM: 1 hel sqn with 2 RH-53D.
TRANSPORT: 1 sqn with 4 Commander, 4 F-27, 1 Falcon 20 ac; AB-205, AB-206 hel.

AIR FORCE: 35,000. Some 213 cbt ac (less than 50% of US ac types serviceable); no armed hel.^t
FGA: 8 sqn:

4 with some 60 F-4D/E;

4 with some 60 F-5E/F.
FIGHTER: 5 sqn:

4 with 60 F-14.

1 with 20 MiG-29.
MR: 5 P-3F.
RECCE: 1 sqn (det) with some 5 RF-5, 3 RF-4E.
TANKER/TRANSPORT: 1 sqn with 4 Boeing 707.
TRANSPORT: 5 sqn: 9 Boeing 747F, 11 Boeing 707, 1 Boeing 727, 20 C-130E/H, 3 Commander 690, 9 F-27, 2 Falcon 20.
HELICOPTERS: 2 AB-206A, 39 Bell 214C, 5 CH-47.
TRAINING: incl 26 Beech F-33A/C, 40 EMB-312, 45 PC-7, 7 T-33.
MISSILES:

ASM: AGM-65A Maverick.

AAM: AIM-7 Sparrow, AIM-9 Sidewinder, AIM-54 Phoenix.

SAM: 12 bn with 30 Improved HAWK, 5 sqn with 30 Rapier, 25 Tigercat, 35 HQ-2J (Ch version of SA-2). Probable SA-5.

FORCES ABROAD:
LEBANON: Revolutionary Guard 1,500.

PARAMILITARY:
BASIJ: 'Popular Mobilization Army' volunteers, mostly youths: strength has been as high as 1 million during periods of offensive operations.

Org in up to 500 300-350-man 'bn' of 3 coy, each 4 pi and spt; small arms only. Not currently embodied for mil ops.
GENDARMERIE: (45,000 incl border guard elm); Cessna 185/310 lt ac, AB-205/-206 hel, patrol boats, 96 coastal, 40 harbour craft.^t
KURDS: Kurdish Democratic Party armed wing Pesh Merga, ~12,000.

OPPOSITION:
KURDISH COMMUNIST PARTY OF IRAN (KOMALA): strength unknown.
DEMOCRATIC PARTY OF IRANIAN KURDISTAN (DPIK): perhaps 10,500.
NATIONAL LIBERATION ARMY (NLA): ~4,500. Org in bde, armed with captured eqpt. Iraq-based.

IRAQ

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: perhaps 382,500.
Terms of service: 21-24 months.
RESERVES: 650,000.

ARMY: ~350,000 (including perhaps 6100,000 recalled reserves).

7 corps HQ.

24 armd/mech/inf div.

4 Republican Guard Force div (2 armd/mech, 2 inf div).

20+ SF/cdo bde (for COIN ops).
EQUIPMENT: It is not possible to give numbers of individual weapons types.

Weapons destroyed or captured during the war incl: 3,000 tanks, 1,860 armoured vehicles and 2,140 artillery pieces.
MBT: perhaps 2,300 incl T-54/-55/M-77, Ch T-59/-69, T-62, T-72, Chieftain Mk 3/5, M-60, M-47.
RECCE: perhaps 1,500 incl BRDM-2, AML-60/-90, EE-9 Cascavel, EE-3 Jararaca.
AIFV: perhaps 900 BMP-1/-2.
APC: perhaps 2,000 incl BTR-50/-60/-152, OT-62/-64, MT-LB, YW-531, M-113A1/A2, Panhard M-3, EE-11 Urutu.
TOWED ARTY: perhaps 1,000 incl 105mm: incl M-56 pack; 122mm: D-74, D-30, M-1938; 130mm: incl M-46, Type 59-1;

155mm: some G-5, GHN-45, M-114.
SP ARTY: incl 122mm: 2S1; 152mm: 2S3; 155mm: M-109A1/A2, AUF-1 (GCT).
MRL: perhaps 250 incl 107mm; 122mm: BM-21; 127mm: ASTROS II, 132mm: BM-13/-16.
MORTARS: 81mm; 120mm; 160mm: M-1943; 240mm.
SSM: 6 mobile launchers and erectors, 32 launch platforms; 1 Scud, 51 Al-Hussein msl. Totals as declared, pursuant to UN Resolution 687.

All are in process of destruction. 20 FROG.
ATGW: AT-3 Sagger (incl BRDM-2), AT-4 Spigot reported, SS-11, Milan, HOT (incl 100 VC-TH).
RCL: 73mm: SPG-9; 82mm: B-10; 107mm.
ATK GUNS: 85mm; 100mm towed.
HELICOPTERS: ~350 (120 armed) incl.
ATTACK: ~120 Bo-105 with AS-11/HOT, Mi-24, SA-316 with AS-12, SA-321 (some with Exocet), SA-342.
TRANSPORT: ~330 hy: Mi-6; med: AS-61, Bell 214ST, Mi-4, Mi-8/-17, SA-330; lt: AB-212, BK-117 (SAR), Hughes 300C, -500D, -530F.
AD GUNS: ~3,200: 23mm: ZSU-23-4 SP; 37mm: M-1939 and twin; 57mm: incl ZSU-57-2 SP; 85mm; 100mm; 130mm.
SAM: SA-6/-7/-8/-9/-14, Roland.

NAVY: ~2,500.
BASES: Basra (currently closed), Umm Qasr.
FRIGATES: 5:

4 Hiltin (It Lupo)^a with 1 AB-212 hel (ASW), 2x3 ASTT; plus 8 Otomat SSM, 1 127mm gun.

1 Khaldoum (trg)^t with 2 ASTT.
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS: 6:
CORVETTES: 6:

2 Mussa ben Nnssair (It Assad, hel version)^a 1 AB-212 hel, 2 Otomat SSM.

4 Abdulla ibn abi Sarh (It Assad)^a with 6 Otomat, 2x3 ASTT.
SUPPORT AND MISCELLANEOUS: 1: 1 Agnadeen (It Stromboli) AOR^b.

AIR FORCE: 30,000 incl 15,000 AD personnel;

Total Iraqi air losses cannot be est. 35 ac were lost in air-to-air cbt, over 100 destroyed on ground, 115 flown to Iran; these ac are not included in the totals.
BOMBERS: ~6 incl: H-6D, Tu-16, Tu-22.
FGA: ~130 incl J-6, MiG-23BN, MiG-27, Mirage F-1EQ5/-200, Su-7, Su-20, Su-25.
FIGHTER: ~l25 incl: Ch J-7, MiG-21, MiG-25, Mirage F-1EQ, MiG-29.
RECCE: incl: MiG-21, MiG-25.
AEW: incl: Il-76 Adnan.
TKR: incl: 2 Il-76.
TRANSPORT: incl: An-2, An-12, An-24, An-26, Il-76.
TRAINING: incl: AS-202, EMB-312, some 20 L-29, some 30 L-39, MB-233, Mirage F-1BQ, PC-7, 30 PC-9.
MISSILES:

ASM: AM-39, AS-4, AS-5, AS-11, AS-12, AS-30L, C-601.

AAM: AA-2/-6/-7/-8, R-530, R-550.

PARAMILITARY:
FRONTIER GUARDS.
SECURITY TROOPS: 4,800.

OPPOSITION:
KURDISH DEMOCRATIC PARTY (KDP): 15,000 (30,000 more in militia); small arms, some Iranian lt arty, MRL, mor, SAM-7.
KURDISH WORKERS' PARTY: strength unknown; breakaway from KDP, anti-Iran, Syria-based.
PATRIOTIC UNION OF KURDISTAN (PUK): 4,000 cbt (plus 6,000 spt). 11 T-54/-55 MBT; 450 mor (60mm, 82mm, 120mm); 106mm RCL;

some 200 12.5mm AA guns; SA-7 SAM.
SOCIALIST PARTY OF KURDISTAN: ~1,500.
SUPREME ASSEMBLY OF THE ISLAMIC REVOLUTION (SAIRI): claims 2 bde; Iran-based; Iraqi dissidents, ex-prisoners of war.

FOREIGN FORCES:
UN (UNIKOM): some 400 incl 300 Observers from 33 countries.

^a New ships retained in Italy since completion.
^b New vessel laid-up in Alexandria before delivery to Iraq.

ISRAEL

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: 141,000 (110,000 conscripts).
Terms of service: officers 48 months, men 36 months, women 24 months (Jews and Druze only; Christians, Circassians and Muslims may volunteer).

Annual trg as reservists thereafter to age 54 for men, 24 (or marriage) for women.
RESERVES: 504,000: Army 494,000; Navy 1,000; Air Force 9,000.

Most serve at least one month a year, ideally 2 weeks trg and 2 weeks op duty (border def, security at military installations or administrative duties).

Male commitment until 54 in reserve op units may be followed by voluntary service in the Civil Guard or Civil Defence.

STRATEGIC:
It is widely believed that Israel has a nuclear capability with up to 100 warheads. Delivery means could include ac,

Jericho 1 SSM (range up to 500 km), Jericho 2 (tested 1987-9, range ~1,500 km) and Lance.

ARMY: 104,000 (88,000 conscripts, male and female); some 598,000 on mob.
2 corps HQ

3 armd div (2 armd, 1 arty bde, plus 1 armd, 1 mech inf bde on mob).

5 mech inf bde (incl 1 para trained, 1 based on NCO school, 1 Nahal

(Noar Hahalutz Vehalochem - 'Pioneer Fighting Youth', combines military duty with establishing agricultural settlements).

3 regional inf div HQ (border def)

1 Lance SSM bn.

3 arty bn with 203 mm M-110 SP.
RESERVES:

9 armd div (2 or 3 armd, 1 mech inf, 1 arty bde).

1 airmobile/mech inf div (3 bde manned by para trained reservists).

10 regional inf bde (each with own border sector).

4 arty bde.
EQUIPMENT:
MBT: 4,488 incl 1,080 Centurion, 550 M-48A5, 1,000 M-60/A1, 600 M-60A3, 488 T-54/-55 (350 mod), 110 T-62, 660 Merkava I/II/III.
RECCE: about 400 incl Ramta RBY, M-2/-3, BRDM-2.
APC: 5,900 M-113A1/A2, E80 Nagmashot, BTR-50P, 4,400 M2/-3 half track.
TOWED ARTY: 579: 105mm: 70 M-101; 122mm: 100 D-30; 130mm: 109 M-46; 155mm: 300 Soltam M-68/-71, M-839P/-845P.
SP ARTY: 841: 105mm: 35 M-7; 155mm: L-33, 100 M-50, 530 M-109A1/A2; 175mm: 140 M-107; 203mm: 36 M-110.
MRL: 122mm: BM-21; 160mm: LAR-160; 240mm: BM-24; 290mm: MAR-290.
MORTARS: 81mm; 120mm: e 250; 160mm (some SP).
SSM: 12 Lance, some Jericho 1/2.
ATGW: TOW (incl Ramta (M-113) SP), Dragon, AT-3 Sagger, Mapats.
RL: 82mm: B-300.
RCL: 84mm: Carl Gustav, 106mm: 250 M-40A1.
AD GUNS: 20mm: 850: incl TCM-20, M-167 Vulcan, 30 M-163 Vulcan/M-48 Chaparral gun/msl systems;

23mm: ZU-23 and 60 ZSU-23-4 SP; 37mm: M-39; 40mm: L-70.
SAM: Redeye.

NAVY: 9,000 (3,000 conscripts), 10,000 on mob.
BASES: Haifa, Ashdod, Eilat.
SUBMARINES: 3 Gal (UK Vickers) SSC with Mk37 HWT, Harpoon USGW.
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS: 65:
MISSILE CRAFT: 22 PFM:

2 Aliya with 4 Harpoon, 4 Gabriel SSM, 1 SA-366G Dauphin hel (OTHT).

3 Romat with 8 Harpoon, 8 Gabriel.

8 Reshef with 2-4 Harpoon, 4-6 Gabriel,

6 Mivtach/Sa'ar with 2-4 Harpoon, 3-6 Gabriel.

2 Shimrit (US Flagstaff!) PHM with 4 Harpoon, 2 Gabriel.

1 Dvora( with 2Gabriel.
PATROL, INSHORE: 43: 12 Super Dvora PFI<, 31 Dabur PFI<.
AMPHIBIOUS: Craft only; 6 LCT, 1 LCVP.
SUPPORT AND MISCELLANEOUS: 2: 1 patrol craft depot ship, 1 tpt.
MARINES: Naval cdo: 300.

AIR FORCE: 28,000 (19,000 conscripts, mainly in AD), 37,000 on mob; 591 cbt ac (plus perhaps 102 stored), 94 armed hel.
FGA/FIGHTER: 16 sqn:

4 with 112 F-4E (plus 13 in store); (converting 50 to Phantom 200, some 24 now converted).

2 with 47 F-15 (20 -A, 2 -B, 18 -C, 7 -D);

6 with 149 F-16 (57 -A, 7 -B, 59 -C, 26 -D).

4 with 95 Kfir C2/C7 (plus 75 in store);
FGA: 4 sqn with 121 A-4H/N, plus 14 in store.
RECCE: 14 RF-4E.
AEW: 4 E-2C.
EW: 6 Boeing 707 (ELINT/ECM), 1 C-130H, 2 EV-1E (ECM), 4 IAI-201 (ELINT), 4 RC-12D, 6 RC-21D (ELINT), 3 RU-21A.
MR: 5 IAI-1124 Seascan.
TANKER: 5 Boeing-707, 2 KC-130H.
TRANSPORT: 1 wing: incl 3 Boeing 707, 19 C-47, 24 C-130H, 10 IAI-201, 3 IAM 124.
LIAISON: 4 Islander, 41 Cessna U-206, 2 -172, 2 -180, 6 Do-27, 9 -28D, 12 Queen Air 80.
TRAINING: 6 Cessna 152, 80 CM-170 Tzukit, 16* F-4E, 5* Kfir TC 2/7, 35 Super Cub, 20* TA-4H, 7* TA-4J.
HELICOPTERS:

ATTACK: 40 AH-1G/S, 35 Hughes 500MD, 19 AH-64A;

SAR: 2 HH-65A;
TRANSPORT: hy: 32 CH-53 (2 -A, 30 -D); med: 12 UH-1D; lt: 55 Bell 212, 40 Bell 206A.
MISSILES:
ASM: AGM-45 Shrike, AGM-62A Walleye, AGM-65 Maverick, AGM-78D Standard, Luz, Gabriel III (mod).
AAM: AIM-7 Sparrow, AIM-9 Sidewinder, R-530, Shafrir, Python III.
SAM: 17 bty with MIM-23 HAWK/Improved HAWK, 2 bty Patriot.

FORCES ABROAD:
ETHIOPIA: ~125 advisers and technicians (probably withdrawn).

PARAMILITARY:
BORDER POLICE: 6,000; 600 Walid 1, BTR-152 APC.
COAST GUARD: 1 US PBR, 3 other patrol craft.

JORDAN

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: 101,300.
Terms of service: conscription, 2 years authorized.
RESERVES: 35,000 (all services): Army 30,000 (obligation to age 40).

ARMY: 90,000.

2 armd div (each 2 tk, 1 mech inf, 1 arty, 1 AD bde).

2 mech inf div (each 2 mech inf, 1 tk, 1 arty, 1 AD bde).

1 indep Royal Guards bde.

1 SF bde (3 AB bn).

1 fd arty bde (4 bn).
EQUIPMENT:
MBT: some 1,131: 260 M-47/-48A5 (in store), 218 M-60A1/A3, 360 Khalid/Chieftain, 293 Tariq (Centurion).
LIGHT TANKS: 19 Scorpion.
RECCE: 130 Ferret.
AIFV: some 25 BMP-2.
APC: 1,160 M-113, 34 Saracen, some 50 EE-11 Urutu.
TOWED ARTY: 89: 105mm: 36 M-101A1; 155mm: 38 M-114 towed, 11 M-59; 203mm: 4 M-115 towed (in store).
SP ARTY: 105mm: 30 M-52; 155mm: 23 M-44, 220 M-109A1/A2; 203mm: 100 M-110.
MORTARS: 81mm, 107mm, 120mm: 600.
ATGW: 330 TOW(incl 50 SP), 310 Dragon.
RL: 94mm: LAW-80; 112mm: APILAS.
RCL: 106mm: 330M-40A1.
AD GUNS: 408: 20mm: 100 M-163 Vulcan SP; 23mm: 44 ZSU-23-4 SP; 40mm: 264 M-42 SP.
SAM: SA-7B2, 23 SA-8, 20 SA-13, SA-14, Redeye.

NAVY (Coast guard): 300.
BASE: Aqaba.
PATROL: 1 Al Hussein (Vosper 30-m)PFI, plus boats.

AIR FORCE: 11,000; 113 cbt ac, 24 armed hel.
FGA: 4 sqn with 62 F-5 (55 -E, 7-F).
FIGHTER: 2 sqn with 32 Mirage F-1 (14 -CJ, 16 -FJ, 2 -BJ).
TRANSPORT: 1 sqn with 6 C-130 (2-B,4 -H), 3 C-212A.
VIP: 1 sqn with 2 Boeing 727, 2 Gulfstream III (VIP) ac; 4 S-76 hel.
HELICOPTERS: 5 sqn:
ATTACK: 2 sqn with 24 AH-IS (with TOW ASM).
TRANSPORT: 1 sqn with 10 S-76, 3 S-70; 1 sqn with 12 AS-332M; 1 sqn with 8 Hughes 500D.
TRAINING: 16 Bulldog, 15 C-101, 12 PA-28-161, 6 PA-34-200, *19 F-5 (15 -A, 4 -B).
AD: 2 bde: 14 bty with 126 Improved HAWK.
MISSILES:

ASM: AGM-65 Maverick, TOW.

AAM: AIM-9 Sidewinder, R-530, R-550 Magic.

FORCES ABROAD:
UN AND PEACE-KEEPING:

ANGOLA (UNAVEM II): Observers.

PARAMILITARY:
PUBLIC SECURITY DEPARTMENT: (Ministry of Interior) 6,000; some APC.
CIVIL MILITIA 'PEOPLE'S ARMY': 225,000; men 16-65, women 16-45.
PALESTINE LIBERATION ARMY (PLA): 1,200; 1 bde (Palestinians supervised by Jordanian Army).

KUWAIT

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: 68,200.
Terms of service: conscription, 2 years (university students, 1 year).
RESERVES: Obligation for 14 years following regular/conscript service. 1 month annual trg.

ARMY: ~7,000.

2 mech/inf bde(-).
EQUIPMENT:
MBT: 15 Chieftain, 21 M-84 (some 200 reported).
RECCE: Ferret.
AIFV: BMP-2.
APC: 35 M-113, 35 Fahd.
TOWED ARTY: 105mm: 8 M-101.
SP ARTY: 155mm: 3 M-109A2.
MORTARS: 81mm.
ATGW: HOT, TOW/Improved TOW (incl M-901 SP).
RCL: 84mm: 200 Carl Gustav.
SAM: SA-14.

NAVY: ~200.
BASES: El Adami (HQ), Shuwaikh.
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS:2:
MISSILE CRAFT: 2:

1 Istiqlal (Ge Lurssen FPB-57) PFM with 2 MM-40 Exocet SSM.

1 Al Boom (Ge Lurssen TNC-45) with 2 MM-40 Exocet.

Remainder sunk/badly damaged during the Gulf war. Some may be salvaged.

AIR FORCE: ~1,000; 34 cbt ac, 12 armed hel.
FGA: 19 A-4/TA KU.
FIGHTER: 15 Mirage F1CK/BK.
HELICOPTERS: 3 sqn:
TRANSPORT: 6 AS-332 (tpt/SAR/attack), 6 SA-330.
TRAINING/ATTACK: 12 SA-342 (with HOT).

PARAMILITARY:
NATIONAL GUARD: Palace, Border Guard.

FOREIGN FORCES:
UN (UNIKOM): some 400 incl 300 Observers from 33 countries.

LEBANON

NATIONAL ARMED FORCES:
ARMY: some 17,500.

11 bde (-) incl Presidential Guard, SF.
EQUIPMENT:
MBT: some 175 M-48A1/A5, 70 T-54/-55.
LIGHT TANKS: 32 AMX-13 (with 75mm or 105mm guns).
RECCE: 50 Saladin, 10 Ferret.
APC: 250 M-113, Saracen, 40 VAB-VTT, AMX-VCI.
TOWED ARTY: 105mm: 15 M-101A1; 122mm: 18 M-102, M-1938/D-30; 130mm: 15 M-46; 155mm: 10 Model 50, 18 M-114A1, 36 M-198.
MORTARS: 81mm: 150; 120mm: 30.
ATGW: ENTAC, Milan, 20 BGM-71A TOW.
RL: 85mm: RPG-7; 89mm: M-65.
RCL: 106mm: M-40A1.
AD GUNS: 20mm; 23mm: ZU-23; 30mm: towed; 40mm: 15 M-42 SP.

NAVY: Some 500^t
Base: Juniye.
PATROL CRAFT: Inshore: 1 Byblos<.
plus about a further 14 PCI< of doubtful operational status.
AMPHIBIOUS: Craft only; 2 Sour (Fr Edic) LCT^t.
AIR FORCE: Some 800.
EQUIPMENT: (Numerous ac destroyed 1989-90; operational status of remainder is doubtful):
FIGHTERS: 3 Hunter (2 F-70, 1 T-66).
HELICOPTERS:
ATTACK: 2 SA-342 with AS-11/-12 ASM;
TRANSPORT: (med): 4 AB-212, 6 SA-330; (lt): 2 SA-313, 3 SA-319.
TRAINING: 3 Bulldog, 3 CM-170.
TRANSPORT: 1 Dove, 1 Turbo-Commander 690A.

PARAMILITARY:
INTERNAL SECURITY FORCE (Ministry of Interior): 9,000 (being reorganized); 30 Chaimite APC.
CUSTOMS: 2 Tracker, inshore patrol craft<.

MILITIAS: Most militias are being disbanded and heavy weapons handed over to the National Army.

Reports suggest that large quantities have been placed in hidden stockpiles.
CHRISTIAN:
LEBANESE FORCES MILITIA: ~18,500 (incl The Phalange). 35,000 all told.
EQUIPMENT:
MBT: some 125 T-55, M-48.
LIGHT TANKS: some 5 AMX-13.
APC: M-113.
ARTY: some 100: 105mm; 122mm: 60; 130mm; 155mm: 10.
MORTARS: 60mm, 81mm, 120mm.
RL: RPG-7.
AD: 12.7mm, 14.5mm, 23mm guns.
PATROL CRAFT: 1 Tracker, 2 Dvora PFI<.
MUSLIM:
AMAL (Shi'a, pro-Syria): 10,200 active; some 15,000 all told. Most eqpt has been handed over to the National Army.
HIZBOLLAH (The Party of God'; Shi'a, fundamentalist, pro-Iranian): ~3,500 active; some 15,000 all told.
EQUIPMENT incl: APC, arty, RL, RCL, ATGW, (AT-3 Sagger) AA guns.
DRUZE:
PROGRESSIVE SOCIALIST PARTY (PSP): 8,500 active; perhaps 15,000 all told. Eqpt being handed over to the Syrian Army.
EQUIPMENT:
MBT: 70 T-34, T-54/-55.
APC: BTR-60/-152.
SOUTH LEBANESE ARMY (SLA). ~2,500 active, (mainly Christian, some Shi'a and Druze, trained, equipped and supported by Israel,

occupies the 'Security Zone' between Israeli border and area controlled by UNIFIL)
EQUIPMENT:
MBT: 40 M-4, 30 T-54/-55.
APC: M-113.
TOWED ARTY: 122mm: M-1938; 130mm: M-46; 155mm: M-198.

FOREIGN FORCES:
UNITED NATIONS (UNIFIL): some 5,900; Contingents from Fiji, Finland, France, Ghana, Ireland, Italy, Nepal, Norway and Sweden.
SYRIA: 30,000.
BEIRUT: elm 1 armd bde, elm 7 SF regt.
METN: elm 1 mech bde.
BEKAA: corps HQ, 1 inf, possibly elm 1 mech inf bde.
TRIPOLI: 2 SF regt, elm PLA.
IRAN: Revolutionary Guards: some 1,500 including locally recruited Shi'ia Lebanese; may be withdrawn.
PALESTINE LIBERATION ORGANIZATION (PLO):^e
All significant factions of the PLO and other Palestinian military groups are listed here irrespective of the country in which they are based.

The faction leader is given after the full title.

Strengths are estimates of the number of active 'fighters', these could be trebled perhaps to give an all-told figure.

PLO in Lebanon have agreed to hand over their heavy and medium weapons.
FATAH: 4,500.
PLF (Palestine Liberation Front, Al-Abas): ~300.
FATAH (dissidents, Abu Musa): 1,000.
PFLP (Popular Front for Liberation of Palestine, Habash): 900.
PFLP (GC) (Popular Front for Liberation of Palestine, (General Command), Jibril): 500.
SAIQA (al-Khadi): 600.
PSF (Popular Struggle Front, Ghisha): ~500.
DFLP (Democratic Front for Liberation of Palestine, Hawatmah): ~1,000.
FRC (Fatah Revolutionary Council, Abu Nidal): ~500.

Only the main Militia groups have been listed.
^c The Palestine Liberation Army is not part of the PLO but is the name for Palestinian units either forming part of, or closely monitored by, host nation armed forces, 3-4 bde.

LIBYA

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: 85,000.
Terms of service: selective conscription, 2-4 years.
RESERVES: People's Militia, some 40,000.

ARMY: 55,000.

4 Military Districts.

28 bde (11 armd, 11 mech, 5 inf, 1 National Guard).

42 tk bn.

48 mech inf bn.

19 para/cdo bn.

53 arty, 14 AD arty bn.

7 SSM bde.
EQUIPMENT:
MBT: 2,150 (incl 1,200 in store): 1,500 T-54/-55, 350 T-62, 300 T-72.
RECCE: 270 BRDM-2, 380 EE-9 Cascavel.
AIFV: 1,000 BMP-1.
APC: 850 BTR-50/-60, 90 OT-62/-64, 40 M-113, 100 EE-11 Urutu.
TOWED ARTY: some 720: 105mm: some 60 M-101; 122mm: 270 D-30, 60 D-74; 130mm: 330 M-46.
SP ARTY: some 370: 122mm: 130 2S1; 152mm: 60 2S3, DANA; 155mm: 160 Palmaria, 20 M-109.
MRL: some 650: 107mm: Type 63; 122mm: BM-21/RM-70, BM-II.
MORTARS: 82mm; 120mm; 160mm: M-43; 240mm.
SSM launchers: 40 FROG-7, 80 Scud B.
ATGW: 3,000: Vigilant, Milan, AT-3 Sagger (incl BRDM SP), AT-4 Spigot.
RCL: 106mm: 220 M-40A1.
AD GUNS: 600: 23mm: ZU-23, ZSU-23-4 SP; 30mm: M-53/59 SP; 40mm: L/70; 57mm: 92 S-60.
SAM: SA-7/-9/-13, 24 quad Crotale.
HELICOPTERS: TRANSPORT: 18 CH-47.

LIAISON: 5 AB-206, 11 SA-316.
DEPLOYMENT: Aouzou Strip: ~2,000; 2 mech bn, 2 tk bn.

NAVY: 8,000 incl Coast Guard.
BASES: Tarabulus, Benghazi, Darnah, Tubruq, Sidi Bilal, Al Khums.
SUBMARINES: 6 Al Badr (Sov Foxtrot) with 533mm and 406mm TT.
FRIGATES: 3:

1 Dal Assawari (UK Vosper Mk 7) with 2x3 ASTT; plus 4 Otomat SSM, 1 114mm gun.

2 Al Hani (Sov Koni) with 4 ASTT, 2 ASW RL; plus 4 SS-N-2C SSM.
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS: 45:
CORVETTES: 7:

4 Assad al Bihar (It Assad) with 4 Otomat SSM; plus 2x3 ASTT (A244S LWT).

3 Ean al Gazala (Sov Nanuchka) with 2x2 SS-N-2C Styx SSM.
MISSILE CRAFT: 24

9 Sharara (Fr Combattante IT) with 4 Otomat SSM;

12 Al Katum (Sov Osa-II) with 4 SS-N-2C SSM;

3 Susa( with 8 SS-12M SSM.
PATROL CRAFT: INSHORE: 14: 4 Garian, 3 Benina, 7<.
MINE WARFARE: 8 Ras al Gelais (Sov Natya MSO).
AMPHIBIOUS: 5:

2 Ibn Ouf LST, capacity 240 tps, 6 tk, 1 hel.

3 Sov Polnocny LSM, capacity 180 tps, 6 tk.

Plus craft: 2 LCT.
SUPPORT AND MISCELLANEOUS: 4: 1 log spt/dock, 1 trg, 1 salvage, 1 diving spt.

NAVAL AVIATION: 31 armed hel.
HELICOPTERS: 2 sqn:

1 with 25 Mi-14 (ASW);

1 with 12 SA-321 (6 ASW, 6 SAR).

AIR FORCE: 22,000 (incl Air Defence); (some Syrian pilots, Soviet, N. Korean and Pakistani instructors); 409 cbt ac, 45 armed hel

(many ac in store, number nk)
BOMBERS: 1 sqn with 5 Tu-22.
FGA: 7 sqn: 20 MiG-23BN, 8 MiG-23U, 22 Mirage 5D/DE, 10 Mirage 5DD, 8 Mirage F-1AD, 10 Su-24, 45 Su-20/22.
FIGHTER: 9 sqn: 50 MiG-21, 100 MiG-23, 12 -23U, 55 MiG-25, 3 -25U, 12 Mirage F-1ED, 6 -BD.
COIN: 1 sqn with 30 J-1 Jastreb.
RECCE: 1 sqn with 6 Mirage 5DR, 7 MiG-25R.
TRANSPORT: 2 sqn: 11 An-26, 12 Lockheed (7 C-130H, 2 L-100-20, 3 L-100-30), 20 G-222, 16 Il-76, 15 L-410.
HELICOPTERS:

ATTACK: 35 Mi-24, 10 Mi-35.

TRANSPORT: hy: 18 CH-47C; med: 7 Mi-8, 50 Mi-4; lt: 10 Mi-2, 4 SA-316.
TRAINING: 89 Galeb G-2 ac; 20 Mi-2 hel; other ac incl 2 Tu-22, 70 L-39ZO, 77 SF-260WL.
MISSILES:

ASM: AT-2 Swatter ATGW (hel-borne).

AAM: AA-2 Atoll, AA-6 Acrid, AA-7 Apex, AA-8 Aphid, R-530, R-550 Magic.

AIR DEFENCE COMMAND: 'Senezh' AD comd and control system.
3 bde with SA-5A: each 2 bn of 6 launchers, some 4 AD arty gun bn; radar coy.
3 Regions: 2 bde each 18 SA-2; 2-3 bde each 12 twin SA-3; ~3 bde each 20-24 SA-6/-8.
Some 2,000 Soviet personnel reportedly man the SA-5 complexes. Expatriates form a large proportion of the technical support staff.

PARAMILITARY:
LIWA HARIS AL-JAMAHIRIYA (Revolution Guard Corps): some 3,000: T-54/-55/-62/-72, armd cars, APC, MRL, ZSU-23-4, SA-8 (Army inventory).

(Presence reported in Darfur, Sudan.)
ISLAMIC PAN-AFRICAN LEGION, some 2,500: reports of 1 armd, 1 inf, 1 para/cdo bde. Some T-54/-55, EE-9 AIFV, BTR-50/-60.
PEOPLE'S CAVALRY FORCE: parade unit.
CUSTOMS/COAST GUARD (Naval control): 14 PCI; (counted in naval totals).

MAURITANIA

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: 11,750.
Terms of service: conscription (2 years) authorized.

ARMY: 11,000.

6 Military Regions.

7 mot inf bn.

1 para/cdo bn.

1 arty bn.

2 Camel Corps bn.

1 armd recce sqn.

4 AD arty bty.

1 engr coy.
EQUIPMENT:
RECCE: 39 AML-60, 20 -90, 40 Saladin.
TOWED ARTY: 105mm: 10 M-101A1/HM-2; 122mm: 20 D-74, 10 D-30.
MORTARS: 81mm: 100; 120mm: 15 AR-51/-EC1A-L/SL.
ATGW: 4 Milan.
RCL: 57mm: M-18; 75mm: M-20; 106mm: M-40A1.
ATK GUNS: 85mm: 12 D-44.
AD GUNS: 23mm: 50 ZU-23-2; 37mm: 25 M-1939; 100mm: 12 KS-19.

NAVY: 500.
BASES: Nouadhibou.
PATROL CRAFT, INSHORE: 6:

1 N'Mada (UK Jura) PCO.

3 El Vaiz (Sp Barcelo) PFI^t.

1 El Nasr (Fr PATRA) PCI.

1 TBar (Ge Neustadt) PFI.

AIR FORCE: 250. 7 cbt ac, no armed hel.
COIN: 5 BN-2 Defender, 2 FTB-337 Milirole.
MR: 2 Cheyenne II.
TRANSPORT: 2 Cessna F-337, 1 DHC-5D, 1 Gulfstream II, 1 Skyvan 3M.

PARAMILITARY:
GENDARMERIE 1,800; 6 regional coy (Ministry of Interior).
NATIONAL GUARD: (Ministry of Interior) 2,800 plus 1,000 auxiliaries.
BORDER GUARD: 100.

MOROCCO

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: 195,500.
Terms of service: conscription 18 months authorized; most enlisted personnel are volunteers.
RESERVES: 100,000: obligation to age 50.

ARMY: 175,000.

3 Comd (South, Northwest Atlas, Border).

3 mech inf bde HQ.

2 para bde.

11 mech inf regt.
Independent units:

10 arty gp.

1 AD gp.

9 armd sqn gp.

37 inf bn.

3 mot (camel corps) bn.

3 cav bn.

1 mtn bn.

4 engr bn.
ROYAL GUARD: 1,500: 1 bn, 1 cav sqn.
EQUIPMENT:
MBT: 224 M-48A5, 60 M-60A1.
LIGHT TANKS: 58 AMX-13, 100 SK-105 Kuerassier.
RECCE: 16 EBR-75, 80 AMX-10RC, 190 AML-90, 38 AML-60-7.
AIFV: 30 Ratel 20, some 30 -90, 45 VAB-VCI.
APC: 420 M-113, 320 VAB-VTT, some 45 OT-62/-64 may be operational.
TOWED ARTY: 105mm: 30 lt (L-118), 40 M-101, 36 HM2 (Fr M-101A1); 130mm: 18 M-46; 155mm: 20 M-114.
SP ARTY: 155mm: 98 AMX Mk F-3, 44 M-109.
MRL: 122mm: 40 BM-21.
MORTARS: 81 mm: 1,100; 120mm: 600 (incl 20 VAB SP).
ATGW: 440 Dragon, 80 Milan, 150 TOW (incl 42 SP), HOT.
RL: 66mm: LAW; 88mm: M-20 3.5-in.
RCL: 106mm: 350 M-40A1.
ATK GUNS: 90mm: 28 M-56; 100mm: 8 SU-100 SP.
AD GUNS: 14.5mm: 180 ZPU-2, 20 ZPU-4; 20mm: 40 towed, 60 M-163 Vulcan SP; 23mm: 90 ZU-23-2; 37mm: 25 M-38/-39;

100mm: 12 KS-19 towed.
SAM: 37 M-54 SP Chaparral, SA-7.

NAVY: 7,000 incl 1,500 marines.
BASES: Casablanca, Agadir, Al Hoceima, Dakhla.
FRIGATE: I Lt Col. Errhamani (Sp Descubierta) with 2x3 ASTT (Mk 46 LWT), 1x2 375mm AS mor, plus 4 MM-40 Exocet SSM.
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS: 27.
MISSILE CRAFT: 4 Cdt El Khatlabi (Sp Lazaga 58-m) PFM with 4 MM-38 Exocet SSM.
PATROL 23:
COASTAL: 13:

2 Okba (Fr PR-72) PFC.

6 LV Rabhi (Sp 58-m B-200D) PCC.

1 Lt Riffi PCC.

4 El Lahik (Dk Osprey 55) PCC.

(includes 2 with customs).
INSHORE: 10 El Wacil (Fr P-32) PFI<. (includes 4 with customs).
AMPHIBIOUS: 3 Ben Aicha (Fr Champlain BATRAL) LSM, capacity 140 tps, 7 tk. Plus craft; 1 LCT
SUPPORT: 3: 2 log spt, 1 tpt.
MARINES: (1,500). 1 naval inf bn.

AIR FORCE: 13,500; 90 cbt ac, 24 armed hel.
FGA: 2 sqn.

1 with 15 F-5E, 3F-5F.

1 with 14 Mirage F-1EH.
FIGHTER: 1 sqn with 15 Mirage F-1CH.
COIN: 2 sqn: 1 with 23 Alpha Jet; 1 with 23 CM-170.
RECCE: 1 sqn with 4 OV-10, 2 C-130H (with side-looking radar).
EW: 1 C-130 (ELINT), 1 Falcon 20 (ELINT).
TANKER: 1 Boeing 707; 3 KC-130H (tpt/tanker).
TRANSPORT: 11 C-130H, 7 CN-235, 3 Do-28, 1 Falcon 20, 1 Falcon 50 (VIP), 1 Gulfstream II (VIP), 5 King Air 100, 3 King Air 200.
HELICOPTERS:

ATTACK: 24 SA-342 (12 with HOT, 12 with cannon).

TRANSPORT: hy: 7 CH-47; med: 27 SA-330, 27 AB-205A; lt: 20 AB-206, 3 AB-212.
TRAINING: 10 AS-202, 2 CAP-10, 4 CAP-230, 12 T-34C.
LIAISON: 2 King Air 200.
AAM: AIM-9B/D/J Sidewinder, R-530, R-550 Magic.
ASM: AGM-65B Maverick (for F-5E), HOT.

DEPLOYMENT:
ARMY:
Northwest Atlas: 1 Royal Guard, 1 mtn bn; 1 armd sqn, 1 mech sqn, 1 cav sqn, 1 arty gp.
South (incl West Sahara): 3 mech inf bde; 9 mech inf regt; 25 inf, 2 para, 2 Camel Corps bn;

4 armd sqn, 1 mech sqn gp; 4 mech sqn gp (UR-416 APC); 7 arty gp.
Border: 2 mech inf regt; 3 inf, 1 Camel Corps bn; 2 armd sqn, 1 arty gp.

FORCES ABROAD:
EQUATORIAL GUINEA: 360: 1 bn.
UAE: some 5,000 (incl 1 para bn (700)). .
UN AND PEACE-KEEPING:

ANGOLA: (UNAVEM II): Observers.

PARAMILITARY: 40,000
GENDARMERIE ROYALE: 10,000;

1 bde, 2 mobile gp, air sqn, coast guard unit; 18 boats, 2 Rallye ac; 3 SA-315, 3 SA-316, 2 SA-318, 6 Gazelle, 6 SA-330, 2 SA-360 hel.
FORCE AUXILIAIRE: 30,000 incl Mobile Intervention Corps (5,000).

OPPOSITION:
POLISARIO: Military Wing: Sahrawi People's Liberation Army: 10-15,000 (perhaps 4,000 active) org in bn.
EQUIPMENT: T-55, T-62 tk; BMP-1, 20-30 EE-9 Cascavel MICV; M-1931/37 122mm how; BM-21 122mm MRL; 120mm, 160mm mor;

AT-4 Spigot ATGW; ZSU-23-2 23mm SP AA guns; SA-6/-7/-9 SAM.

(Captured Moroccan eqpt incl AML-90, Eland armd recce, Ratel 20, Panhard APC, Steyr SK-105 Kuerassier lt tks.)

OMAN

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: 30,400 (incl Royal Household tps, and some 3,700 foreign personnel).

ARMY: 20,000. (Regt are of bn size.)

1 div HQ.

2 bde HQ.

1 armd regt (2 tk sqn).

2 arty regt, 1 AD bty.

1 armd recce regt (3 armd car sqn).

8 inf regt (incl 3 Baluch).

1 inf recce regt (3 recce coy),2 indep recce coy.

1 fd engr regt (3 sqn).

1 AB regt.

Musandam Security Force (indep rifle coy).
EQUIPMENT:
MBT: 6 M-60A1, 43 M-60A3, 33 Qayid al-Ardh (Chieftain).
LIGHT TANKS: 30 Scorpion, 6 VBC-90.
AIFV: 2 VAB PC.
APC: 6 VAB VCI.
TOWED ARTY: 63: 105mm: 39 ROF lt; 130mm: 12 M-1946; 155mm: 12 FH-70.
SP ARTY: 155mm: 12 M-109A2.
MORTARS: 81mm; 107mm: 12 M-30 4.2-in.; 120mm: 12.
ATGW: 10 TOW, 50 Milan (incl 2 VCAC).
AD GUNS: 20mm (incl 2 VABVD); 23mm: 4 ZU-23-2; 40mm: 12 Bofors L/60.
SAM: Blowpipe, 28 Javelin, SA-7.

NAVY: 3,400.
BASES: Seeb (HQ), Wudam (main base), Raysut, Ghanam Island, Alwi.
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS: 12:
MISSILE CRAFT: 4 Dhofar, 1with 2x3 MM-40, 3 with 2x4 MM-40 Exocet SSM.
PATROL: 8: 4 AI Waafi (UK37-m) PCC, 4 Seeb (UK25-m) PCI.
AMPHIBIOUS: 3:

1 Nasr el Bahr LST, capacity 240 tps, 7 tk, hel deck.

1 Al Munassir LST, capacity 200 tps, 8 tk, hel deck.

1 Fulk Al Salamah tp and veh tpt with 2 AS-332C Puma hel and LCVP.

Plus craft; 3 LCM, 2 LCU.
SUPPORT: 2: 1 spt, 1 trg with hel deck.

AIR FORCE: 3,000; 57 cbt ac, no armed hel.
FGA: 2 sqn with 17 Jaguar S(O) Mk1, 1 GR1, 4 T-2.
FGA/RECCE: 1 sqn with 13 Hunter FGA-73, 3 T-67.
COIN/TRAINING: 1 sqn with 12 BAC-167 Mk 82, 7 BN-2 Defender.
TRANSPORT: 3 sqn: 1 with 3 BAC-111; 2 with 15 Skyvan 3M (7 radar-equipped, for MR), 3 C-130H.
HELICOPTERS: 2 med tpt sqn with 20 AB-205, 3 AB-206, 3 AB-212.
TRAINING: 2 AS-202-18.
AD: 2 sqn with 28 Rapier SAM, Martello radar.
MISSILES:

ASM: Exocet AM-39.

AAM: AIM-9P Sidewinder.

ROYAL HOUSEHOLD: 4,000.

Royal Guard bde:(3,000).

1 SF regt: (500).

Royal Yacht Squadron (based Muscat): (150); 1 Royal Yacht, 3,800t.

Royal Flight: (250); 2 AS-202-18, 1 Boeing-747 SP, 1 DC-8, 2 Gulfstream, 1 Falcon 20 ac; 2 AS-332, 4 SA-330 hel.

PARAMILITARY:
TRIBAL HOME GUARD (Firqat): 3,500.
POLICE COAST GUARD: 400: 15 AT-105 APC, 18 inshore patrol craft.
POLICE AIR WING: 1 Boeing 727, 3 DHC-5D, 2 Do-228, 2 Learjet (1 -25B, 1-35A), 2 Merlin IVA ac; 6 Bell 214, 1 Hughes 369 hel.

QATAR

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: 7,500.
ARMY: 6,000.

1 Royal Guard regt. 1 SF 'bn' (coy).

1 tk bn. 1 fd arty regt.

3 mech inf bn. 1 SAM bty with Rapier.
EQUIPMENT:
MBT: 24 AMX-30.
RECCE: 10 Ferret (in store).
AIFV: 30 AMX-10P.
APC: 160 VAB, 8 V-150 Commando.
TOWED ARTY: 88mm: 8 25-pdr.
SP ARTY: 155mm: 6 AMX Mk F-3.
MORTARS: 81mm.
ATGW: 100 Milan, HOT (incl 24 VAB SP).
RCL: 84mm: Carl Gustav.
SAM: 12 Rapier, Blowpipe, some 12 Stinger reported.

NAVY: 700 incl Marine Police.
BASE: Doha.
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS: 9:
MISSILE CRAFT: 3 Damsah (Fr Combattante III) with 2x4 MM-40 Exocet SSM.
PATROL, INSHORE: 6 Barzan (UK 33-m) PCI. plus some 44 small craft operated by marine police.
AMPHIBIOUS: Craft only, 1 LCT.
COAST DEFENCE: 3x4 MM-40 Exocet.

AIR FORCE: 800, 18 cbt ac, 20 armed hel.
FGA: Tac spt unit with 6 Alpha Jet.
FIGHTER: 1 AD sqn with 12 Mirage F-1 (11 -E, 1 -D).
TRANSPORT: 1 sqn with 2 Boeing 707, 1 -727.
HELICOPTERS:
ATTACK: 12 SA-342L (with HOT), 8 Commando Mk 3 (Exocet).
TRANSPORT: 4 Commando (3 Mk 2A tpt, 1 Mk 2C VIP).
LIAISON: 2 SA-341G.
MISSILES:

ASM: Exocet AM-39, HOT.

SAM: 6 Roland.

SAUDI ARABIA

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: 76,500 (excl National Guard).

ARMY: 45,000.

2 armd bde.

4 mech bde.

1 inf bde.

1 AB bde (2 AB bn, 3 SF coy).

1 Royal Guard regt (3 bn).

5 arty bn.
EQUIPMENT:
MBT: 700: 300 AMX-30, 400 M-60A3.
RECCE: 240 AML-60/-90.
AIFV: 500+ AMX-10P, 200 M-2 Bradley.
APC: 1,700 M-113 (incl variants), 30 EE-11 Urutu, 150 Panhard M-3.
TOWED ARTY: 105mm: some 24 Model 56 pack, 40 M-101/-102 (in store); 155mm: 70 FH-70 (in store), 90 M-198.
SP ARTY: 275: 155mm: 224 M-109A2, 51 GCT.
MRL: 60 ASTROS II.
MORTARS: 107mm: 360 M-30 4.2-in.
SSM: Some 30 Ch CSS-2 (50 msl).
ATGW: BGM-71A TOW (incl 200 VCC-1 SP), M-47 Dragon, HOT (incl 90 AMX-10P SP).
RCL: 75mm: M-20; 84mm: 450 Carl Gustav, 90mm: M-67; 106mm: M-40A1.
AVIATION: HELICOPTERS: 12 UH-60 (tpt), 6 SA-365N (medev ac).
SAM: Crotale, Stinger, 500 Redeye.

NAVY: 9,500 (incl 1,500 marines);
BASES: Riyadh (HQ Naval Forces). Western Fleet: Jiddah (HQ), Yanbu. Eastern Fleet: Al-Jubayl (HQ), Ad-Dammam, Ras al Mishab, Ras al Ghar.
FRIGATES: 8:

4 Madina (Fr F.2000) with 4 533mm, 2 406mm ASTT, 1 AS-365N hel (AS 15 ASM); plus 8 Otomat-2 SSM, 1 100mm gun.

4 Badr (US Tacoma) (ASUW) with 2x4 Harpoon SSM, 2x3 ASTT (Mk 46 LWT).
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS: 12:
MISSILE CRAFT: 9 As Siddiq (US 58-m) PFM with 2x2 Harpoon.
TORPEDO CRAFT: 3 Dammam (Ge Jaguar) with 4 533mm TT.
MINE WARFARE: 4 Addriyah (US MSC-322) MCC.

(Plus 1 Al Jawf (UK Sandown MCC) by end of 1991.)
AMPHIBIOUS: Craft only; 4 LCU, 8 LCM.
SUPPORT AND MISCELLANEOUS: 7: 2 Boraida (mod Fr Durance) AOR, 3 ocean tugs, 1 salvage tug, 1 Royal Yacht.

NAVAL AVIATION: 20 armed hel.
HELICOPTERS: 24 AS-365N, (4 SAR, 20 with AS-15TT ASM).

MARINES: (1,500): 1 inf regt (2 bn), with 140 BMR-600P.

AIR FORCE: 18,000+; 253 cbt ac, no armed hel.
FGA: 6 sqn:

3 with 52 F-5E;

3 with 28 Tornado IDS.
FIGHTER: 3 sqn with 60 F-15C.

2 with 24 Tornado ADV.
RECCE: 1 sqn with 10 RF-5E.
AEW: 1 sqn with 5 E-3A.
TANKER: 8 KE-3A, 7 KC-130H.
OCU: 2 with 14* F-5B, 21* F-5F, 15* F-15D.
TRANSPORT: 3 sqn:
41 C-130 (7 -E, 34 -H), 5 L-100-30HS (hospital ac), 35C-212.
HELICOPTERS: 2 sqn: 8 AB-205, 13 AB-206B, 27 AB-212, 7 KV-107 (SAR, tpt).
TRAINING: 12 BAC-167, 29* Hawk Mk 60, 30 PC-9, 1 Jetstream 31.
ROYAL FLIGHT: ac: 4 BAe 125, 2 C-140, 4 CN-235, 2 Gulfstream III, 2 Learjet 35, 6 VC-130H, 1 Cessna 310. hel: 3 AS-61, AB-212.
MISSILES:

ASM: AGM-65 Maverick, AS-15.

ARM: AGM-45 Shrike.

AAM: AIM-9J/L/P Sidewinder, AIM-7F Sparrow.

AIR DEFENCE FORCES: 4,000:
33 SAM bty:

16 with 128 Improved HAWK

17 with 68 Shahine fire units and AMX-30SA 30mm SP AA guns.

73 Shahine/Crotale fire units as static defence.
EQUIPMENT:
AD GUNS: 20mm: 92 M-163 Vulcan; 30mm: 50 AMX-30SA; 35mm: 128; 40mm: 150 L/70 (in store).
SAM: 141 Shahine, 128 MIM-23B Improved HAWK.

NATIONAL GUARD. (Directly under Royal command) 55,000 (35,000 active; 20,000 tribal levies):

2 mech inf bde each 4 all arms bn.

4 inf bde.

1 ceremonial cav sqn.
EQUIPMENT:
APC: 1,100 V-150 Commando.
TOWED ARTY: 105mm: 30 M-102; 155mm: 4 M-198.
RCL: 106mm: M-40A1.
ATGW: TOW.

PARAMILITARY:
FRONTIER FORCE: 10,500.
COAST GUARD: (4,500) 4 PFI, about 30 PCI<, 16 hovercraft, 1 Royal Yacht (5,000 tons), about 400 boats.
GENERAL CIVIL DEFENCE ADMINISTRATION UNITS: 10 KV-107 hel.
SPECIAL SECURITY FORCE: 500: UR-416 APC.

FOREIGN FORCES:
PENINSULAR SHIELD FORCE: ~2,000; 1 inf bde (understrength bde with elm from all GCC states probably reinforced during Operation Desert Storm).

SOMALI REPUBLIC

Following the 1991 revolution, no National Armed Forces have yet been formed. In the south, the Mogadishu-based government is defended by an estimated 7,500 armed men of the United Somali Congress. The Somali National Movement has declared Northern Somalia as the independent Republic of Somaliland. Military equipment captured from the Siad Barre government has been divided between the competing insurgent groups and is in a poor state of repair or inoperable; no attempt has been made to itemize and quantify equipment.
После революции 1991 года Национальные вооруженные силы еще не были сформированы. На юге базирующееся в Могадишо правительство защищают примерно 7500 вооруженных людей из Объединенного сомалийского Конгресса. Сомалийское национальное движение объявило Север Сомали независимой республикой Сомалиленд. Военная техника, захваченная у правительства Сиада Барре, была поделена между конкурирующими повстанческими группами и находится в плохом состоянии ремонта или неработоспособности; не было предпринято никаких попыток перечислить и количественно оценить оборудование.

SUDAN*

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: 71,500.
Terms of service: conscription, (males 18-30), 3 years.

ARMY: 65,000.

1 Military District.

6 Regional Commands ('infantry divisions').

1 armd div HQ.

1 AB div.

1 engr div.

1 Republican Guard bde.

2 armd bde.

1 mech inf bde.

17 inf bde.

1 para bde.

1 recce bde.

1 air aslt bde.

3 arty regt.

2 AD arty bde.

1 SF bn.
EQUIPMENT:^t
MBT: 200 T-54/-55, 20 M-60A3, 10 Ch Type-59.
LIGHT TANKS: 70 Ch Type-62.
RECCE: 6 AML-90, 15 Saladin, 50 Ferret, 30 BRDM-1/-2.
APC: 286: 40 BTR-50/-152, 30 OT-62/-64, 36 M-113, 80 V-100/-150, 100 Walid.
TOWED ARTY: 137: 105mm: 18 M-101 pack, 6 Model 56 pack; 122mm: 4 D-74, 24 M-1938, 42 Type-54/D-30;

130mm: 27 M-46/Ch Type 59-1; 152mm: 4 D-20; 155mm: 12 M-114A1.
SP ARTY: 155mm: 6 AMX Mk F-3.
MRL: 122mm: 4 BM-21.
MORTARS: 81mm; 120mm: 12 M-43, 24 AM-49.
ATGW: 4 Swingfire.
RCL: 106mm: M-40A1.
ATK GUNS: 76mm: 18 M-1942; 100mm: 20 M-1944.
AD GUNS: 20mm: M-167 towed, M-163 SP; 23mm: ZU-23-2; 37mm: 120 M-I939/Type-63; 40mm: 60 L/60; 85mm: KS-12; 100mm: KS-19 towed.
SAM: SA-7, Redeye.

NAVY: 6500.
BASES: Port Sudan, Khartoum.
PATROL CRAFT: 2: 2 Kadir PCI<, 4 riverine boats.
AMPHIBIOUS: Craft only; 2 Sobat (Yug DTM-221) LCT.

AIR FORCE." 6,000 (incl Air Defence).^t 51 cbt ac, 2 armed hel.
FGA: 9 F-5 (7 -E, 2 -F), 10 Ch J-5, 9 Ch J-6.
FIGHTER: 8 MiG-21, 3 MiG-23, 6 Ch J-6.
COIN: 1 sqn with 3 BAC-167 Mk 90, 3 Jet Provost Mk 55.
MR: 2 C-212.
TRANSPORT: 5 An-24, 5 C-130H, 4 C-212, 2 DHC-5D, 6 EMB-110P, 1 F-27, 2 Falcon 20/50.
HELICOPTERS: 1 sqn with 11 AB-412, 15 IAR/SA-330, 4 Mi-4, 14 Mi-8, 2 Mi-24 (armed).
TRAINING: incl 4 MiG-15UTI, 4 MiG-21U, 2 JJ-5, 2 JJ-6.
AD: 5 bty SA-2 SAM (18 launchers).
AAM: AA-2 Atoll.

PARAMILITARY:
NATIONAL GUARD: 500.
BORDER GUARD: 2,500: div HQ, 10 bn.
POPULAR DEFENCE FORCE.

OPPOSITION:
SUDANESE PEOPLE'S LIBERATION ARMY (SPLA): ~55,000 org in bn; mainly small arms plus 60mm mor, 14.5mm AA, SA-7 SAM; arty reported; operating mainly in southern Sudan from bases in Ethiopia.

SYRIA

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: 404,000.
Terms of service: conscription, 30 months.
RESERVES (to age 45): 400,000. Army: 392,000 active; Navy 8,000.
ARMY: 300,000 (130,000 conscripts, 50,000 reservists).

2 corps HQ:

5 armd div (each 3 armd, 1 mech bde, 1 arty regt).

3 mech div (-) (each 2 armd, 2 mech bde, 1 arty regt).

1 Republican Guard div (-) (2 armd, 1 mech bde).

1 SF div (3 SF regt).

(1 bde in each div at cadre strength).

4 indep mech inf bde.

2 indep arty bde.

8 indep SF regt.

3 SSM bde:

2 (each 3 bn) with FROG, Scud, 1 (3 bn) with SS-21.

1 coastal def SSM bde with SS-C-1B Sepal and SS-C-3.

1 Border Guard bde.

2 indep ATK regt.
RESERVES: 9 mech and inf bde.
EQUIPMENT:
MBT: 4,350: 2,050 T-54/-55, 1,000 T-62M/K, 1,300 T-72/-72M. (Total incl some 900 in static positions and in store).
RECCE: 500 BRDM-2.
AIFV: 2,250 BMP-1.
APC: 1,500 BTR-40/-50/-60M52, OT-64.
TOWED ARTY: some 2,000 incl; 122mm: 100 M-1931/-37 (in store), 150 M-1938, 500 D-30; 130mm: 650 M-46;

152mm: 50 M-1937; 180mm: 10 S23.
SP ARTY: 122mm: 100 2S1, 36 T-34/D-30; 152mm: 50 2S3.
MRL: 122mm: 280 BM-21.
MORTARS: 82mm; 120mm: 400 M-1943; 160mm: 100 M-1943; 240mm: ~8 M-240.
SSM launchers: 18 FROG-7, some 18 SS-21, 38 Scud B/-C; SS-C-1B Sepal, SS-C-3 coastal.
ATGW: 700 AT-3 Sagger, 200 AT-4 Spigot and 200 Milan.
AD GUNS: some 1,785: 23mm: 400 ZU-23-2 towed, 400 ZSU-23-4 SP; 37mm: 300 M-1939; 57mm: 675 S-60, 10 ZSU-57-2 SP; 100mm: some KS-19.
SAM: SA-7/-9. 20 SA-13.

NAVY: 64,000.
BASES: Latakia, Tartus, Minet el-Baida.
SUBMARINES: 3 Sov Romeo with 533mm TT.
FRIGATES: 2 Sov Petya II with 4 ASW RL, 5 533mm TT.
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS: 25:
MISSILE CRAFT: 16 Sov Osa I and II PFM with 4 SS-N-2 Styx SSM.
PATROL 9: 8 Sov Zhuk PFI<. 1 Sov Natya (ex-MSO).
MINE COUNTERMEASURES: 9:

1 Sov T-43, 1 Sonya MSC.

2 Sov Vanya, 5 Yevgenya MSI.
AMPHIBIOUS: 3 Polnocny LSM, capacity 100 tps, 5 tk.
NAVAL AVIATION: 17 armed hel.
ASW: 12 Mi-14, 5 Ka-25 (Ka-27 to replace) hel.

AIR FORCE: 40,000; 651 cbt ac; 100 armed hel.*
FGA: 10 sqn:

4 with 70 Su-22.

4 with 60 MiG-23 BN.

1 with 20 Su-20;

1 with 22 Su-24.
FIGHTERS: 18 sqn: 8 with 172 MiG-21, 2 with 30 MiG-25, 5 with 80 MiG-23, 3 with 30 MiG-29.
RECCE: 6 MiG-25R.
EW: 10 Mi-8 Hip J/K hel.
TRANSPORT: 6 An-12, 4 An-24, civil-registered ac incl: 5 An-26, 2 Falcon 20, 4 Il-76, 7 Yak-40.
HELICOPTERS:

ATTACK: 50 Mi-25, 50 SA-342L (ATK).

TRANSPORT: 10 Mi-2, 10 Mi-6, 130 Mi-8, 40 Mi-17.

ASW (Navy-assigned): 4 Ka-25, 20 Mi-14.
TRAINING: incl 10 L-29, 90* L-39, 20 MBB-223, 50* MiG-21U, 16* MiG-23UM, 5* MiG-25U.
MISSILES:

ASM: AT-2 Swatter, AS-7 Kerry, AS-12, HOT.

AAM: AA-2 Atoll, AA-6 Acrid, AA-7 Apex, AA-8 Aphid, AA-10 Alamo.

AIR DEFENCE COMMAND: ~60,000;

22 AD bde (some 95 SAM bty):

11 (some 60 bty) with some 392 SA-2/-3;

11 (27 bty) with some 200 SA-6 and AD arty.

2 SAM regt (each 2 bn of 2 bty) with some 48 SA-5, 60 SA-8.

FORCES ABROAD:
LEBANON: 30,000: 1 corps HQ, elm 1 armd, elm 2 mech, 1 indep inf bde, elm 8 SF regt, elm 2 arty bde.

PARAMILITARY:
PALESTINE LIBERATION ARMY: 4,500; 2 bde (in Syria/Lebanon, some Syrian officers);

90 T-54/-55 MBT; 105mm, 122mm, 152mm how; MRL; AT-3 Sagger ATGW; SA-7 SAM.
GENDARMERIE (Ministry of Interior): 8,000.
BA'ATH PARTY: Workers' Militia (People's Army).

FOREIGN FORCES:
UNITED NATIONS (UNDOF): some 1,300, contingents from Austria, Canada, Finland and Poland.
SOVIET UNION: Some 1,800 advisers, mainly in Air Defence.

^b Some ac may be in store.

TUNISIA

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: 35,000 (26,400 conscripts).
Terms of service: 12 months selective.

ARMY: 27,000 (25,000 conscripts).

2 mech bde (each with 1 armd, 2 mech inf bn).

1 Sahara bde.

1 para-cdo bde.

1 armd recce regt.

1 ATK regt.

3 fd arty regt.

1 AD bde (2 AD regt).

1 engr regt.
EQUIPMENT:
MBT: 84: 54 M-60A3, 30 M-60A1.
LIGHT TANKS: 55 SK-105 Kuerassier.
RECCE: 24 Saladin, 35 AML-90.
APC: 268: 140 M-113A1/-A2, 18 EE-11 Urutu, 110 Fiat F-6614.
TOWED ARTY: 117: 105mm: 48 M-101A1/A2; 155mm: 12 M-114A1, 57 M-I98.
SP ARTY: 28: 105mm: 10M-108; 155mm: 18 M-109.
MORTARS: 81mm: 95; 107mm: 40 4.2-in; 120mm: 18.
ATGW: 65 TOW (inc\ some SP), 500 Milan.
RL: 89mm: 300 LRAC-89, 300 M-20 3.5-in.
RCL: 57mm: 140 M-18; 106mm: 70 M-40A1.
AD GUNS: 20mm: 100 M-55; 37mm: 10 M-1939/Type-55.
SAM: 48 RBS-70, 25 MIM-72 Chaparral.

NAVY: 4,500 (700 conscripts).
BASES: Bizerte, Sfax, Kelibia.
FRIGATE: 1 Inkhad (US Savage) with 2x3 ASTT.
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS: 20:
MISSILE CRAFT: 6:

3 La Galite (Fr Combattante III) PFM with 8 MM-40 Exocet SSM;

3 Bizerte (Fr P-48) with 8 SS-12 SSM.
PATROL 14: INSHORE: 14: 2 Gafsah (Ch Shanghai) PFI, 2 Tazarka (UK Vosper 31-m) PCI, 10<.

AIR FORCE: 3,500 (700 conscripts); 53 cbt aircraft, 18 armed hel.
FGA: 15 F-5E, 15 F-5F.
COIN: 1 sqn with 7 MB-326K, 4 MB-326L.
TRANSPORT: 2 C-130H.
LIAISON: 2 S-208M.
TRAINING: 21 SF-260 (9 -C, *12 -W), 8 MB-326B.
HELICOPTERS:

ARMED: 5 SA-341 (attack), 5 AB 205A-1 (aslt), 8 AB-205 (aslt).

TRANSPORT: 1 wing with 13 AB-205, 6 AS-350B, 1 AS-365, 6 SAO 13, 5 SA-316, 4 UH-1H, 2 UH-1N.
AAM: AIM-9J Sidewinder.

PARAMILITARY:
PUBLIC ORDER BRIGADE: 3,500: (Ministry of Interior); army trained; 3 bn; EBR-75 AFV; V-150 Commando APC.
NATIONAL GUARD: 10,000; incl Coastal Patrol with some 13 craft<.

UNITED ARAB EMIRATES (UAE)

TOTAL ARMED FORCES/
ACTIVE: 44,000 (perhaps 30% expatriates).

ARMY: 40,000 (incl Dubai: 6,000). MoD (Dubai); GHQ (Abu Dhabi).
INTEGRATED:

1 Royal Guard 'bde\

1 mech inf bde.

1 arty.

1 armd bde.

2 inf bde.
NOT INTEGRATED:

1 inf bde (Dubai) EQUIPMENT:
MBT: 131: 95 AMX-30, 36 OF-40 Mk 2 (Lion).
LIGHT TANKS: 76 Scorpion.
RECCE: 90 AML-90, 70 Saladin (in store), 60 Ferret (in store).
AIFV: 30 AMX-10P.
APC: 510: 30 AMX VCI, 82 VCR (incl variants), 300 Panhard M-3, 20 VAB, 66 EE-11 Urutu; 12 Saracen (in store).
TOWED ARTY: 77: 105mm: 59 ROF lt, 18 M-56 pack.
SP ARTY: 155mm: 20 Mk F-3.
MRL: 70mm: 18 LAU-97; 122mm: 40 FIROS-25.
MORTARS: 81mm: 80; 120mm: 21.
ATGW: 45 Milan, Vigilant, 25 TOW (incl EE-11 SP), HOT (incl 20 SP).
RCL: 84mm: Carl Gustav.
AD GUNS: 20mm: 48 M-3VDA SP; 30mm: 12 GCF-BM2.
NAVY: 61,500.
BASES: Abu Dhabi: Dalma, Mina Zayed; Ajman;
Dubai: Mina Rashid, Mina Jabal 'Ali; Fujairah; Ras al Khaimah: Mina Sakr, Sharjah: Taweela (main base), Mina Khalid, Khor Fakkan.
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS: 17:
CORVETTES: 2 P-4401 (Ge Lurssen 62-m) with 2x2 MM-40 Exocet SSM.
MISSILE CRAFT: 6 Ban Yas (Ge Lurssen TNC-45) PFM with 2x2 MM-40 Exocet SSM.
PATROL, INSHORE: 9: 6 Ardhana (UK Vosper 33-m) PFI, 3<.
AMPHIBIOUS: Craft only, 2 Jananah LCT.
SUPPORT AND MISCELLANEOUS: 4: l div spt, 2 log spt, 1 maint ship.

AIR FORCE: (incl Police Air Wing): 2,500 (incl Dubai: 700); 100 cbt ac, 19 armed hel.
FGA: 2 sqn:

1 with 14 Mirage IIIEAD;

1 with 15 Hawk Mk 63 (FGA/trg).
FIGHTER: 1 sqn with 12 Mirage 5 AD, 22 Mirage 2000 EA.
COIN: 1 sqn with 6 MB-326 (4 -KD, 2 -LD), 5 MB-339A.
OCU: *7 Hawk Mk 61, *2 MB-339A, *6 Mirage 2000 DAD.
RECCE: 8 Mirage 2000 RAD, 3 Mirage 5-R.
EW: 4 C-212.
TRANSPORT: incl 1 BN-2, 4 C-130H, 2 L-100-30, 1 G-222.
HELICOPTERS:

ATTACK: 2 AS-332F (anti-ship, with Exocet AM-39), 10 SA-342K (with HOT), 7 SA-316/-319 (with AS-11/-12).

TRANSPORT: 8 AS-332 (2 VIP), 1 AS-350, 12 Bell (2 -205, 5 -206A, 1 -206L, 4 -214), 11 SA-330.

SAR: 3 Bo-105.
TRAINING: 24 PC-7, 6 SF-260 (5 -TP, 1 -W).
MISSILES:

ASM: HOT, AS-11/-12, AS-15TT, Exocet AM-39.

AAM: R-550 Magic, AIM 9L.
AD: 1 AD bde (3 bn).

5 bty Improved HAWK (still forming).

12 Rapier, 8 Crotale, 13 RBS-70 SAM.

PARAMILITARY:
COAST GUARD: (Ministry of Interior): 39 PCI<, plus some boats.

FOREIGN FORCES:
MOROCCO: some 5,000; army, gendarmerie and police.

^c The Union Defence Force and the armed forces of the UAE (Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Ras Al Khaimah and Sharjah) were formally merged in 1976; Abu Dhabi and Dubai still maintain a degree of independence.

REPUBLIC OF YEMEN

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: 65,000 (perhaps 45,000+ conscripts).
Terms of service: conscription, 2 years.
RESERVES: Army: perhaps 40,000.

ARMY: 60,000 (perhaps 45,000 conscripts).

9 armd bde (-).

19 inf bde.

5 mech bde.

2 AB/cdo bde.

5 militia bde.

7 arty bde.

2 SSM bde.
EQUIPMENT:
MBT: 1,275: 250 T-34, 725 T-54/-55, 250 T-62, 50 M-60A1.
RECCE: 125 AML-90, 60 AML-245, 150 BRDM-2.
AIFV: 300 BMP-1/-2.
APC: 670: 70 M-113, 600 BTR-40/-60/-152.
TOWED ARTY: 547: 85mm: 100 D-44; 105mm: 35 M-101A1; 122mm: 30 M-1931/37, 150 D-30, 90 M-1938; 130mm: 90 M-46;

152mm: 40 D-20; 155mm: 12 M-114.
ASSAULT GUNS: 85mm: 20 SU-85; 100mm: 70 SU-100.
MRL: 122mm: 290 BM-21; 132mm: 50 BM-13; 140mm: 30 BM-14; 240mm: 35 BM-24.
MORTARS: 81mm: 250; 82mm; 120mm: 110; 160mm: 100.
SSM: 6 Scud B, 17 SS-21, 12 FROG-7.
ATGW: 12 TOW, 24 Dragon, AT-3 Sagger.
RL: 66mm: M72 LAW.
RCL: 75mm: M-20; 82mm.
ATK GUNS: 100mm: 40 T-12.
AD GUNS: 20mm: 52 M-167, 20 M-163 Vulcan SP; 23mm: 200 ZU-23, ZSU-23-4; 37mm: 200 M-1939; 57mm: 120 S-60.
SAM: SA-7, SA-9.

NAVY: ~3,000.
MAIN BASES: Aden, Hodeida
FACILITIES: Al Muka, Perim Island, Al Mukalla, Socotra.
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS: 27:
CORVETTES: 2 Tarantul I with 1x2 SA-N-4, 2x12 ASW RL; plus 2x2 76mm gun.
MISSILE CRAFT: 6 Sov Osa II with 4 SSN-2B Styx SSM.
PATROL CRAFT, INSHORE: 19: 3 Sana'a (US Broadsword 32-m) PFI, 7 Sov Zhuk<, plus some 9<.
MINE COUNTERMEASURES: 6

1 Sov Natya MSO.

5 Sov Yevgenya MSI.
AMPHIBIOUS: 5:

1 Sov Ropucha LST, capacity 200 tps, 9 tk.

2 Sov Polnocny LSM, capacity 100 tps, 5 tk.

2 Sov Ondatra LCU.
SUPPORT AND MISCELLANEOUS: 1 AR.

AIR FORCE: 2,000; 101 cbt ac, 20 armed hel.
FGA: 4 sqn:

1 with 11 F-5E;

3 with 37 Su-20/-22.
FIGHTER: 4 sqn with 47 MiG-21.
TRANSPORT: 3 An-12, 1 An-24, 10 An-26, 2 C-130H, 4 C-47, 3 Twin Otter, 2 F-27, 2 Skyvan 3M.
HELICOPTERS: 5 AB-212, 2 AB-214, 40 Mi-8, 20 Mi-24/-35 (attack).
TRAINING: *3 F-5B, 3* MiG-21 U.
AD: 12 SAM bty: 4 with SA-2; 3 with SAO; 5 with SA-6.
ASM: AS-7, AS-9, AT-2, AT-6.
AAM: AA-2 Atoll, AIM-9 Sidewinder.

PARAMILITARY:
CENTRAL SECURITY ORGANISATION: 20,000.
TRIBAL LEVIES: at least 20,000. Customs service some 6 PFI< included in Navy numbers.

Sub-Saharan Africa

Political Developments

On the whole it has been an encouraging year for the African continent, with major developments which may lead to the peaceful settlement of a number of its longest civil wars, although this may be at the price of the territorial integrity of existing states.

In Ethiopia the government of Colonel Mengistu, who fled the country in late May, was finally defeated by the forces of the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) (a coalition of the Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF), the Eritrean People's Liberation Front (EPLF) and the Oromo Liberation Front (OLF)). An interim government has been formed which has recognized Eritrea's right to hold a referendum on the question of its independence in return for continued access to the Eritrean Red Sea port of Assab.

In Angola a settlement has finally been reached by the government and the UNITA movement led by Jonas Savimbi. All Cuban forces have been withdrawn. The UN mission (UNAVEM), originally established to monitor the redeployment and withdrawal of Cuban troops, has been assigned to monitor the cease-fire and to supervise the merging of the two opposing armies. Training assistance for the new army will be provided by France, Portugal and the UK.

In South Africa the government has repealed all the laws which established and regulated the policy of apartheid, but violence in the townships is increasing, primarily between the ANC and the Zulu Inkatha Freedom Party. A growing number of countries are lifting sanctions imposed on South Africa. On 8 July 1991, South Africa acceded to the Nuclear Non Proliferation Treaty (NPT), as have Tanzania and Zambia.

The situation in Liberia is still unresolved despite the despatch of a peace-keeping force by the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), and the establishment of a provisional government following the overthrow of President Samuel Doe. Rebel forces have not yet reached a settlement with the government, whose interim President they do not recognize, and their operations have spilled over the border into Sierra Leone, whose armed forces have received assistance from those of Guinea and Nigeria.

In Mozambique a limited cease-fire was agreed to in December 1990, but no substantive progress towards a settlement has yet been made.

Two other African presidents have been deposed. In Chad, Hissene Habre was overthrown in December 1990 by his former associate, Idriss Deby. French forces, which had been reinforced, stood aside as France viewed this as a purely internal affair and not a Libyan-inspired operation. Several hundred anti-Gaddafi Libyans, who were being trained by the CIA, had to be withdrawn from Chad. In March 1991,the President of Mali, Moussa Traore, was overthrown by the Army. In July, an attempted coup by a group of Army officers was foiled by elements of the Army loyal to the new President, Amadou Toure. For the first time since decolonization, two governments, in Benin and Cape Verde, changed as the result of free elections.

Military Developments

There have been few significant changes to the armed forces of the region. Most changes noted in The Military Balance 1991-1992 are the result of fresh information rather than new acquisitions or retirements, and may have occurred before June 1990.

Angolan aircraft holdings have been reassessed: there are only 35 MiG-21 (40 less), but the number of Mi-25/-35 helicopters held is 28 (12 more than before). The Congo Air Force has 12 MiG-21 FGA aircraft not previously listed, but delivered some years ago.

Following the collapse of the Mengistu regime in Ethiopia, government forces have been systematically disbanded, with the youngest and most recent conscripts being sent home first. No information is available on the organization of EPRDF forces. When the Eritrean ports fell to the EPRDF, the majority of the Navy escaped and some units are reported in Saudi Arabia and Yemen. Three Osa missile craft were sunk. Some aircraft and helicopters also escaped and flew out, mainly to Djibouti. It is not possible to say whether or when these ships and aircraft are likely to be recovered by the new government.

The Military Balance had earlier credited Mozambique with larger forces than the 45,000 men listed this year. In South Africa conscription was reduced to one year during 1990 and there are now over 13,000 fewer conscripts in the forces. However, recruitment of full-time servicemen has increased and the overall drop in manpower is only 5,000. Zaire's Army equipment holdings show an increase of 20 Chinese Type-59 MBT, 100 AML-60 reconnaissance vehicles and some BM-21 MRL.

Африка к югу от Сахары

Политические события

В целом это был обнадеживающий год для Африканского континента, с крупными событиями, которые могут привести к мирному урегулированию ряда его самых продолжительных гражданских войн, хотя это может быть ценой территориальной целостности существующих государств.

В Эфиопии правительство полковника Менгисту, бежавшего из страны в конце мая, было окончательно разгромлено силами эфиопского Народно-революционного Демократического фронта (ЕПРДФ) (коалиция Народно-освободительного фронта Тыграя (НФОП), Эритрейского Народно-освободительного фронта (НФОП) и Фронта освобождения оромо (ФО)). Было сформировано Временное правительство, которое признало право Эритреи провести референдум по вопросу о своей независимости в обмен на продолжение доступа к Эритрейскому порту Красного моря Ассаб.

В Анголе правительство и движение УНИТА, возглавляемое Жонасом Савимби, наконец достигли урегулирования. Все кубинские силы были выведены. Миссия Организации Объединенных Наций (КМООНА), первоначально созданная для наблюдения за передислокацией и выводом кубинских войск, была назначена для наблюдения за прекращением огня и наблюдения за слиянием двух противоборствующих армий. Помощь в подготовке новой армии окажут Франция, Португалия и Великобритания.

В Южной Африке правительство отменило все законы, которые устанавливали и регулировали политику апартеида, но насилие в городах растет, прежде всего между АНК и Партией свободы Зулу Инката. Все большее число стран отменяют санкции, введенные в отношении Южной Африки. 8 июля 1991 года Южная Африка, а также Танзания и Замбия присоединились к Договору о нераспространении ядерного оружия (ДНЯО).

Ситуация в Либерии по-прежнему не урегулирована, несмотря на направление экономическим сообществом западноафриканских государств (ЭКОВАС) сил по поддержанию мира и создание Временного правительства после свержения президента Сэмюэля Доу. Повстанческие силы еще не достигли урегулирования с правительством, временного президента которого они не признают, и их операции перешли границу в Сьерра-Леоне, вооруженные силы которой получили помощь от Гвинеи и Нигерии.

В Мозамбике в декабре 1990 года было согласовано ограниченное прекращение огня, однако существенного прогресса в направлении урегулирования пока не достигнуто.

Два других африканских президента были свергнуты. В Чаде Хиссен Хабре был свергнут в декабре 1990 года его бывшим соратником Идриссом Деби. Французские силы, которые были усилены, стояли в стороне, поскольку Франция рассматривала это как чисто внутреннее дело, а не операцию, вдохновленную Ливией. Несколько сотен ливийцев, выступающих против Каддафи, которых обучало ЦРУ, должны были быть выведены из Чада. В марте 1991 года президент Мали Мусса Траоре был свергнут армией. В июле попытка переворота группой армейских офицеров была сорвана элементами армии, лояльными новому президенту Амаду туре. Впервые после деколонизации в результате свободных выборов произошли изменения в двух правительствах - Бенина и Кабо-Верде.

Военные события

В Вооруженных силах региона произошло мало существенных изменений. Большинство изменений, отмеченных в военном балансе за 1991-1992 годы, являются результатом свежей информации, а не новых приобретений или вывода, и, возможно, произошли до июня 1990 года.

Ангольские авиационные силы были переоценены: всего 35 МиГ-21 (на 40 меньше), но количество вертолетов Ми-25/-35 составляет 28 (на 12 больше, чем раньше). Военно-Воздушные Силы Конго имеют 12 самолетов МиГ-21, ранее не перечисленных, но поставленных несколько лет назад.

После падения режима Менгисту в Эфиопии правительственные войска систематически расформировывались, причем самые молодые и самые последние призывники сначала отправлялись домой. Информация об организации сил РДФЭН. Когда эритрейские порты попали к РДФЭН, большинство военно-морского флота сбежало в Саудовскую Аравию и Йемен. Три ракетных корабля Osa были потоплены. Некоторые самолеты и вертолеты также спаслись и вылетели, главным образом в Джибути. Невозможно сказать, будут ли или когда эти корабли и самолеты, вероятно, возвращены новым правительством.

Военный баланс ранее приписывал Мозамбику более крупные силы, чем 45 000 человек, перечисленных в этом году. В Южной Африке призыв на военную службу был сокращен до одного года в 1990 году, и в настоящее время в Вооруженных силах насчитывается более 13 000 призывников. Тем не менее, набор штатных военнослужащих увеличился, и общее сокращение численности составляет всего 5 000 человек. Запасы военной техники Заира увеличились на 20 китайских ОБТ типа 59, 100 разведывательных машин AML-60 и нескольких РСЗО БМ-21.

ANGOLA

Following the end of a 15-year civil war the Angolan government and its opponent UNITA have agreed to merge their armed forces to form a new 50,000 strong National Army. Details outlined below reflect the position prior to merger, which was scheduled to commence on 15 July 1991.

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: ~96,000 (incl some 10,000 recalled ODP militia, 24,000 conscripts).
Terms of service: conscription, 2 years.
RESERVES: Militia (ODP): 50,000.

ARMY: ~91,500 (~24,000 conscripts, 10,000 ODP).

15 Military Zones, (some may be fd HQ).

73+ bde (each with inf, tk, APC, arty and AA units as required. Bde = el,000 men).
EQUIPMENT:^t
MBT: 500+: 100 T-34t, 300 T-54/-55, 100+ T-62.
LIGHT TANKS: some 25 PT-76.
AIFV: 100+ BMP.
RECCE: some 100+ BRDM-2.
APC: 300 BTR-60/-152.
TOWED ARTY: 500: incl 76mm: M-1942 (ZIS-3); 85mm: D-44; 122mm: D-30; 130mm: M-46.
ASSAULT GUNS: SU-100.
MRL: 122mm: 75 BM-21, some BM-24.
MORTARS: 82mm: 100; 120mm: 40+ M-43.
ATGW: AT-3 Sagger.
RCL: 500: 82mm: B-10; 107mm: B-11.
AD GUNS: 300+: 14.5mm: ZPU-4; 23mm: ZU-23-2, 20 ZSU-23-4 SP; 37mm: M-1939; 57mm: S-60 towed, 40 ZSU-57-2 SP.
SAM: SA-7/-14.
RESERVES:
PEOPLE'S DEFENCE ORGANIZATION (ODP): 35,000; 11+ 'bde'. 10,000 serving with the Regular Army at any one time.

NAVY:^t 81,500.
BASES: Luanda (HQ), Lobito, Namibe.
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS: 17:
MISSILE CRAFT: 6 Sov Osa-II with 4 SS-N-2 Styx SSM.
TORPEDO CRAFT: 4 Shershen with 4 533mm HWT.
PATROL, INSHORE 7: 4 Port Argos^t, 2 Sov Poluchat, 1<.
MINE WARFARE: 2 Sov Yevgenya MHI.
AMPHIBIOUS: 3 Sov Polnocny LSM, capacity 100 tps. 6 tk. Plus craft; 1 LCT, about 8 LCM.
COASTAL DEFENCE: SS-C-1 Sepal at Luanda.

AIR FORCE/AIR DEFENCE: ~3,000; 160 cbt ac, 40 armed hel.^t
FGA: 25 MiG-17, 51 MiG-23, 15 Su-22, 10 Su-25.
FIGHTER: 35 MiG-21 MF/bis.
COIN/RECCE: 16 PC-7.
MR: 2 EMB-111, 1 F-27MPA.
ATTACK HELICOPTERS: 28 Mi-25/35, 6 SA-365M (guns), 6 SA-342 (HOT).
TRANSPORT: 2 sqn with 12 An-12, 20 An-26, 6 BN-2, 3 C-47, 6 C-212, 2 L-100-20, 4 PC-6B.
HELICOPTERS: 2 sqn with 30 IAR-316, 10 SA-316, 25 Mi-8, 13 Mi-17, 1 SA-315, 10 SA-365.
LIAISON: 10 An-2, 5 Do-27.
TRAINING: 3 Cessna 172, 3 MiG-15UTI, 6 MiG-21U, 5* Su-22, 6 Yak-11.
AD: 5 SAM bn. 10 bty; with 40 SA-2, 12 SA-3, 75 SA-6, 15 SA-8, 20 SA-9, SA-13.
MISSILES:

ASM: HOT.

AAM: AA-2 Atoll.

FORCES ABROAD: SAO TOME: some 500; 1 bn.

PARAMILITARY: BORDER GUARD(TGFA): 7,000.

OPPOSITION:
UNITA (Union for the Total Independence of Angola): some 28,000 'regulars' (1-2 years service), 37,000 'militia' (spt and log);

to merge with government forces.
EQUIPMENT: captured T-34/-85, 70 T-55 MBT reported, raise APC (not in service); BM-21 122mm MRL; 75mm, 76mm, 122mm fd guns;

81mm, 82mm, 120mm mor, 85mm RPG-7 RL; 75mm RCL; 12.7mm hy machineguns; 14.5mm, 20mm and ZU-23-2 23mm AA guns; Stinger, SAM-7;
FNLA (National Front for the Liberation of Angola): (Bakongo tribesmen)claims up to 5,000, actual strength ~250; small arms only.
FLEC (Front for the Liberation of the Cabinda Enclave): (200-300); small arms only.

FOREIGN FORCES:
USSR: 1,000 advisers and technicians (numbers reducing)
ANC: African National Congress, up to 250.
UNITED NATIONS: (UNAVEM II) 350 military observers and 90 police observers from Algeria, Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Congo, Czechoslovakia,

Egypt, Guinea-Bissau, Hungary, India, Ireland, Jordan, Malaysia, Morocco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, Norway, Senegal, Singapore, Spain,

Sweden, Yugoslavia, Zimbabwe.

BENIN

Benin's economy is to a large extent subsidized by the French government which is covering part of the country's bdgt deficit through economic aid.
TOTAL ARMED FORCES: (all services form part of the Army):
ACTIVE: 4,350.
Terms of service: conscription (selective), 18 months.

ARMY: 3,800.

3 inf, 1 AB/cdo, 1 engr bn, 1 armd sqn, 1 arty bty.
EQUIPMENT:
LIGHT TANKS: 20 PT-76.
RECCE: 9 M-8, 14 BRDM-2, 10 VBL M-11.
TOWED ARTY: 105mm: 4 M-101.
MORTARS: 81mm.
RL: 89mm: LRAC.

NAVY:^t 200.
BASE: Cotonou.
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS: PATROL, INSHORE: 1 Patriote PFI (Fr 38-m)<.
SUPPORT AND MISCELLANEOUS: l tug

AIR FORCE:^t 350; no cbt ac, 1 armed hel.
AIRCRAFT: 3 An-2, 2 An-26, 2 C-47, 1 Commander 500B, 2 Do-128.
HELICOPTERS: ATTACK: 1 SA-355M.

TRANSPORT: 2 AS-350B, 1 Ka-26, 1 SE-3130.

PARAMILITARY:
GENDARMERIE: 2,000;4 mobile coy.
PUBLIC SECURITY FORCE.
PEOPLE'S MILITIA: 1,500-2,000

BOTSWANA

TOTAL ARMED FORCES: (both services form part of the Army):
ACTIVE: 4,500.

ARMY:

5 inf bn, 1 armd car, 1 recce, 1 engr coy.
EQUIPMENT:
RECCE: 10 Shorland, 12 V-150 Commando (11 with 90mm gun).
APC: 30 BTR-60 (unserviceable).
TOWED ARTY: 105mm: 6 lt, 4 Model 56 pack.
MORTARS: 81mm; 120mm: 10 M-43.
ATGW: TOW reported.
RCL: 84mm: Carl Gustav.
AD GUNS: 20mm: M-167.

AIR FORCE: 13 cbt ac, no armed hel.
COIN: 1 sqn with 8 BAC-167 Mk 83,5 BN-2 Defender.
TRANSPORT: 1 sqn with 2 Defender, 2 CN-235, 2 Skyvan 3M, 1 BAe 125-800 (VIP).
LIAISON/TRAINING: 1 sqn with 1 Cessna 152, 7 PC-7.
HELICOPTERS: 2 AS-350L, 5 Bell 412.

PARAMILITARY: POLICE MOBILE UNIT: 1,000.

BURKINA-FASO

TOTAL ARMED FORCES: (all services incl Gendarmerie form part of the Army):
ACTIVE: 8,700.

ARMY: 7,000.

6 Military Regions.

5 inf 'regt': HQ, 3 'bn' (each 1 coy of 5 pi).

1 AB 'reg': HQ, 1 'bn', 2 coy.

1 tk 'bn': 2 pi.
1 arty 'bn': 2 tps.
1 engr 'bn'.
EQUIPMENT:
RECCE: 83: 15 AML-60/-90, 24 EE-9 Cascavel, 10 M-8, 4 M-20, 30 Ferret.
APC: 13 M-3.
TOWED ARTY: 105mm: 8 M-101.
MRL: 107mm: Ch Type-63.
MORTARS: 81mm.
RL: 89mm: LRAC, M-20.
RCL: 75mm: Ch Type-52.
AD GUNS: 14.5mm: 30 ZPU.
SAM:SA-7.

AIR FORCE: 200; 18 cbt ac, no armed hel.
FIGHTER: 1 sqn with 8 MiG-21.
COIN: 4 SF-260W, 6 SF-260WP.
TRANSPORT: 2 C-47, 1 Commander 500B, 2 HS-748, 2 N-262.
LIAISON: 3 MH-1521M, 2 SA-316, 2 SA-365.
HELICOPTERS: 2 SA-316B, 2 SA-365N.

PARAMILITARY: 1,750:
GENDARMERIE: 1,500; 6 coy (2 mobile).
SECURITY COMPANY (CRG): 250.
PEOPLE'S MILITIA(R): 45,000 trained; 2 years part-time; men and women 20-35 (military and civil duties)

BURUNDI

TOTAL ARMED FORCES: (all services incl Gendarmerie form part of the Army):
ACTIVE: ~7,200 (incl Gendarmerie).

ARMY: 5,500.

2 inf, 1 AB, 1 cdo bn.

1 armd car coy.
EQUIPMENT:
RECCE: 6 AML-60, 12 -90, 7 Shorland.
APC: 29:9 M-3, 20 BTR-40 and Walid.
MORTARS: 82mm: 18 M-43.
RL: 83mm: Blindicide.
RCL: 75mm: 15 Ch Type-52.
AD GUNS: 14.5mm: 15 ZPU-4.

NAVY: ~50.
BASE: Bujumbura.
PATROL BOATS: river 3<.

AIR: 150.3 cbt ac, no armed hel.
COIN: 3 SF-260W.
TRANSPORT: 1 C-47.
HELICOPTERS: 3 SA-316B, 4 SA-342L.
LIAISON: 3 Reims-Cessna 150, 1 Do-27Q.
TRAINING: 7 SF-260 (3 -C, 4 -TP).

PARAMILITARY: GENDARMERIE: ~l,500.

CAMEROON

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: 11,700 (incl Gendarmerie).

ARMY: 6,600.

3 Military Regions; 7 Military Sectors: coy gp under cmd.

Presidential Guard: 1 guard, 1 armd recce bn, 3 inf coy.

1 AB/cdo bn.

5 inf bn (l trg).

1 engr bn.

1 arty bn (5 bty).

1 AA bn (6 bty).
EQUIPMENT:
RECCE: 8 M-8, Ferret, 8 V-150 Commando (20mm gun), 5 VBLM-11.
AIFV: 12 V-150 Commando (90mm gun).
APC: 29 V-150 Commando, 12 M-3 half-track.
TOWED ARTY: 22: 75mm: 6 M-116 pack; 105mm: 16 M-101.
MORTARS: 81mm; 120mm: 16 Brandt.
ATGW: Milan.
RL: 89mm: LRAC.
RCL: 57mm: 13 Ch Type-52; 106mm: 40 M-40A2.
AD GUNS: 14.5mm: 18 Ch Type-58; 35mm: 18 GDF-002; 37mm: 18 Ch Type-63.

NAVY: 8800.
BASES: Douala (HQ), Limbe, Kribi.
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS: 2:
MISSILE CRAFT: 1 Bakasi (Fr P.48) PFM with 2x4 MM-40 Exocet SSM.
PATROL, INSHORE: 1 L'Audacieux (Fr P.48) PFI.
RIVERINE: Boats only, some 30 US Swiftsure-38.
AMPHIBIOUS: craft only: 2 LCM, 5 LCVP.

AIR FORCE: 300; 16 cbt ac, 4 armed hel.

1 composite sqn.

1 Presidential fit.
FGA/COIN: 5 Alpha Jet, 11 CM-170.
MR: 2 Do-128D-6.
ATTACK HELICOPTERS: 4 SA-342L (with HOT).
TRANSPORT: 3 C-130H/-H-3O, 1 DHC-4, 4 DHC-5D, 1 IAI-201, 2 PA-23.
HELICOPTERS: 3 Bell 206, 3 SE-3130, 1 SA-318, 4 SA-319.

PARAMILITARY:
GENDARMERIE: 4,000: 10 regional groups.
PATROL BOATS: about 10 US Swiftsure-38.

CAPE VERDE

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: 1,300.
Terms of service: conscription (selective).

ARMY: 1,000 (Popular Militia).

4 inf coy.
EQUIPMENT:
RECCE: 8 BRDM-2.
MORTARS: 82mm; 120mm: 8 M-1943.
RL: 89mm: 3.5-in.

NAVY: 200.
BASE: Praia, Porto Grande.
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS: 5: 2 Sov Shershen PFI (no TT), 3 Sov Zhuk<.
SUPPORT AND MISCELLANEOUS: 1 survey.^t

AIR FORCE: under 100; no cbt ac.
TRANSPORT: 2 An-26.

CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: 6,500 incl Gendarmerie.
Terms of service: conscription (selective), 2 years; Reserve obligation thereafter, term unknown.
ARMY: 3,500.

1 Republican Guard regt (2 bn).

1 territorial defence regt (bn).

1 combined arms regt (1 mech, 1 inf bn).

1 spt/HQ regt.

1 Presidential Guard bn.
EQUIPMENT.^
MBT: 4 T-55.
RECCE: 10 Ferret.
APC: 4 BTR-152, some 10 VAB, 25+ ACMAT.
MORTARS: 81mm; 120mm: 12 M-1943.
RL: 89mm: LRAC.
RCL: 106mm: 14 M-40.
RIVER PATROL CRAFT: 9<.

AIR FORCE: 300; No cbt ac, no armed hel.
TRANSPORT: 2 C-47, 2 Cessna 337, 1 DC-4.
LIAISON: 8 AL-60, 6 MH-1521.
HELICOPTERS: 1 AS-350, 1 SE-3130.

PARAMILITARY:
GENDARMERIE: 2,700; 3 Regional Legions, 8 'bde'

FOREIGN FORCES:
FRANCE: 1,200. 1 inf bn gp, 1 armd cav sqn, 1 arty bty. Cbt and tpt ac/hel.

CHAD

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: some 17,200.
Terms of service: conscription, 3 years.

ARMY: ~17,000.

7 Military Regions.
EQUIPMENT:
AFV: some 63:4 Panhard ERC-90, some 50 AML-60/-90, 9 V-150 with 90mm.
TOWED ARTY: 105mm: 5 M-101.
MORTARS: 81mm; 120mm: AM-50.
ATGW: Milan.
RL: 89mm: LRAC.
RCL: 106mm: M-40A1; 112mm: APILAS.
AD GUNS: 20mm, 30mm.
SAM: 10 Stinger.

AIR FORCE: 200; 4 cbt ac, no armed hel.
COIN: 2 PC-7, 2 SF-260W.
TRANSPORT: 3 C-47, 1 C-130A, 2 -B, 1 -H, 1 C-212, 2 DC-4.
HELICOPTERS: 4 SA-330, 1 SA-341.
LIAISON: 2 PC-6B, 5 Reims-Cessna FTB 337.

PARAMILITARY: perhaps 5,700:
NATIONAL MILITARY POLICE (PMN).
TERRITORIAL MILITARY POLICE (PMT).
SURETE (Police): 800.

OPPOSITION:
CONSEIL DEMOCRATIQUE DELA REVOLUTION (CDR): ~1,000 (Libyan-backed).

FOREIGN FORCES:
FRANCE: 1,100. 3 inf coy, AD arty units; cbt and tpt ac/hel.

CONGO

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: 11,000.

ARMY: 10.000.

2 armd bn.

2 inf bn gp (each with lt tk tp, 76mm gun bty).

1 inf bn.

1 arty gp (how, MRL)

1 engr bn.

1 AB/cdo bn.
EQUIPMENT^
MBT: 25T-54/-55,15 Ch Type-59. (Some T-34 in store.)
LIGHT TANKS: 10 Ch Type-62, 3 PT-76.
RECCE: 25 BRDM-1/-2.
APC: M-3, 80 BTR (30 -50, 30 -60, 20 -152).
TOWED ARTY: 100mm: 10M-1944; 122mm: 10 D-30; 130mm: 5 M-46; 152mm: some D-20.
MRL: 122mm: 8 BM-21; 140mm: BM-14-16.
MORTARS: 82mm; 120mm: 10 M-43.
RCL: 57mm: M-18.
ATK GUNS: 57mm: 5 M-1943.
AD GUNS: 14.5mm: ZPU-2/-4; 23mm: ZSU-23-4 SP; 37mm: 28 M-1939; 57mm: S-60; 100mm: KS-19.

NAVY:^t ~500.
BASE: Point Noire.
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS: 12:
PATROL INSHORE: 12: 3 Marien N'gouabi PFI (Sp Barcelo 33-m). Some 9 PFI<.
RIVERINE: Boats only.

AIR FORCE:^t 500. 32 cbt ac, no armed hel.
FGA: 20 MiG-17, 12 MiG-21.
TRANSPORT: 5 An-24, 1 An-26, 1 Boeing 727, 1 N-2501.
TRAINING: 4 L-39, 1 MiG-15UTI.
HELICOPTERS: 2 SA-316, 2 SA-318, 1 SA-365.

FORCES ABROAD:
UN AND PEACE-KEEPING:

ANGOLA (UNAVEM II): Observers.

PARAMILITARY: 6,100:
GENDARMERIE: 1,400; 20 coy.
PEOPLE'S MILITIA: 4,700.

COTE D'IVOIRE

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: 7,100.
Terms of service: conscription (selective), 6 months.
RESERVES: 12,000.

ARMY: 5,500.

4 Military Regions:

1 armd, 3 inf bn, 1 arty gp.

1 AB, 1 AA, 1 engr coy.
EQUIPMENT:
LIGHT TANKS: 5 AMX-13.
RECCE: 7 ERC-90 Sagaie, E16 AML-60/-90.
APC: 16 M-3, 13 VAB.
TOWED ARTY: 105mm: 4 M-1950.
MORTARS: 81mm; 120mm: 16 AM-50.
RL: 89mm: LRAC.
RCL: 106mm: M-40A1.
AD GUNS: 20mm: 16 incl 6 M-3 VDA SP; 40mm: 5 L/60.

NAVY: 700.
BASE: Locodjo (Abidjan).
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS: 4:
MISSILE CRAFT: 2 L 'Ardent (Fr Auronx 40-m) with 4 SS-12 SSM.
PATROL: 2 Le Vigilant (Fr SFCN 47-m) PCI.
AMPHIBIOUS: 1 L'Elephant (Fr BATRAL) LSM, capacity 140 tps, 7 tk, hel deck.

AIR FORCE: 900; 6 cbt ac, no armed hel.
FGA: 1 sqn with 6 Alpha Jet.
TRANSPORT: 1 hel sqn with 1 SA-318, 1 SA-319, 1 SA-330, 4 SA-365C.
PRESIDENTIAL FLIGHT: AIRCRAFT: 1 F-28, 1 Gulfstream IV, 1 Fokker.

HELICOPTERS: 1 SA-330.
TRAINING: 6 Beech F-33C, 2 Reims Cessna 150H.
LIAISON: 1 Cessna 421, 2 Super King Air 200.

PARAMILITARY: 7,800:
PRESIDENTIAL GUARD: 1,100.
GENDARMERIE: 4,400; VAB APC, 4 patrol boats.
MILITIA: 1,500.
MILITARY FIRE SERVICE: 800.

FOREIGN FORCES:
FRANCE: 500: 1 marine inf regt; 1 AS-350 hel.

EQUATORIAL GUINEA

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: 1,300.
ARMY: 1.1000.

3 inf bn.
EQUIPMENT:
RECCE: 6 BRDM-2.
APC: 10 BTR-152.

NAVY^t: 100.
BASES: Malabo (Santa Isabel), Bata.
PATROL COMBATANTS: 3 PFI, 1 PCI, all<.

AIR FORCE: 100; no cbt ac or armed hel.
TRANSPORT: 1 Yak-40.

PARAMILITARY: some 2,000.
GUARDIA CIVIL: 2 coy.

FOREIGN FORCES:
MOROCCO: 360: 1 bn

ETHIOPIA

Following the defeat and dissolution of the former government of Ethiopia by forces of the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) and Eritrean People's Liberation Front (EPLF), no national Armed Forces have yet been formed. Strengths of the two groups are assessed as: EPRDF - about 65,000 of which perhaps 55,000 are members of the Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF), whilst the remainder (10,000) belong to the Oromo People's Democratic Organization and other smaller groups.
После разгрома и роспуска бывшего правительства Эфиопии силами эфиопского Народно-революционного Демократического фронта (НРДФ) и Эритрейского Народно-освободительного фронта (НФОП) национальные Вооруженные силы еще не были сформированы. Силы этих двух групп оцениваются следующим образом: EPRDF - около 65 000 из которых, возможно, 55 000 являются членами народного освободительного фронта Тигра (TPLF), в то время как остальные (10 000) принадлежат к народно-демократической организации Оромо и другим более мелким группам.
EPLF - about 60,000.
Eqpt previously held by the government of Ethiopia is now largely in EPRDF and EPLF hands.
Estimated numbers in service must be treated with some caution.

GROUND FORCES:^t
MBT: 300 incl: T-34, T-54/-55, T-62, M-47.
RECCE/AIFV/APC: 350 incl: BRDM, BMP, BTR-60/-152, M-113.
TOWED ARTY: 85mm: D-44; 122mm: D-30; 130mm: M-46.
MRL: BM-21.
MORTARS: 81mm; 82mm; 120mm: M-38.
ATGW: AT-3 Sagger.
RCL: 82mm: B-10; 107mm: B-11.
AD GUNS: 23mm: ZU-23, ZSU-23-4 SP; 37mm: M-1939; 57mm: S-60; 100mm KS-19.
SAM: 20 SA-2, 30 SA-3, SA-7/-9.

NAVY^t: was 3,500.
No recognizable organization exists. Prior to the final EPLF/EPRDF offensives of spring 1991, the Ethiopian Navy numbered some 29 vessels as shown below. With the fall of the Eritrean ports, the op portion of the navy dispersed. Vessels reportedly have gone to Yemen, Saudi Arabia and, possibly, other countries. Some vessels reportedly remain in international waters off the coast of Ethiopia. Non-op ships and craft were sunk or scuttled in port.
Никакой узнаваемой организации не существует. До окончательного наступления EPLF/EPRDF весной 1991 года ВМС Эфиопии насчитывали около 29 судов, как показано ниже. С падением эритрейских портов часть ОП военно-морского флота рассеялась. Сообщается, что суда направлялись в Йемен, Саудовскую Аравию и, возможно, другие страны. Некоторые суда остаются в международных водах у берегов Эфиопии. Неоперативные корабли и суда были потоплены или затоплены в порту.
BASES: Massawa, Assab.
FRIGATES: 2 Zerai Deres (Sov Petya II) with 2 ASW RL, 10 x 406mm TT.
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS: 16:
MISSILE CRAFT: 4 Sov Osa with 4 SS-N-2 Styx SSM.
TORPEDO CRAFT: 6: 2 Sov Turya PHT, 4 Mol PFT all with 4 533mm TT.
PATROL INSHORE: 6 PFI: 3 US Swiftships 32-m, 3 Sov Zhuk<.
AMPHIBIOUS: 2 Sov Polnocny LSM, capacity 100 tps, 6 tk.

Plus craft; 3 LCT (2 Chamo, 1Fr EDIC), 4 LCM.
SUPPORT AND MISCELLANEOUS: 2: 1 tpt, 1 trg.

AIR FORCE:^t 68 cbt ac, 18 armed hel.
No recognizable org remains. There is a residue of technicians remaining to man a future air force, however the availability of pilots is doubtful. The op status before the spring offensive was less than 50% for all types. Types and numbers of remaining ac are assessed as follows. These figures incl about 6 fixed wing ac and 11 hel that were flown to Djibouti.
Никакой узнаваемой организации не осталось. Есть остаток техники, остающейся для будущих ВВС, однако наличие пилотов сомнительно. Статус ОП перед весенним наступлением составлял менее 50% для всех типов. Типы и количество оставшихся самолетов оцениваются следующим образом. Эти цифры включают около 6 самолетов и 11 вертолетов, которые были доставлены в Джибути.
FGA: 50 MiG-21MF; 18 MiG-23BN
TRANSPORT: 6 An-12, 2 DH-6, 2 L-100-30, 3 U-17 (liaison), 1 Yak-40 (VIP).
TRAINING: 14 L-39.
HELICOPTERS: ATTACK: 18 Mi-24.

TRANSPORT: 1 IAR-330, 30 Mi-8, 3 UH-1, 2 Mi-14.

GABON

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: 4,750.

ARMY: 3,250.

Presidential Guard bn gp (1 recce/armd, 3 inf coy, arty, AA bty) (under direct Presidential control).

8 inf, 1 AB/cdo, 1 engr coy.
EQUIPMENT:
RECCE: 16 EE-9 Cascavel, 24 AML-90, 6 ERC-90 Sagaie, 12 EE-3 Jararaca, 14 VBL M-11.
AIFV: 12 EE-11 Urutu with 20mm gun.
APC: 9 V-150 Commando, Panhard M-3, 12 VXB-170.
TOWED ARTY: 105mm: 4 M-101.
MRL: 140mm: 8 Teruel.
MORTARS: 81mm: 35; 120mm: 4 Brandt.
ATGW: 4 Milan.
RL: 89mm: LRAC.
RCL: 106mm: M40A1.
AD GUNS: 20mm: 4 ERC-20 SP; 23mm: 24
ZU-23-2; 37mm: 10 M-1939; 40mm: 2 Bofors.

NAVY: 500.
BASE: Port Gentil (HQ).
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS: 3:
MISSILE CRAFT: 1 General Nazaire Boulingu PFM (Fr 42-m) with 4 SS-12 SSM.
PATROL COASTAL: 2 General Ba'Ouwar (Fr P.400 55-m).
AMPHIBIOUS: 1 President Omar Bongo (Fr BATRAL) LSM, capacity 140 tps, 7 tk. Plus craft; 1 LCM.

AIR FORCE: 1,000. 20 cbt ac, 7 armed hel.
FGA: 9 Mirage 5 (2 -G, 4 -Gil, 3 -DG).
MR: 1 EMB-111P1.
TRANSPORT: 1 C-130H, 1 L-100-20, 2 H 00-30, 3 EMB-110, 1 Falcon 50, 1 Gulfstream III, 2 YS-11 A.
HELICOPTERS: ATTACK: 2 AS-350, 5 SA-342.

TRANSPORT: 3 SA-330C/-H.
LIAISON: 3 SA-316/-319.
PRESIDENTIAL GUARD: COIN: 6 CM-170, 4 T-34.

TRANSPORT: 1 ATR-42F, 1 EMB-110.

PARAMILITARY:
COAST GUARD: 2,800; boats only.
GENDARMERIE: 2,000; 3 'bdes', 11 coy, 2 armd sqn, air unit.

FOREIGN FORCES:
FRANCE: 800: 1 marine inf regt; 1 SA-319 hel.

THE GAMBIA

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: 900.

GAMBIAN NATIONAL ARMY (GNA):

1 inf bn (4 coy), engr sqn.
MARINE UNIT: About 80.
BASE: Banjul.
PATROL, INSHORE: 3: 2 Gonjur (Ch Shanghai-II) PFI, 1 PFI<, boats.

FORCES ABROAD:
LIBERIA: about 150, forming part of ECOWAS force.

PARAMILITARY:
GENDARMERIE: (Ministry of Defence) 600+ (incl 100 Presidential Guard).

GHANA

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: 11,900.

ARMY: 10,000.

2 Command HQ:

2 bde (comprising 6 inf bn (incl 1 trg, 1 UNIFIL), spt units).

1 recce bn (2sqn).

1 AB force (incl 1 para coy).

1 indep inf bn.

1 arty 'regt' (mor bn).

1 fd engr regt (bn).
EQUIPMENT:
RECCE: 3 Saladin, 3 EE-9 Cascavel.
AIFV: 50 MOWAG Piranha.
MORTARS: 81mm: 50; 120mm: 28 Tampella.
RCL: 84mm: 50 Carl Gustav.

NAVY: ~1,100 Commands: Western and Eastern.
BASES: Sekondi (HQ, West), Tema (HQ, East).
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS: 4:
COASTAL: 2 Achimota (Ge Lurssen 57-m) PFC.
INSHORE: 2 Dzata (Ge Lurssen 45-m) PCI.

AIR FORCE: 800. 18 cbt ac, no armed hel.
COIN: 1 sqn with 4 MB-326K, 2 MB-339.
TRANSPORT: 3 sqn:

1 VIP with 3 Fokker (2 F-27, 1 F-28);

1 with 3 F-27, 1 C-212.

1 with 6 Skyvan.
HELICOPTERS: 2 Bell 212 (VIP), 2 Mi-2, 4 SA-318.
TRAINING: 1 sqn with 10 Bulldog 122t, 12* L-29.

FORCES ABROAD:
LIBERIA: about 1,500 fonning part of ECOWAS force.
UN AND PEACE-KEEPING:

AFGHANISTAN/PAKISTAN: (OSGAP): 1 adviser.

IRAQ/KUWAIT (UNIKOM): 8 Observers.

LEBANON (UN1FIL): 1 inf bn(980).

PARAMILITARY:
PEOPLE'S MILITIA: 5,000: part-time force with police duties.

GUINEA

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: 9,700 (perhaps 7,500 conscripts).
Terms of service: conscription, 2 years.

ARMY: 8,500.

1 armd bn.

5 inf bn.

1 arty bn.

1 AD bn.

111 cdo bn.

SF bn.

engr bn
EQUIPMENT:^t
MBT: 30 T-34, 8 T-54.
LIGHT TANKS: 20 PT-76.
RECCE: 25 BRDM-1/-2, 2 AML-90.
APC: 40 BTR (16 -40, 10 -50, 8 -60, 6 -152).
TOWED ARTY: 76mm: 8 M-1942; 85mm: 6 D-44; 122mm: 12 M-1931/37.
MORTARS: 82mm: M-43; 120mm: 20 M-1938/43.
RCL: 82mm: B-10.
ATK GUNS: 57mm: M-1943.
AD GUNS: 30mm: twin M-53; 37mm: 8 M-1939; 57mm: 12 S-60, Ch Type-59; 100mm: 4 KS-19.
SAM: SA-7.

NAVY: 400.
BASES: Conakry, Kakanda.
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS: 9:

1 Sov T-58 PCO^t

1 Sov 39-m (Osa hull & machinery) PFI

2 Sov Zhuk, 1 US Swiftships-77, 4 other PCI all<.

AIR FORCE: 800; 12 cbt ac, No armed hel.^t
FGA: 4 MiG-17F, 8 MiG-21.
TRANSPORT: 2 An-12, 4 An-14.
TRAINING: 3 L-29, 2 MiG-15UTI, 6 Yak-18.
HELICOPTERS: 1 IAR-330, 4 Mi-4, 1 SA-316B, 1 SA-330, 1 SA-342K.

FORCES ABROAD:
LIBERIA: some 600, forming part of ECOWAS force.

PARAMILITARY:.
PEOPLE'S MILITIA: 7,000.
GENDARMERIE: 1,000.
REPUBLICAN GUARD: 1,600.

GUINEA-BISSAU

TOTAL ARMED FORCES: (all services incl Gendarmerie are part of the Army):
ACTIVE: 9,200.
Terms of service: conscription (selective).

ARMY: 6,800.

1 armd 'bn' (sqn).

5 inf, 1 arty bn, 1 recce, 1 engr coy.
EQUIPMENT:
MBT: 10 T-34.
LIGHT TANKS: 20 PT-76.
RECCE: 10 BRDM-2.
APC: 35 BTR-40/-60/-152, 20 Ch Type-56.
TOWED ARTY: 85mm: 8 D-44; 122mm: 18 M-1938/D-30.
MORTARS: 82mm: M-43; 120mm: 8 M-1943.
RL: 89mm: M-20.
RCL: 75mm: Ch Type-52; 82mm: B-10.
AD GUNS: 23mm: 18 ZU-23; 37mm: 6 M-1939; 57mm: 10S-60.
SAM: SA-7.

NAVY: 300.
BASE: Bissau.
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS: 11:
PATROL INSHORE: 11: 2 Sov 39-m(Osa hull & machinery), 2 Ch Shantou PFI, 7 PCI<.

AIR FORCE: 100. 3 cbt ac, no armed hel.
FIGHTER: 3 MiG-17.
HELICOPTERS: 1 SAO 18, 2 SA-319.

FORCES ABROAD:
UN AND PEACE-KEEPING:

ANGOLA (UNAVEM II): Observers.

PARAMILITARY:
GENDARMERIE: 2,000.

KENYA

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: 23,600.

ARMY: 19,000.

1 armd bde (2 armd bn).

2 inf bde (1 with 2, 1 with 3 inf bn; 1 armd recce, 2 arty bn).

1 engr bde. 5 inf bn (cadre).

2 engr bn. 1 AB bn.

I indep air cav bn. 1 AA bn.
EQUIPMENT:
MBT: 76 Vickers Mk3.
RECCE: 40 AML-60/-90, 8 Shorland.
APC: 30 UR-416, 10 Panhard M-3.
TOWED ARTY: 105mm; 40 lt, 16 pack.
MORTARS: 81mm: 20 L16; 120mm: 10 Brandt.
ATGW: Milan, 8 Swingfire.
RCL: 84mm: 80 Carl Gustav, 120mm: Wombat.
AD GUNS: 20mm: 50 TCM-20.

NAVY: 1,100.
BASE: Mombasa.
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS: 7:
MISSILE CRAFT: 6:

2 Nyayo (UK Vosper 56-m)PFM, with 4 Otomat II SSM.

1 Mamba, 3 Madaraka (UK Brooke Marine 37-m/32-m) PFM with 4 Gabriel II SSM.
PATROL, INSHORE: 1<.

AIR FORCE: 3,500: 28 cbt ac, 38 armed hel.
FGA: 11 F-5 (9 -E, 2-F).
COIN: 5 Strikemaster Mk 87, 12 Hawk Mk-52.
TRANSPORT: 8 DHC-5D, 7 Do-28D, 1 PA-32.
TRAINING: 8 Bulldog 103/127.
HELICOPTERS: ATTACK: 15 Hughes 500MD (with TOW), 8 500ME, 15 500M.

TRANSPORT: 9 IAR-330, 3 SA-330, 1 SA-342.

TRAINING: 2 Hughes 500D.
MISSILES:

ASM: AGM-65 Maverick, TOW.

AAM: AIM-9 Sidewinder.

FORCES ABROAD:
UN AND PEACE-KEEPING:

IRAQ/KUWAIT (UNIKOM): 8 Observers.

PARAMILITARY:
POLICE GENERAL SERVICE UNIT: 4,000.
POLICE AIR WING: 7 Cessna lt ac, 3 Bell hel (1 206L, 247G).
POLICE NAVAL SON: 5 PC< (2 Lake Victoria), some 12 boats.

LESOTHO

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: 2,000.

ARMY:

7 inf coy.

1 spt coy (incl recce/AB, 81mm mor).

1 air sqn.
EQUIPMENT:
RECCE: 10 Is RAMTA.
MORTARS: 81mm: some.
HELICOPTERS: 2 Bo-105, 3 Bell 412.

LIBERIA

As a result of civil war the Armed Forces of Liberia (AFL) have ceased to exist. Eqpt held by the AFL has been destroyed or is unserviceable. The cbt strength of each of the two opposed factions within the National Patriotic Forces of Liberia (NPFL) is unknown. A five-nation peace-keeping force provided by the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) is deployed within the country and is composed of forces from: The Gambia - ~150; Ghana - ~1,500; Guinea - ~600; Nigeria - ~5,000; Sierra Leone - ~700.
В результате гражданской войны Вооруженные Силы Либерии (ВСЛ) прекратили свое существование. Вооружение было уничтожены или вышло из строя. Боевая численность каждой из двух оппозиционных фракций в составе национальных патриотических сил Либерии (НПФЛ) неизвестна. В стране развернуты миротворческие силы пяти государств, предоставленные экономическим сообществом западноафриканских государств (ЭКОВАС), в состав которых входят силы из Гамбии-~150; Ганы-~1500; Гвинеи - ~600; Нигерии - ~5000; Сьерра - Леоне - ~700.

MADAGASCAR

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: 21,000.
Terms of service: conscription (incl for civil purposes), 18 months.

ARMY: some 20,000.

2 bn gp.

1 engr regt.

1 sigs regt.
EQUIPMENT:
LIGHT TANKS: 12 PT-76.
RECCE: 8 M-8, ~20 M-3A1, 10 Ferret, ~35 BRDM-2.
APC: ~30 M-3A1 half-track.
TOWED ARTY: 76mm: 12 ZIS-3; 105mm: some M-101; 122mm: 12 D-30.
MORTARS: 82mm: M-37; 120mm: 8 M-43.
RL: 89mm: LRAC.
RCL: 106mm: M-40A1.
AD GUNS: 14.5mm: 50 ZPU-4; 37mm: 20 Type 55.

NAVY: ~500 (incl some 100 marines).
BASES: Dtego-Suarez, Tamatave, Fort Dauphin, Tuldar, Majunga.
PATROL CRAFT: 1 Malaika (Fr PR48-m) PCI.
AMPHIBIOUS: 1 Toky (Fr BATRAM) LSM, with 8 SS-12 SSM, capacity 30 tps, 4 tk.

Plus craft; 1 LCT (Fr EDIC), 1 LCA, 3 LCVP.
SUPPORT AND MISCELLANEOUS: 1 tpt/trg.

AIR FORCE: 500; 12 cbt ac, no armed hel.
FGA: 1 sqn with 4 MiG-17F, 8 MiG-21FL.
TRANSPORT: 4 An-26, 3 BN-2, 2 C-212,2 Yak-40 (VIP).
HELICOPTERS: 1 sqn with 6 Mi-8.
LIAISON: 1 Cessna 310, 2 -337, 1 PA-23.
TRAINING: 4 Cessna 172.

PARAMILITARY:
GENDARMERIE: 7,500, incl maritime police with some 5 PCI<.

MALAWI

TOTAL ARMED FORCES: (all services form part of the Army):
ACTIVE: 7,250.
RESERVES: Army: some 1,000; ex-soldiers have a 5-year obligation.

ARMY: 7,000.

3 inf bn; 1 spt bn (incl 1 recce sqn).
EQUIPMENT:
RECCE: 20 Fox, 10 Ferret, 4 Eland.
TOWED ARTY: 12 105mm lt.
MORTARS: 81mm: L16.
RL: 89mm: M-20.
RCL: 57mm: M-18.
AD GUNS: 14.5mm: 50 ZPU-4.
SAM: 12 Blowpipe.

MARINE: 100.
BASE: Monkey Bay.(Lake Nyasa).
PATROL CRAFT: 1 PCI<, some boats.

AIR: 150; No cbt ac, 4 armed hel.
TRANSPORT: 1 sqn with 4 Do-228, 2 C-47, 1 HS-125-800 (VIP), 1 King Air C90
HELICOPTERS: ATTACK: 4 AS-350.

TRANSPORT: 3 SA-330, 1 SA-365.

FORCES ABROAD:
MOZAMBIQUE: ~800; elm of 1 inf bn.

PARAMILITARY: 500.
POLICE: 3 BN-2T Defender (border patrol), 1 Skyvan 3M ac; 1 AS-350 hel.

MALI

TOTAL ARMED FORCES: (all services form part of the Army):
ACTIVE: 7,300.
Terms of service: conscription (incl for civil purposes), 2 years (selective).

ARMY: 6,900.

2 tk, 4 inf, 1 AB, 2 arty, 1 engr, 1 SF bn, 2 AD, 1 SAM bty.
EQUIPMENTS
MBT: 21 T-34.
LIGHT TANKS: 18 Type 62.
RECCE: 20 BRDM-2.
APC: 30 BTR-40, 10 BTR-152, 10 BTR-60.
TOWED ARTY: 85mm: 6 D-44; 100mm: 6 M-1944; 122mm: 8 D-30.
MRL: 122mm: 2 BM-21.
MORTARS: 82mm; 120mm: 30 M-43.
AD GUNS: 37mm: 6 M-1939; 57mm: 6 S-60.
SAM: 12 SA-3.

NAVY: About 50.
BASES: Bamako, Mopti, Segou, Timbuktu.
RIVER PATROL CRAFT: 3<.

AIR FORCE: 400; 16 cbt ac, no armed hel.^t
FGA: 5 MiG-17F.
FIGHTER: 11 MiG-21.
TRANSPORT: 2 An-2, 2 An-24, 2 An-26.
TRAINING: 6 L-29, 1 MiG-15UTI, 4 Yak-11, 2 Yak-18.
HELICOPTERS: 2 Mi-4, 1 Mi-8.

PARAMILITARY:
GENDARMERIE: 1,800; 8 coy.
REPUBLICAN GUARD: 2,000.
MILITIA: 3,000.
NATIONAL POLICE: 1,000.

MOZAMBIQUE

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: 58,000 (incl Border Guard).
Terms of service: conscription (selective, blacks only), 2 years (incl women), extended during emergency.

ARMY: 645,000 (perhaps 85% conscripts; all units well under strength.)

10 Provincial Commands.

1 tk bde.

7 inf bde.

1 lt inf bde (forming).

Many indep cbt and cbt spt bn and sy units.

6 AA arty bn.
EQUIPMENT:^t
MBT: some 80T-54/-55.
RECCE: 30 BRDM-1/-2.
AIFV: 40 BMP-1.
APC: 100+ BTR-60, 100 BTR-152.
TOWED ARTY: 200: 76mm: M-1942; 85mm: D-44; 100mm: 24 M-1944; 105mm: M-101; 122mm: M-1938.D-30; 130mm: 24M-46; 152mm: 20 D-1.
MRL: 122mm: 30 BM-21.
MORTARS: 82mm: M-43; 120mm: M-43.
RCL: 75mm; 82mm: B-10; 107mm: B-11.
AD GUNS: 400: 20mm: M-55; 23mm: ZU-23-2;
37mm: M-1939; 57mm: S-60 towed, ZSU-57-2 SP.
SAM: SA-7.
NAVY^t: ~1,000.
BASES: Maputo (HQ), Beira, Nacala, Pemba, Inhambane, Quelimane (ocean); Metangula (Lake Nyasa) where 2 PCIPATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS: 12:
IN SHORE: 12^t: 2 Sov SO-1, 3 Zhuk PFI<. 7 PCI<.
MINE WARFARE: 2 Sov Yevgenya MSI.
AMPHIBIOUS: craft only; 2 LCU^t

AIR FORCE: 7,000 (incl AD units); 43 cbt ac, 6 armed hel.^t
FGA: 5 sqn with 43 MiG-21.
TRANSPORT: 1 sqn with 5 An-26, 2 C-212, 2 Cessna 152, 1 -172.
HELICOPTERS:

ATTACK: 6 Mi-24.

TRANSPORT: 5 Mi-8.
TRAINING: 4 Cessna 182,4 PA-32.
AD SAM:^t SA-2, 10 SA-3.

PARAMILITARY:
BORDER GUARD: 5,000; 1 bde.
PROVINCIAL MILITIA: 9 bn; 1 bn (less Nyasa) per province.

OPPOSITION:
MOZAMBIQUE NATIONAL RESISTANCE:(MNR or RENAMO): 20,000 reported, ~10,000 trained.

8 bn (active).
EQUIPMENT: RCL: 82mm B-10, RPG-7. MORTARS: 60mm, 82mm, 120mm M-1943. AD GUNS: 12.7mm and 14.5mm.

FOREIGN FORCES:
ZIMBABWE: Some 3,000-8,000 (varies).
MALAWI: ~800 (varies).
MILITARY ADVISERS: USSR 75, North Korea 40.

NAMIBIA

The former League of Nations mandate territory of South West Africa became the independent state of Namibia on 20 March 1990. The UK has assumed responsibility for training and advising on the org of a National Defence Force composed of former members of both the South West African Territorial Force (SWATF) and the People's Liberation Army of Namibia (PLAN) - the military wing of the South West Africa People's Organization (SWAPO). Initial strength is to be about 10,000 of whom some 5,700 have received trg and are formed into 1 Presidential Guard, 4 mot inf, 1 log bn. Eqpt inherited from SWATF and PLAN incl some Casspir APC, BM-21 MRL, 81mm mor.
Бывшая мандатная территория Лиги Наций в Юго-Западной Африке стала независимым государством Намибия 20 марта 1990 года. Соединенное королевство взяло на себя ответственность за подготовку и консультирование организации Национальных сил обороны, состоящей из бывших членов как территориальных сил Юго-Западной Африки (SWATF), так и Народно-освободительной армии Намибии (PLAN) - военного крыла Народной организации Юго-Западной Африки (SWAPO). Первоначальная численность должна составить около 10 000 человек, из которых около 5700 учебных и сформированы в 1 президентскую гвардию, 4 мотопехотных, 1 лог бн. Оборудование унаследовано от SWATF и план, включая некоторые бронемашине БТР, БМ-21 РСЗО, 81мм миномета.

NAVY: ~100.
PATROL: Boats only.

NIGER

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: 3,300.
Terms of service: selective conscription (2 years)

ARMY: 3,200.

3 Military Districts.

2 armd recce sqn.

6 inf, 1 AB, 1 engr coy.
EQUIPMENT:
RECCE: 50+: 10 M-8, 18 AML-90, 18 AML-60-7, some AML-60-20.
APC: 14 M-3.
MORTARS: 81mm: 30; 120mm: 15 Brandt.
RL: 89mm: LRAC.
RCL: 57mm: 8 M-18; 75mm: 6 M-20.
AD GUNS: 20mm: 10 M-3 VDA SP.

AIR FORCE: 100+; no cbt ac or armed hel.
TRANSPORT: 1 C-54, 2 C-130H, 2 Do-228, 3 N-2501. 1 Boeing 737-200 (VIP).
LIAISON: 2 Cessna 337D, 2 Do-28D.

PARAMILITARY:
GENDARMERIE: 900; 7 groups.
PRESIDENTIAL GUARD: 200.
REPUBLICAN GUARD: 1,900.
NATIONAL POLICE: 1,500.

NIGERIA

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: 94,500 (reducing).
RESERVES: planned; none organized.

ARMY: 80.000.

1 armd div (2 armd, 1 mech bde).

1 composite div (incl 1 AB, 1 air portable, 1 amph bde).

2 mech div (each 3 mech bde).

1 AD bde.

Div tps: each div 1 arty, 1 engr bde, 1 recce bn.
EQUIPMENT:
MBT: 157: 60 T-55, 97 Vickers Mk 3.
LIGHT TANKS: 100 Scorpion.
RECCE: 20 Saladin, el 20 AML-60,60 AML-90,55 Fox.
APC: 10 Saracen, 300 4K-7FA.
TOWED ARTY: 105mm: 200 M-56; 122mm: 200 D-30/-74; 155mm: 24 FH-77B.
SP ARTY: 155mm: 25 Palmaria.
MORTARS: 81mm: 200.
RCL: 84mm: Carl Gustav, 106mm: M-40A1.
AD GUNS: 20mm: some 60; 23mm: ZU-23, 30 ZSU-23-4 SP; 40mm: L/60.
SAM: 48 Blowpipe, 16 Roland.

NAVY: 5,000.
BASES: Apapa (Lagos; HQ Western Command), Calabar (HQ Eastern Command), Warri, Port Harcourt.
FRIGATES: 2:

1^tAradu (Ge Meko-360) with 1 Lynx hel, 2x3 ASTT; plus 8 x Otomat SSM, 1 127mm gun.

1^tObuma (trg) with hel deck; plus 1x2102mm guns.
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS: 54:
CORVETTES: 3:

2^tErinomi (UK Vosper Mk 9) with 1x2 ASW mor.

1 Otobo (UK Vosper Mk 3) (in Italy, refitting to PCO).
MISSILE CRAFT: 6:

3 Ekpe (Ge Lurssen-57) PFM with 4 Otomat SSM.

3 Siri (Fr Combattante) with 2x2 MM-38 Exocet SSM (in France refitting).
PATROL, INSHORE: 45: 4 Makurdi (UK Brooke Marine 33-m), some 41 PCI<.
MINE WARFARE: 2 Ohue (mod lt Lerici) MCC.
AMPHIBIOUS: 2 Ambe (Ge) LST, capacity 220 tps,
SUPPORT AND MISCELLANEOUS: 7: 1 survey, 5 tugs, 1 nav trg.

NAVAL AVIATION:
HELICOPTERS: 2 Lynx Mk 89 MR/SAR.

AIR FORCE: 9,500; 95 cbt ac, 15 armed hel.
FGA/FIGHTER: 3 sqn:

1 with 21 Alpha Jet (FGA/trg);

1 with ^t6 MiG-21MF, ^t4 MiG-21U, ^t12 MiG-21B/FR.

1 with 115 Jaguar (12 -SN, 3 -BN).
COIN/TRAINING: 23 L-39MS, 12 MB-339AN.
ATTACK HELICOPTERS:^t 15 Bo-105D.
MR/SAR: 1 sqn with: AIRCRAFT:^t 2 F-27MR (armed);

HELICOPTERS: 4 Bo-105D.
TRANSPORT: 2 sqn with 6 C-130H, 3 -H-30, 3 Do-228 (VIP), 5 G-222.
PRESIDENTIAL FLT: 1 Boeing 727, 1 Falcon, 1 BAe 125-700, 2 Gulfstream.
LIGHT TPT: 3 sqn with 18 Do-28D, 18 Do-128-6.
HELICOPTERS: incl 4 AS-322, 4 Bo-105CB, 2 SA-330.
TRAINING: AIRCRAFT:^t 25 Bulldog;

HELICOPTERS: 14 Hughes 300.
MISSILES: AAM: AA-2 Atoll.

FORCES ABROAD:
LIBERIA: some 5,000; contingent forms major part of ECOWAS force.
SIERRA LEONE: 800.
UN AND PEACE-KEEPING:

ANGOLA (UNAVEM II): Observers.

IRAQ/KUWAIT (UNIKOM): 7 Observers.

PARAMILITARY:
COAST GUARD: 10 PCI(, some 60 boats.
PORT SECURITY POLICE: 12,000.
SECURITY AND CIVIL DEFENCE CORPS (Ministry of Internal Affairs):

Police: 1 BAR 125-800 UR-416 APC; 1 Cessna 500, 3 Piper (2 Navajo, 1 Chieftain) ac, 4 Bell (2 -212, 2 -222) hel;

68 small craft, 7 hovercraft (5 AV Tiger).

RWANDA

TOTAL ARMED FORCES: (all services form part of the Army):
ACTIVE: 5,200.

ARMY: 5,000.

1 cdo bn.

1 recce, 8 inf, 1 engr coy.
EQUIPMENT:
RECCE: 12 AML-60, 16 VBL M-11.
APC: 16 M-3.
MORTARS: 81mm: 8.
RL: 83mm: Blindicide.
ATK GUNS: 57mm: 6.
AVIATION:

TRANSPORT: 2 C-47, 1 Do-27Q-4.

HELICOPTERS: 2 SE-3160.

AIR: 200; 2 cbt ac, no armed hel.
COIN: 2 R-235 Guerrier.
TRANSPORT: 2 BN-2, 1 N-2501, 1 Falcon 50 (VIP).
LIAISON: 5 SA-316, 6 SA-342L hel.

PARAMILITARY:
GENDARMERIE: 1,200.

SENEGAL

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: 9,700.
Terms of service: conscription, 2 years selective.
RESERVE: exists, no details known.

ARMY: 8,500 (mostly conscripts).

4 Military Zone HQ.

1 armd bn.

6 inf bn.

1 AB bn.

1 cdo bn.

1 arty bn.

1 engr bn.

1 Presidential Guard (horsed).

3 construction coy.
EQUIPMENT:
RECCE: 10 M-8, 4 M-20, 30 AML-60, 27 -90.
APC: some 16 Panhard M-3, 12 M-3 half-track.
TOWED ARTY: 18: 75mm: 6 M-116 pack; 105mm: 6 M-101/HM-2; 155mm: e6 Fr Model-50.
MORTARS: 81mm: 8; 120mm: 8 Brandt.
ATGW: Milan.
RL: 89mm: LRAC.
AD GUNS: 20mm: 21 M-693; 40mm: 12 L/60.

NAVY: 700.
BASES: Dakar, Casamance.
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS: 10:
PATROL COASTAL: 2:

1 Fouta (Dk Osprey) PCC.

1 Njambuur (Fr SFCN 59-m) PFC.
INSHORE: 8:

3 Senegal II PFI<.

2 Challenge (UK Tracker) PFI<.

3 Saint Louis (Fr 48-m) PCI.
AMPHIBIOUS: craft only; 2 LCT, 2 LCM.

AIR FORCE: 500; 9 cbt ac, no armed hel.
COIN: 1 sqn with 5 CM-170, 4 R-235 Guerrier.
MR/SAR: 1 EMB-111.
TRANSPORT: 1 sqn with 6 F-27-400M, 2 MH-1521. 1 PA-23 (liaison).
HELICOPTERS: 2 SA-318C, 2 SA-330, 1 SA-341H.
TRAINING: 2 Raltye 160, 2 -235A.

FORCES ABROAD:
UN AND PEACE-KEEPING:

ANGOLA (UNAVEM II): 7 Observers.

IRAQ/KUWAIT (UNIKOM): Observers.

PARAMILITARY:
GENDARMERIE: 12 VXB-170 APC.
CUSTOMS: 2 PCI<, boats.

FOREIGN FORCES:
FRANCE: 1,200: 1 marine inf regt, MR and tpt ac/hel.

SEYCHELLES

TOTAL ARMED FORCES: (all services form part of the Army):
ACTIVE: 1,300.

ARMY: 1,000.

1 inf bn (3 coy).

2 arty tps.

Spt coy.
EQUIPMENT:
RECCE: 6 BRDM-2, ~8 Shorland.
APC: 4 BTR-152.
TOWED ARTY: 122mm: 3 D-30.
MRL: 122mm: 2 BM-21.
MORTARS: 82mm: 6 M-43.
RL: RPG-7.
SAM: 10 SA-7.

MARINE: 200.
BASE: Port Victoria.

PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS: 6:
COASTAL: 1 Topaz (Fr Sirius).
INSHORE: 5:

1 Andromache (It Pichiotti 42-m) PFI

1 Zoroaster (Sov Turya, no foils or TT) PFI.

2 Zhuk PFI<, 1 PCI<.
AMPHIBIOUS: craft only; 1 LCT.

AIR: 100. 1 cbt ac, no armed hel.
MR: 1 BN-2 Defender.
LIAISON: 1 Citation 5, 1 R-235E.
HELICOPTERS: 2 Chetak
TRAINING: 1 Cessna 152, 1 Rallye 235E.

PARAMILITARY:
PEOPLE'S MILITIA: 800.

SIERRA LEONE

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: 3,150.

ARMY: 3,000.

2 inf bn.

1 SF bn (State Security Division).

2 arty bty.

1 engr sqn.
EQUIPMENT:
RECCE: 4 Saladin.
APC: 10 MOWAG Piranha.
MORTARS: 81mm.
RCL: 84mm: Carl Gustav.
SAM: SA-7.
AVIATION:

HELICOPTERS: 2 AS-355, 1 Bo-105.

NAVY: ~150.
BASE: Freetown
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS: 3
2 Ch Shanghai II PFI.
1 Swiftships 32-m PFI.
AMPHIBIOUS: craft only; 3 LCU<.

FORCES ABROAD:
LIBERIA: ~700; contingent forms part of ECOWAS force.

FOREIGN FORCES:
NIGERIA: 800.

SOUTH AFRICA

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: (Full Time Force and National Service) 72,400 (incl 8,000 Medical Service; 36,400 white conscripts; 3,700 women).
Terms of service: 12 months National Service for whites, followed by 12 years part-time service in Citizen Force (CF)

(in any 2-year period of call-up, duty not to exceed 60 days trg).

There after continued voluntary service in CF (to age 55) or 5 years with no commitment in Active Citizen Force Reserve.

Then may be allocated to Commandos to age 55 with annual commitment of 12 days.

Races other than whites volunteer for Full Time Force, National Service and Commandos but are not conscripted.
RESERVES: Citizen Force 360,000: Active Citizen Force Reserve: 135,000: Commandos ~140,000.

ARMY: ~49,900. Full Time Force 18,900 (12,000 White, 5,400 Black and Coloured; ~1,500 women). National Service: ~31,000.
FULL TIME FORCE (FT):
13 army (area) comd.

1 AB bde (1 FT, 1 trg, 2 CF AB bn, 1 CF arty bn with 120mm mor).

SF: 5 recce coy (4 FT, 1 CF)
9 inf bn (2 coloured, 7 black)
Training Units (all with cbt capability)

2 armd bn

9 inf bn (8 white (2 mech, 6 mot), 1 black (mot))

2 arty regt

1 AD arty regt

1 engr regt.
RESERVES:
CITIZEN FORCE (CF):
1 Corps HQ. (FT administered)

3 div (each 1 armd, 2 mech bde) (bdes: armd: 2 armd regt, 2 mech inf bn; mech: 3 inf bn; all 1 armd recce, 1 arty, 1 engr regt).
Indep units:

2 armd recce regt; 2 AD regt

16 inf bn; 3 engr regt

2 arty regt
COMMANDOS: Some 250 inf bn home defence units.
EQUIPMENT:
MBT: some 250 Centurion/Olifant 2B.
RECCE: 1,600 Eland-60/-90, Ferret Mk-2, some Rooikat.
AIFV: 1,500 Ratel-20/-60/-90.
APC: 1,500 Buffel, Casspir, Wolf.
TOWED ARTY: 350 incl: 25-pdr (88mm): 30; 5.5-in (140mm): 75 G-2; 155mm: 40+ G-5.
SP ARTY: 155mm: 10+G-6.
MRL: 130 incl: 127mm: 120 Bataleur (40 tube), Valkiri 22 SP (24 tube); some Valkiri 5 towed.
MORTARS: 81 mm: 4,000 (incl some SP); 120mm: + 120.
ATGW: SS-11, 120 ENTAC, Swift (some SP).
RCL: 106mm: M-40A1 reported.
ATK GUNS: 90mm: M-67.
AD GUNS: 500: 20mm: GAI, Ystervark SP; 35mm: 150 GDF-002 twin; 40mm: 25 L/60.
SAM: 20 Cactus (Crotale), 30 Tigercat (manned by Air Force).

Some captured SA-7/-8/-9/-13/-14 SAM and ZU-23-2 AA guns may be in service.

NAVY: 4,500, (900 conscripts; ~300 women).
Naval HQ; Pretoria.
Three Flotillas: Submarine, Strike, Mine Warfare.
BASES: Simonstown, Durban, Walvis Bay.
SUBMARINES: 3 Maria Van Riebeek (Fr Daphne) with 550mm TT.
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS: 9:
MISSILE CRAFT: 9 Jan Smuts (Is Reshef) with 6 Skerpioen (Is Gabriel) SSM(3 in reserve).
MINE WARFARE: 9:

1 Kimberley (UK 'Ton') MHC.

3 Wahisbaai (UK 'Ton') MSC.

4 Umzimkulu MHC.

1 diving spt.
SUPPORT AND MISCELLANEOUS: 4: 2 AOR, each with 2 hel and extempore amph capability (perhaps 200 tps), 1 AGHS,

1 Antarctic tpt with 2 hel (operated by Dept of Economic Affairs).

AIR FORCE: 10,000 (3,000 conscripts; ~400 women); 259 cbt ac, 14+ armed hel.
2 Territorial Area Comds, Air Defence, Tac Spt, Log, Trg Comd.
FGA: 7 sqn.

5 with 75 Impala II;

1 with 29 Mirage F-1AZ;

1 with 12 Cheetah E;
FTR: 1 sqn: 1 with 14 Mirage F-1 CZ;
EW: 1 sqn with 4 Boeing 707-320 (ELINT/tkr).
MR: 1 sqn with 8C-47;
TRANSPORT: 3 sqn:

1 with 7 C-130B, 9 C-160Z;

1 (VIP) with 4 HS-125 (civil registration), 2 King Air 200, 1 Citation.

1 with 1 Viscount 781 (civil registration), 19 C-47, 4 DC-4.
HELICOPTERS: 7 sqn with 63 SA-316/-319 (some armed), 63 SA-330.
LIAISON/FAC: 1 sqn with 34 AM-3C.
TRAINING COMMAND (incl OCU): 5 schools:

AIRCRAFT: 12 C-47, *14 Cheetah D, 130T-6G Harvard IIA/III (80 to be updated), *115 Impala I.

HELICOPTERS: 30 SE-3130, 7 SA-316.
MISSILES:

ASM: AS-11/-20/-30.

AAM: R-530, R-550 Magic, AIM-9 Sidewinder, V-3C Darter, V-3A/B Kukri.

SAM: 20 Cactus (Crotale), 54 Tigercat, SA-8/-9/-13.

MEDICAL SERVICE: 8,000 (1,500 conscripts; 1,500 women). A separate service within SADF, organized territorially to support all three services.

PARAMILITARY:
SOUTH AFRICAN POLICE: 60,000; Police Reserves: 37,000.

Coast guard to form; 7 MR ac planned.

OPPOSITION:
AFRICAN NATIONAL CONGRESS (ANC): combat wing Umkhonto we Sizwe: (MK) perhaps 10,000 trained; upto 250 based in Angola.
PAN AFRICANIST CONGRESS (PAC): Azanian People's Liberation Army: perhaps 350.

HOMELANDS
Each homeland has its own armed forces, not included in South African data. Currency in all cases is the South African Rand.

BOPHUTHATSWANA
Population: 2,352,000.
ARMED FORCES: 83,100

1 inf bn.

1 AB/SF unit (coy-).

2-3 indep inf coy gp.

Air Wing: 1 recce, 1 lt tpt, 1 hel fit.
EQUIPMENT:
APC: Buffalo.
MORTARS: 81mm.
AIRCRAFT: 2 C-212-200, 2 P-68, 1 PC-7.
HELICOPTERS: 1 AS-355, 2 BK-117, 2 SA-316.

CISKEI
Population: 1,025,000.
ARMED FORCES: ~1,000:

1 inf bn.

1 AB coy
EQUIPMENT:
APC: Buffalo.
MORTARS: 81mm.
AIRCRAFT: 2 BN-2, 1 IA1-1124 (VIP), 2 Skyvan.
HELICOPTERS: 3 BK-117, 1 Bo-105.

TRANSKEI
Def bdgt 1985/6: R 203m.
Population: 4,367,000.
ARMED FORCES: ё2,000:

1 inf bn.

1 SF regt: 1 SF coy, AB coy, mounted sqn, marine gp.

Air wing.
EQUIPMENT:
MORTARS: 81mm.
AIRCRAFT: 2 C-212.
HELICOPTERS: 2 BK-117.

VENDA
Def bdgt 1984/5: R 257.19m.
Population: 665,000.
ARMED FORCES: ~900:

1 inf bn.

Engr tp.

Air wing.
EQUIPMENT:
APC: Buffalo.
MORTARS: 81mm.
HELICOPTERS: 2 BK-117, 1 SA-316B.

TANZANIA

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: 46,800 (perhaps 20,000 conscripts).
Terms of service: national service incl civil duties, 2 years.
RESERVE: 10,000: armed elm of Citizen's Militia.

ARMY: 45,000 (some 20,000 conscripts).

3 div HQ.

8 inf bde.

1 tk bde.

2 fd arty bn, 2 AA arty bn (6 bty).

2 mor bn.

2 ATK bn.

1 SAM bn with SA-3, SA-6.
EQUIPMENT:^t
MBT: 30 Ch Type-59, 30 T-62.
LIGHT TANKS: 30 Ch Type-62, 36 Scorpion.
RECCE: 20 BRDM-2.
APC: 45 BTR-40/-I52, 30 Ch Type-56.
TOWED ARTY: 76mm: 45 ZIS-3; 85mm: 80 Ch Type-56; 122mm: 200 D-30,20 Ch Type-54; 130mm: 50 Type-59.
MRL: 122mm: 50 BM-21.
MORTARS: 82mm: 300 M-43; 120mm: 50 M-43.
RCL: 75mm: 540 Ch Type-52.
AD GUNS: 14.5mm: 280 ZPU-2/-4; 23mm: 40 ZU-23; 37mm: 120 Ch Type-55.
SAM: 9 SA-3, 12 SA-6, SA-7.

NAVY: 800.
BASES: Dar es Salaam, Zanzibar, Mwanza (Lake Victoria - 4 boats).
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS: 21:
TORPEDO CRAFT: 4 Ch Huchuan PHT< with 2 533mm TT.
PATROL, INSHORE: 17: 6 Ch Shanghai II PFI, some 11 PCI<, (4 in Zanzibar).
(Note: Spares are short; some vessels are not operational.)

AIR FORCE: 1,000; 24 cbt ac, no armed hel^t.
FIGHTER: 3 sqn with 3 Ch J-4, 10 J-6, 11 J-7.
TRANSPORT: 1 sqn with 5 DHC-5D, 1 Ch Y-5.
HELICOPTERS: 4 AB-205.
LIAISON: 7 Cessna 310, 2 -404, 5 PA-28, 1-32 ac; 2 Bell 206B hel.
TRAINING: 2 MiG-15UTI, 5 PA-28.

PARAMILITARY:
POLICE FIELD FORCE: 1.400.
POLICE AIR WING: 1 Cessna U206 ac; 2 AB-206A, 2 -B,2 Bell 47G, 2 Bell 206L hel.
POLICE MARINE UNIT: (100).
CITIZEN'S MILITIA: 100,000.

TOGO

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: some 5,100.
Terms of service: conscription, 2 years (selective).

ARMY: 4,800.

2 inf regt:

1 with 1 mech bn, 1 mot bn;

1 with 2 armd sqn, 3 inf coy; spt units (trg).

1 Presidential Guard regt: 2 bn (1 cdo), 2 coy.

1 para cdo regt: 3 coy.

1 spt regt: 1 fd arty bty; 2 AD arty bty; 1 log/tpt/engr bn.
EQUIPMENT:
MBT: 2 T-54/-55.
LIGHT TANKS: 9 Scorpion.
RECCE: 6 M-8, 3 M-20,3 AML-60, 7 -90, 36 EE-9 Cascavel, 2 VBLM-11.
APC: 4 M-3A1 half-track, 30 UR-416.
TOWED ARTY: 105mm: 4 HM-2.
MORTARS: 82mm: 20 M-43.
RCL: 57mm: 5 ZIS-2; 75mm: 12 Ch Type-52/-56; 82mm: 10 Ch Type-65.
AD GUNS: 14.5mm: 38 ZPU-4; 37mm: 5 M-39.

NAVY: 100.
BASE: Lome.
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS: 2
INSHORE: 2 Mono PFI<.

AIR FORCE: 250; 16 cbt ac, no armed hel.
COIN/TRAINING: 5 Alpha Jet, 4 CM-170, 4 EMB-326G, 3 TB-30.
TRANSPORT: 2 Baron, 2 DHC-5D, 1 Do-27, 1
F-28-1000 (VIP), 1 Falcon 10 (VIP), 2 Reims-Cessna 337.
HELICOPTERS: 2 SA-313B, 2 SA-315, 1 SA-330.

PARAMILITARY:
GENDARMERIE (Ministry of Interior): 750; 1 trg school, 2 regional sections, 1 mobile sqn.

UGANDA

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: ~70,000
NATIONAL RESISTANCE ARMY (NRA).

6 bde, plus some bn.
EQUIPMENT^
MBT: some T-54/-55.
APC: some BTR-60, 4 OT-64 SKOT.
TOWED ARTY: 76mm: 60 M-1942; 122mm: 20 M-1938.
MORTARS: 82mm; 120mm: Soltam.
ATGW: 40 AT-3 Sagger.
AD GUNS: 14.5mm: ZPU-1/-2/-4; 23mm: ZU-23; 37mm: M-1939.
SAM: SA-7.

AVIATION: 19 cbt ac, 2 armed hel.
FGA: 8 MiG-17F.
FIGHTER: 5 MiG-21MF.
TRAINING: 5 L-29, 5 P-149D, 4* S-211, 6 SF-260, 2* -260W.
HELICOPTERS: ATTACK: 2 AB-412.

TRANSPORT: 1 Bell 47, 3 Bell 205, 5 Bell 206, 3 Bell 214, 2 Mi-8.
LIAISON: 2 PA-23, 11 Super Cub.

POLICE AIR WING:
AIRCRAFT: 1 DHC-2, 1 DHC-4, 1 DHC-6.
HELICOPTERS: 2 Bell 206, 4 Bell 212.

OPPOSITION:
HOLY SPIRIT MOVEMENT: ~500, small arms only.

ZAIRE

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: 50,700 (incl Gendarmerie).
ARMY: 22,000.

3 Military Regions.

1 inf div (3 inf bde).

1 para bde (3 para, 1 spt bn) (2nd forming).

1 SF (cdo/COIN) bde.

2 Presidential Guard bde.

1 indep armd bde.

2 indep inf bde (each 3 inf bn, 1 spt bn).
EQUIPMENT:
MBT: some 60 Ch Type-62, 20 Ch Type-59.
RECCE:^t 200 AML-60, 60 -90.
APC: 12 M-113, 12 YW-531, 60 M-3.
TOWED ARTY: 75mm: 30 M-116 pack; 85mm: 20 Type 56; 122mm: 20 M-1938/D-30, 30 Type 60; 130mm: 8 Type 59.
MRL: 107mm: 20 Type 63; 122mm: BM-21.
MORTARS: 81 mm; 107mm: M-30; 120mm: 50 Brandt.
RCL: 57mm: M-18; 75mm: M-20; 106mm: M-40A1.
AD GUNS: 14.5mm: ZPU-4; 37mm: M-1939; 40mm: L/60.
SAM: SA-7.

NAVY: 1,200 incl marines.
BASES: Banana (coast), Boma, Matadi, Kinshasa (all river), Kalemie (Lake Tanganyika - 4 boats).
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS: 2:
INSHORE: 2 ChShanghai II PFI.
RIVERINE: Boats only.
MARINES: 600.

AIR FORCE: 2,500; 28 cbt ac, no armed hel.
FGA/FIGHTER: 1 sqn with 7 Mirage 5M, 1 -5DM.
COIN: 1 sqn with 8 MB-326 GB, 6 -K, 6 AT-6G.
TRANSPORT: 1 wing with 1 Boeing 707-320, 1 BN-2, 8 C-47, 5 C-130H, 3 DHC-5.
HELICOPTERS: 1 sqn with 1 AS-332,7 SA-316,9 SA-330.
LIAISON: 6 Cessna 31 OR, 2 Mu-2J (VIP).
TRAINING: incl 12 Cessna 150, 3 -310, 9 SF-260C ac; 6 Bell 47 hel.

PARAMILITARY:
GENDARMERIE: 25,000 (to be 27,000); 40 bn.
CIVIL GUARD: 10,000.

ZAMBIA

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: ~18,000.

ARMY: ~16,000.

1 armd regt (incl 1 armd recce bn).

9 inf bn (3 Reserve).

3 arty bty, 2 AA arty bty.

1 engr bn.
EQUIPMENT:
MBT: 10 T-54/-55, 20 Ch Type-59.
LIGHT TANKS: 30 PT-76.
RECCE: 88 BRDM-1/-2.
APC: 13 BTR-60.
TOWED ARTY: 76mm: 35 M-1942; 105mm: 18 Model 56 pack; 122mm: 25 D-30; 130mm: 25 M-46.
MRL: 122mm: 50 BM-21.
ATGW: AT-3 Sagger.
RCL: 57mm: 12M-18; 75mm: M-20; 84mm: Carl Gustav.
AD GUNS: 20mm: 50 M-55 triple; 37mm: 40 M-1939; 57mm: 55S-6O; 85mm: 16 KS-12.
SAM: SA-7.

AIR FORCE: ~2,000; 81 cbt ac, some armed hel.
FGA: 1 sqn with 12 Ch J-6;
FIGHTER: 1 sqn with 12 MiG-21MF^t.
COIN/TRAINING: 5 Galeb G-2, 4 Jastreb J-1, 18 MB-326GB, 20 MFI-17, 8 SF-260MZ.
RECCE: 2 Jastreb RJ-1E.
TRANSPORT: 1 sqn with 4 An-26, 4 C-47, 2 DC-6B, 5 DHC-5D;
VIP: 1 fit with 1 HS-748, 3 Yak-40.
LIAISON: 6 Do-28.
TRAINING: 10 CJ-6, 2 MiG-21U^t.
HELICOPTERS: 1 sqn with 13 AB-205A, 2 AB-212, 7 Mi-8.
LIAISON HELICOPTERS: 15 AB-47G.
MISSILES:

ASM: AT-3 Sagger.

SAM: 1 bn; 3 bty: SA-3 Goa.

PARAMILITARY:
POLICE MOBILE UNIT (PMU): 700; 1 bn of 4 coy.
POLICE PARAMILITARY UNIT (PPMU): 500; 1 bn of 3 coy

ZIMBABWE

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: 54,600.
Terms of service: conscription; length unknown.
ARMY: 51,600.

7 bde HQ (incl 1 Presidential Guard).

1 armd regt.

26 inf bn (incl 3 Guard, 1 mech, 1 cdo, 2 para, 1 mounted).

2 arty regt (1 fd, 1 AD).

1 engr spt regt.
EQUIPMENT:
MBT: 8 T-54, 35 Ch T-59.
RECCE: 90 EE-9 Cascavel (90mm gun), 28 AML-90 Eland.
APC: 10 YW-531, ~40 UR-416, 50+ Crocodile.
TOWED ARTY: 122mm: 18 Ch Type-60, 12 Ch Type-54.
MRL: 107mm: 40 Ch Type-63.
MORTARS: 81mm: L16; 120mm: 4.
RCL: 106mm: 12 M-40A1.
AD GUNS: 14.5mm: ZPU-1/-2/-4; 23mm: ZU-23; 37mm: M-1939.
SAM: SA-7.

AIR FORCE: 3,000; 81 (64) cbt ac, no armed hel; (est number op in parentheses).
FGA/COIN: 2 sqn:

1 with 10 Hunter FGA-90, 1 T-81(7);

1 with 6 Hawk Mk 60 (2).
FIGHTER: 3 sqn with 48 Ch J-7 (48).
COIN/RECCE: 1 sqn with 16 Reims-Cessna 337 Lynx (7).
TRAINING/RECCE/LIAISON: 1 sqn with 13 SF-260C/W Genet, 5 SF-260TP (10).
TRANSPORT: 1 sqn with 7 BN-2, 11 C-212-200 (1 VIP), 7 C-47.
HELICOPTERS: 2 sqn:

1 with 6 AB-205, 10 SA-316 (4 all types);

1 with 10 AB-412 (VIP) (4).

FORCES ABROAD:
MOZAMBIQUE: some 3,000-8,000 (varies).
UN AND PEACE-KEEPING:

ANGOLA: (UNAVEM II) Observers.

PARAMILITARY:
ZIMBABWE REPUBLIC POLICE FORCE, incl Air Wing: 15,000.
POLICE SUPPORT UNIT: 3,000.
NATIONAL MILITIA: 20,000.

Asia and Australia

CHINA

Political Developments

The Sino-Soviet rapprochement, which was initiated during the visit made by President Gorbachev to Beijing just before the events in Tiananmen Square in June 1989, has continued with a growing number of high-level political and military reciprocal visits.

Talks aimed at settling outstanding border problems and co-ordinating border military force reductions take place regularly. The fourth, round of talks ended on 9 July 1991. The Soviet Union announced that the island of Damanskiy and other islands on the Amur river (the border running north-west from Khabarovsk) and the Ussuri river (the border running south from Khabarovsk) were handed over to China in May 1991.

The Chinese are interested in buying Soviet military equipment, particularly aircraft, and the USSR is keen to sell. It is reported that China will buy 24 Su-27 fighters.

Throughout the Gulf crisis China played a full role in the deliberations of the UN Security Council. It did not use its veto and voted for the majority of the resolutions passed, abstaining only on Resolution 678 (authorizing the use of 'all necessary means' to implement unconditional Iraqi withdrawal from Kuwait) and Resolution 686 (the initial post-war resolution). China has provided 20 observers in UNIKOM. China has come under increasing international pressure to restrict its arms sales, particularly of ballistic missiles, and also exports of nuclear technology. Before 1991 it had sold ballistic and coastal defence missiles to Iran, Iraq and Saudi Arabia. It is also reported to have transferred missile technology to Pakistan. In early 1991 it was suspected of selling SSM to Syria, but has denied any such intention and none have been delivered. China is helping Algeria to construct a nuclear reactor with an estimated output far exceeding that needed for research purposes.

China attended the meeting of officials of the permanent members of the UN Security Council, held in Paris in July to discuss the question of the control of arms exports. The meeting agreed that the Middle East should be an area free of weapons of mass destruction and called for a freeze on the deployment of ballistic missiles. China has also stated that, 'it is studying and considering the question of accession to the NPT with a positive action'.

Military Developments

It has been reported that China has abandoned the construction of further Xia SSBN and, instead, is planning the development of a larger and more modern ballistic missile submarine.

Information has allowed us to revise the ground forces order of battle, particularly the number of divisions in each group army and military region. The number of group armies remains the same at 24 but a further four infantry divisions have been identified. The new order of battle indicates a higher strength in the Beijing, the central Jinan and western Lanzhou Military Regions and a lower strength in the southern regions of Chengdu and Guangzhou than previously assessed.

Little new information is available on the weapons holdings of Chinese forces. The Army is credited with a helicopter holding of 30 Z-9 (Chinese-produced version of French AS-365N Dauphin which could be armed with ATGW), eight SA-342 with HOT ATGW and 24 S-70 (a version of the US UH-60 Blackhawk) transferred from the Air Force. The Navy has completed the modernization of a second Luda destroyer and now has at least four helicopter equipped ships. Over the last four to five years, a force of some 80 Lienyun coastal minesweepers not previously reported in The Military Balance has been built up. The Naval Air Force is credited with 50 additional Q-5 FGA aircraft.

Китай

Политические события

Китайско-советское сближение, начатое в ходе визита президента Горбачева в Пекин незадолго до событий на площади Тяньаньмэнь в июне 1989 года, продолжилось ростом числа взаимных политических и военных визитов высокого уровня.

Регулярно проводятся переговоры, направленные на урегулирование остающихся пограничных проблем и координацию сокращения пограничных вооруженных сил. Четвертый раунд переговоров завершился 9 июля 1991 года. Советский Союз объявил, что остров Даманский и другие острова на реке Амур (граница, идущая на северо-запад от Хабаровска) и реке Уссури (граница, идущая на юг от Хабаровска) были переданы Китаю в мае 1991 года.

Китайцы заинтересованы в покупке советской военной техники, в частности самолетов, а СССР стремится продавать. Сообщается, что Китай закупит 24 истребителя Су-27.

На протяжении всего кризиса в Персидском заливе Китай играл полную роль в обсуждениях Совета Безопасности ООН. Он не воспользовался своим правом вето и проголосовал за большинство принятых резолюций, воздержавшись лишь по резолюции 678 (санкционирующей использование "всех необходимых средств" для осуществления безоговорочного ухода Ирака из Кувейта) и резолюции 686 (первоначальная послевоенная резолюция). Китай предоставил 20 наблюдателей в ИКМООНН. Китай подвергается все большему международному давлению с целью ограничить свои продажи оружия, в частности баллистических ракет, а также экспорт ядерных технологий. До 1991 года он продавал баллистические ракеты и ракеты береговой обороны Ирану, Ираку и Саудовской Аравии. Сообщается также о передаче Пакистану ракетных технологий. В начале 1991 года его подозревали в продаже БР Сирии, но он отрицал любое такое подозрение и ни одно из них не было доказано. Китай помогает Алжиру строить ядерный реактор, предполагаемый объем производства которого значительно превышает объем, необходимый для исследовательских целей.

Китай принял участие в совещании должностных лиц постоянных членов Совета Безопасности ООН, состоявшемся в Париже в июле для обсуждения вопроса о контроле за экспортом оружия. Участники совещания согласились с тем, что Ближний Восток должен быть районом, свободным от оружия массового уничтожения, и призвали к замораживанию развертывания баллистических ракет. Китай также заявил, что "изучает и рассматривает вопрос о присоединении к ДНЯО с позитивными действиями".

Военные события

Сообщалось, что Китай отказался от дальнейшего строительства ПЛАРБ Xia и вместо этого планирует разработку более крупной и современной подводной лодки с баллистическими ракетами.

Информация позволила нам пересмотреть боевой порядок сухопутных войск, в частности количество дивизий в каждой группе армий и военного округа. Численность групповых армий остается прежней на уровне 24, но были определены еще четыре пехотные дивизии. Новое боевой расписание указывает на более высокую силу в Пекинском, Центральном Цзинаньском и западном Ланьчжоу военных районах и более низкую силу в южных районах Чэнду и Гуанчжоу, чем ранее оценивалось.

Мало новой информации имеется о запасах оружия китайских вооруженных сил. Армии приписывают вертолетный парк из 30 Z-9 (китайская версия французского AS-365N Dauphin, которая может быть вооружена ПТРК), восемь SA-342 с ПТРК HOT и 24 S-70 (версия американского UH-60 Blackhawk), переданных из ВВС. Военно-морской флот завершил модернизацию второго эсминца Luda и теперь имеет не менее четырех вертолетоносных кораблей. За последние четыре-пять лет было создано около 80 береговых минных тральщиков Lienyun, о которых ранее не сообщалось в военном балансе. Военно-Морским Силам приписывают 50 дополнительных самолетов Q-5 FGA.

CHINA

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: some 3,030,000 (perhaps 1,350,000 conscripts, some 136,000 women), being reduced.
Terms of service: selective conscription; Army, Marines 3 years; Navy, Air Force 4 years.
RESERVES: 1,200,000+ militia reserves being formed on a province-wide basis.

STRATEGIC MISSILE FORCES:
OFFENSIVE (Strategic Rocket Units): (90,000).
MISSILES: org in 6 army with bde/regt; org varies by msl type.
ICBM: 8:

2 CSS-4 (DF-5); mod tested with MIRV.

6 CSS-3 (DF-4).
IRBM: 60 CSS-2 (DF-3), some updated.
SUBMARINES: 1:
SSBN: 1 Xia with 12 CSS-N-3 (J-1).
(Note: Chinese SSBN programme is continuing, but extremely slowly.

No further Xia-class are expected but a new design is believed to be close to construction.)
DEFENSIVE:
(a) Tracking stations: Xinjiang (covers central Asia) and Shanxi (northern border).
(b) Phased-array radar complex. Ballistic missile early warning.

ARMY: 2,300,000 (perhaps 1,075,000 conscripts), (reductions continue).
7 Military Regions (MR), 28 Military Districts, 3 Garrison Comd.
24 Integrated Group Armies (GA, equivalent to Western corps) each (43,500 tps) org varies, normally with 3 inf div, 1 tk, 1 arty, 1 AD bde.
Summary of Combat units:

84 inf div (incl 1 mech 'all arms').

10 armd div (normally 3 regt, 323 MBT).

7 field, 4 AD arty div.

14 indep armd, 21 indep fd arty, 28 indep AA bde.

50 indep engr regt.

6 Rapid Deployment Force bn.
Avn: 3 group hel bn (2 more forming).
AB (manned by Air Force):

1 corps of 3 div.

1 indep div.

Spt tps.
EQUIPMENT:
MBT: some 7,500-8,000: T-54, 6,000 Type-59, 200 T-69 (mod Type-59), some Type-79, Type-80 reported.
LIGHT TANKS: 1,200 Type-63 amph, 800 Type-62.
AIFV: WZ-501, YW-307/-309.
APC: 2,800 Type-531 C/-D/-E, YW-534, Type-85 (YW-531H), Type-55 (BTR-40), -56 (BTR-152), -63, Type-77-1/-2 (Sov BTR-50PK amph); Type-523.
TOWED ARTY: 14,500: 100mm: Type-59 (fd/ATK), Type-86; 122mm: Type-54, Type-60, Type-83, D-30; 130mm: Types-59/-59-1;

152mm: Type-54, Type-66, Type-83.
SP ARTY: 122mm: Type-54-1 (Type-531 chassis), Type-85; 152mm: Type-83.
MRL: 3,800: 107mm: Types-63 towed /-81 SP (being replaced by 122mm); 122mm: Type-81, Type-83; 130mm: Type-63, Type-70 SP, Type-82, Type-85;

140mm: BM-14-16; 273mm: Type-83; 284mm: Type-74 minelayer, 320mm: WS-1; 425mm: Type-762 mine clearance.
MORTARS: 82mm: Type-53 (incl SP); 120mm: Type-55 (incl SP); 160mm: Type-56.
SSM: M-9 (range 500km); M-11 (range 120-150km; under development - in service ~1990).
ATGW: HJ-73 (Sagger-type), HJ-8 (TOW/Milan-type).
RCL: 75mm: Type-52, Type-56; 82mm: Type-65.
RL: 90mm: Type-51.
ATK GUNS: 57mm: Type-55; 76mm: Type-54; 100mm: Type-73, Type-86.
AD: GUNS: 15,000: incl 23mm: (ZSU-23 type); 37mm: Types-55/-65/-74, -63 twin SP; 57mm: Types-59, -80 SP; 85mm: Type-56; 100mm: Type-59.
SAM: HN-5, HN-5A/-C (SA-7 type); HQ-61 twin SP.
HELICOPTERS: 30 Z-9,8 SA-342 (with HOT), 24 S-70.
RESERVES: (undergoing radical reorganization on a provincial basis) perhaps 600,000: ~54 inf div.

DEPLOYMENT:
North-East: Shenyang MR (Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning MD): 5 GA, 2 msl army, 3 armd, 15 inf, 1 arty div.
North: Beijing MR (Beijing, Tianjin Garrison Comds; Nei Monggol, Hebei, Shanxi MD): 6 GA, 1 msl army, 2 armd, 20 inf, 1 AB (Air Force), 2 arty, 2 AD div.
West: Lanzhou MR (incl Ningxia, Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai, Xinjiang, South Xinjiang MD): 2 GA, 2 msl army, 1 armd, 12 inf div.
South- West: Chengdu MR (incl Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan, Xizang MD): 2 GA, 1 msl army, 7 inf, 1 arty div.
South: Guangzhou MR (Hubei, Hunan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan): 2 GA, 6 inf, 1 arty, 1 AD div;
Centre: Jinan MR (Shandong, Henan, MD): 4 GA, 2 armd, 13 inf, 3 AB (Air Force), 1 arty div;
East: Nanjing MR (Shanghai Garrison Comd; Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian, Jiangxi, Anhui MD): 3 GA, 2 armd, 11 inf, 1 arty, 1 AD div.

NAVY: ~260,000 incl Coast Defence (27,000), Marines (6,000) and Naval Air (25,000) (some 35,000 conscripts);
SUBMARINES: 94:
STRATEGIC SUBMARINES: 1 SSBN.
TACTICAL SUBMARINES: 92
SSN: 4 Han with 533mm TT.
SSG: 1 modified Romeo (Type ES5G), with 6 C-801 (YJ-6, Exocet derivative) SSM; plus 533mm TT.
SS: 87:

3 Improved Ming (Type ES5E) with 533mm TT.

84 Romeo (Type ES3B)^t with 533mm TT.

(Note: probably only 34 Romeo-c\zs& operational).
OTHER ROLES: 1 Go//(SLBM trials)
PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS: 56:
DESTROYERS: 19:

2 modified Luda with 1x3 CSS-N-2 Hai Ying-2 (HY-2 Styx derivative) SSM, 1x2 130mm guns, 1 Z-9A (Fr Dauphin) hel (OTHT), 2x3 ASTT.

15 Luda (Type-051) (ASUW) with 2x3 HY-2 SSM, 2x2 130mm guns; plus 2x12 ASW RL

2 Anshan (Sov Gordy)^t with 2 SSM, 2x2 130mm guns.
FRIGATES: 37:

26 Jianghu; 4 variants:

About 13 Type I, with 4x5 ASW RL, plus 2x2 HY-2 SSM, 2 100mm guns.

About 9 Type II, with 2x5 ASW RL, plus 2x2 HY-2, 2x2 100mm guns.

About 2 Type III, with 2x3 ASTT, plus 8 C-801 SSM, 2x2 100mm guns.

About 2 Type IV, with 1 Z-9A hel, 2x5 ASW RL, 2 x HY-2 SSM, 1 100mm gun.

2 Jiangdong with 2x5 ASW RL, 2x2 CSA-NX-2 SAM, 2x2 100mm guns.

5 Jiangnan with 2x5 ASW RL, 3 100mm guns.

4 Chengdu with 1x2 HY-2 SSM, 3 100mm guns.
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS: About 869:
MISSILE CRAFT: 215:

some 125 Huangfeng/Hola (Sov Osa-I-type) with 4 HY-2 or 8 C-801 SSM.

About 90 Hegu/Hema (Komar-Type) with 2 HY-2 or 4 C-801 SSM.
TORPEDO CRAFT: About 160: 100 Huchuan, 60 P-6, all< with 2 533mm TT.
PATROL About 494:
COASTAL 106:

4 Haijui with 3x5 ASW RL

90 Hainan with 4 ASW RL.

12 Sov Kronshtadt with 2 ASW RL.
INSHORE: 343: 290 Shanghai, about 3 Type-206 PFI, about 50<.
RIVERINE: about 45 <.
(Note: some minor combatants have reportedly been assigned to paramilitary forces - People's Armed Police, border guards,

the militia and to the Customs Service - or into store. Totals therefore may be high.)
MINE WARFARE: 128:
MINELAYERS: 1 Beleijan reported. In addition Luda, Anshan, Jiangnan and Chengdu class DD/FF, Hainan, Kronshtadt and Shanghai PC and T-43 MSO

have minelaying capability.
MCM: 127:

35 Sov T-43 MSO.

2 Wosao CI MSC.

About 80 Lienyun aux MSC.

10 Fushun MSI; plus about 60 unmanned drone MSI<.
AMPHIBIOUS: 61:

3 Yukan LST, capacity about 200 tps, 10 tk.

13 Shan (US LST-1) LST, capacity about 150 tps, 16 tk.

30 Yuliang, 1 Yuling, 4 Yudao LSM, capacity about 100 tps, 3 tk.

10 Hua (US LSM-1), capacity 50 tps, 4 tk.

Plus about 400 craft: 320 LCU, 40 LCP, 10 LCT and some hovercraft.
SUPPORT AND MISCELLANEOUS: About 150: incl: 2 Fuqing AO, 30 AOT, 1 AFS, 9 submarine spt, 2 repair, 9 Qiong Sha tps tpt, 30 tpt,

33 survey/research/experimental, 2 icebreakers, 25 ocean tugs, 1 trg.

COASTAL REGIONAL DEFENCE FORCES: (27,000).
~35 indep arty and SSM regt deployed in 25 coastal defence regions to protect naval bases, offshore islands and other vulnerable points.
GUNS: 85mm, 100mm, 130mm.
SSM: CSS-C-2 (Hai Ying 2 variant, Silkworm).

MARINES: (Naval Infantry): (some 6,000).

1 bde.

Special recce units.
RESERVES: On mob to total 8 div (24 inf, 8 tk, 8 arty regt), 2 indep tk regt.

(3 Army div also have an amph role.)
EQUIPMENT:
MBT: T-59.
LIGHT TANKS: T-60/-63, PT-76.
APC: Type-531, LVT; some Type-77.
ARTY: how: 122mm: Type-54 (incl -54-1 SP).
MRL: Type-63.

NAVAL AIR FORCE: (25,000); 880 shore-based cbt ac, 65 armed hel.

Org in 3 bbr, 6 ftr div, incl:
BOMBERS: some 30 H-6, some H-6D reported with C-601 anti-ship ALCM.

About 130 H-5 torpedo-carrying lt bbr.
FGA: some 100 Q-5.
FIGHTER: some 600, incl J-5/-6/-7.
RECCE: H-5.
MR/ASW: 15 ex-Sov Be-6 Madge, 5 PS-5 (Y-8 mod).
HELICOPTERS: ASW: 15 SA-321, 40 Z-5, 10 Z-9.
MISCELLANEOUS: some 60 lt tpt ac; JJ-5/-6 trg ac.
ALCM: FL-1/C-601.
Naval fighters are integrated into the national AD system.

DEPLOYMENT AND BASES:
NORTH SEA FLEET: Coastal defence from Korean border (Yalu River) to south of Lianyungang (approx 35R10'N);

equates to Shenyang, Beijing and Jinan Military Regions; and to seaward.

BASES: Qingdao (HQ), Dalian (Luda), Huludao, Weihai, Chengshan. 9 coastal defence districts.

FORCES: 2 submarine, 3 escort, 1 mine warfare, 1 amph sqn; plus Bohai Gulf trg flotillas. About 325 patrol and coastal combatants.
EAST SEA FLEET: Coastal defence from south of Lianyungang to Dongshan (35*10'N to 23*30'N approx); equates to Nanjing Military Region,

And to seaward:

BASES: Shanghai (HQ), Wusong, Dinghai, Hangzhou. 7 coastal defence districts.

FORCES: 2 submarine, 2 escort, 1 mine warfare, 1 amph sqn. About 270 patrol and coastal combatants.

Marines: 1 cadre div.

Coastal Regional Defence Forces: Nanjing Coastal District.
SOUTH SEA FLEET: Coastal defence from Dongshan (approx 23*30'N) to Vietnam border; equates to Guangzhou Military Region,

and to seaward (including Paracel and Spratly Islands).

BASES: Zhanjiang (HQ), Shantou, Guangzhou, Haikou, Yulin, Beihai. Huangpu; plus outposts on Paracel and Spratly Is. 9 coastal defence districts.

FORCES: 2 submarine, 2 escort, 1 mine warfare, 1 amph sqn. About 320 patrol and coastal combatants.

Marines: 1 bde.

AIR FORCE: 470,000, incl strategic forces and 220,000 AD personnel (160,000 conscripts); some 4,970 cbt ac, few armed hel.

7 Military Air Regions, HQ Beijing.

Combat elm org in armies of varying numbers of air div (each with 3 regt of 3 sqn of 3 fit of 4-5 ac, 1 maint unit, some tpt and trg ac).

Tpt ac in regt only.
BOMBERS:
MEDIUM: 120 H-6 (some may be nuclear-capable). Some carry C-601 ASM.
LIGHT: Some 350 H-5 (some with C-801 ASM).
FGA: 500 Q-5.
FIGHTER: e4,000, incl 400 J-5, some 60 regt with about 3,000 J-6/B/D/E, 500 J-7, 100 J-8.
RECCE: ~40 HZ-5, 150 JZ-5, 100 JZ-6 ac.
TRANSPORT: some 600, incl 18 BAe Trident 1E/2E, 30 Il-14, 10 Il-18, 50 Li-2, 300 Y-5, 25 Y-7, 25 Y-8, 15 Y-11, 2 Y-12.
HELICOPTERS: some 400: incl 6 AS-332, 4 Bell 214, 30 Mi-8, 250 Z-5, 100 Z-6, 15 Z-8.
TRAINING: incl CJ-5/-6, HJ-5, J-2, JJ-2, JJ-4/-5/-6.
MISSILES:

AAM: PL-2/-2A, PL-5B Atoll-type, PL-7.

ASM: HOT: C-601 subsonic ALCM (anti-ship, perhaps HY-2 SSM derivative); C-801 surface skimmer.
AD ARTY:

16 div: 16,000 35mm, 57mm, 85mm and 100mm guns;

28 indep AD regts (100 SAM units with HQ-2/-2B, -2J (CSA-1), -61 SAM).

FORCES ABROAD:
UN AND PEACE-KEEPING:

MIDDLE EAST (UNTSO): 5 Observers.

IRAQ/KUWAIT (UNIKOM): 20 Observers.

PARAMILITARY: some 12,000,000,
Ministry of Public Security: People's Armed Police: (750,000).
29 div, 1,029 bn border/mtn/internal defence.

OTHER ASIAN AND AUSTRALASIAN COUNTRIES

Political Developments

India and Pakistan have signed two agreements. The first, signed in December 1990, committed both states to not attacking each other's nuclear installations. The second, signed on 6 April 1991, agreed to a series of confidence-building measures, including the question of violations of airspace and overflights, and advance notification of military movements and exercises.

The US decided to discontinue military aid to Pakistan as President Bush was unable to certify to Congress that Pakistan did not have unsafeguarded, military capable nuclear facilities. After months of negotiations the US and the Philippines have reached agreement on the future of US bases there. The eruption of Mount Pinatubo on 9 June 1991, which submerged Clark Air Base in volcanic ash, caused the US to abandon the base and the new agreement covers only the Subic Bay naval base. The US has negotiated a new ten-year lease; $553m will be paid in FY 1992 and $203m per year thereafter.

There are some grounds for optimism regarding the future of Cambodia. At the most recent meeting, held in Beijing in July 1991, agreement was reached on Cambodia's delegation to the UN and on the proposals for a UN monitoring mission. However a number of issues, including the future of the Hun Sen government's armed forces, remain to be resolved.

A conference was held in Jakarta in July 1991 to consider the rival claims to the Spratly Islands in the South China Sea. The conference, which was attended by representatives from Brunei, China, Malaysia, the Philippines, Taiwan and Vietnam, came to no substantive conclusions other than to agree that the problem should be resolved by negotiation and not by the use of military force.

North Korea has advised the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) that it has decided to accept the standard text of the IAEA safeguards agreement (North Korea acceded to the NPT in 1985). North Korea applied to join the United Nations on 29 May 1991 and South Korea followed suit on 5 August 1991.

Despite the visit of President Gorbachev to Tokyo in April 1991, Japan is no closer to recovering the four southern islands of the Kurile chain which the Soviet Union occupied at the end of the Second World War. The Japanese government declined an offer to observe a major Soviet naval exercise.

There was a mixed reaction to the Gulf crisis by the Muslim states in the region. Only Pakistan and Bangladesh sent ground forces to join the Coalition in Operation Desert Shield; these forces did not participate in the war to free Kuwait. Medical staff were provided by Singapore, South Korea and New Zealand, the last two also providing transport aircraft to assist the logistic effort of Coalition forces. Australia deployed a destroyer and a frigate with a support ship carrying a diving team to take part in enforcing the UN sanctions regime. Japan and South Korea both provided economic aid, Japanese aid totalling over $10bn was given mainly to the US to offset the cost of military operations. Bangladesh, Fiji, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Pakistan, Singapore and Thailand have all contributed observers to UNIKOM.

Military Developments

Fighting still continues between the government of Afghanistan and the Mujaheddin, with the latter having some success in the south where they now control the city of Khost. The Army has reduced its manpower strength by some 13,000 but has continued to receive military aid and equipment from the Soviet Union. Holdings of tanks have increased by 200 and of BMP AIFV by 150. There have been numerous incidents of the use of SSM by government forces and it is assessed that they could have as many as ten Scud and 12 FROG launchers. Air Force fighter strength has risen by 70 MiG-21 fighters.

Australia is conducting a further extensive reorganization of its armed forces; a Force Structure Review was published in May 1991 as a follow-up to the 1987 Defence White Paper. The main features of the review are: the Navy intends to be two-ocean based and aims to increase its destroyer/frigate force to 16 by the year 2010. Its Freemantle-class patrol boats will remain in service until early next century when their replacement by 12 offshore patrol vessels is proposed. A fleet of six submarines will be maintained but naval manpower is to be reduced by some 1,000 men. The Army's regular manpower will be reduced by some 5,200, the current strength of the reserves (26,000) will be maintained and a new category of 'ready reserves' some 3,200 strong will be introduced. The Army's two regular brigades will be based in Northern Australia. Air Force regular manpower will reduce by some 4,200 and a 'ready reserve' will be introduced, there are no plans for new aircraft procurement. During the last year some acquisitions have been made including: five more S-70B-2 ASW helicopters, nine F/A-18 fighters and three more B-707 tankers. The Navy has retired two Paramatta-class frigates.

The Bangladesh forces suffered heavy equipment losses in the cyclone of 29 April 1991. Full details of the damage are not available and only confirmed losses are reflected in The Military Balance. These include four torpedo craft and six coastal patrol craft. As many as three frigates may be seriously damaged. Aircraft losses are probably higher than the figures in The Military Balance suggest, as the Bangladesh Air Force took delivery of some 40 J-6/ JJ-6 during the last year. The Air Force also acquired 12 Su-7BM FGA aircraft from Iraq.

The Military Balance has revised its figures for Indian Army formations and now lists two more infantry divisions and seven more independent brigades (three armoured, two infantry and two artillery). The Military Balance 1990-91 credited the army with more helicopters than they hold. The Navy has taken delivery of a number of warships including: the eighth Sindhughosh submarine (anticipated by last year's entry), a Khukri-class frigate (with another expected by the end of the year), two Soviet-built Pauk corvettes and one Indian built Tarantul. The Soviet Charlie-class nuclear-powered SSGN, which was leased in 1989, was returned to the Soviet Union in January 1991. A third submarine of the Shishumar-class is expected to be delivered by the end of the year. Two Kamorta-class (Soviet Petya) frigates have been paid-off. Naval aircraft holdings have increased by four Harrier and five maritime reconnaissance aircraft (2 Il-38, 3 Tu-142). The Air Force's attack helicopter fleet has been more than doubled; there are now two squadrons each of 18 helicopters, one with Mi-25 the other with Mi-35.

The Indonesian Army has increased its APC holding by 140 more V-150 Commando and also has 20 Commando Ranger (another wheeled APC manufactured by Cadillac-Gage). Numbers can now be given for SAM which the Army has had since 1988/89; there are 25 Rapier and 40 RBS-70 fire units. The Navy has taken delivery of its sixth Van Speijk-class frigate from the Netherlands.

The Japanese Ground Self-Defense Forces inventory has increased. They have 40 more 155mm towed F-70s and have introduced a new tank, the Type 90 which mounts a 120mm gun, and their first AIFV, the Type 88, which mounts a 35mm cannon. The Maritime SelfDefense Force has commissioned two of a new class of submarine, the Harushio, and has relegated one Uzushio to a training role. Three new frigates have been commissioned, one Asagiri and two Abukuma. Maritime reconnaissance aircraft and ASW helicopter numbers in squadron service have both increased. At the end of the Gulf War a force of Japanese minesweepers was despatched to the Gulf where they joined other naval forces in clearing Iraqi mines.

In South Korea a Korean general is shortly to assume the command of UN ground forces while the overall command remains in US hands. The Navy has taken delivery of the first German-built T-209/1400 submarine and has commissioned one more Po Hang-class frigate. The Military Balance now shows a proportion of Korean FGA and fighter aircraft as being in store rather than in squadron service. After long negotiations the Korean Air Force has ordered 120 F-16 aircraft, 12 to be manufactured in the US, the remainder to be assembled and built under licence in Korea.

The Malaysian Army has acquired its first SAM: 48 Javelin and 12 Rapier fire units. In March, the Defence Minister announced a plan to form a divisional sized rapid deployment force with a balance of all arms including both armour and special forces. It should be operational by 1993.

Myanmar is reported to have placed orders for defence equipment worth around $1 bn with China. During the last year the armed forces have taken delivery of six Hainan-class patrol craft from China and six Super Galeb COIN aircraft from Yugoslavia. The first indigenously manufactured armoured vehicles have come into service: 30 Mazda reconnaissance vehicles and some Hino APCs.

The Pakistan Army has taken delivery of 200 Chinese Type-69 tanks. The Military Balance has been able to reassess artillery holdings which show an increase of some 200. The Navy has taken delivery of three more US-built Gearing-class destroyers. Last year The Military Balance overstated the number of Q-5 FGA aircraft and J-6 fighters held by the Air Force.

The Singapore Navy has taken delivery of three German-built Lurssen missile corvettes with three more still to be delivered. Bloodhound SAM have been retired.

The Sri Lankan Army is still engaged in heavy fighting with Tamil Tiger rebels south of Jaffna. Army strength has been increased by 20,000 men, and three additional infantry brigades and one Special Forces brigade formed, while the five 'task forces' have been disbanded. The Navy has taken delivery of three South Korean inshore patrol craft and the Air Force two FT-5 jet trainers and three more Bell 212 attack helicopters. The Air Force is expected to take delivery of F-7 aircraft.

Taiwan Army tank holdings have increased by 50 more M-48H; another 300 are due to be produced at the rate of 15 per month. The Navy has a further 20 Vosper-type 32m fast patrol craft. The French government is reported to have approved the sale of six unarmed frigates to Taiwan.

Thailand has abandoned its policy of buying Chinese weapons and is now looking mainly to the US for its needs which include M-60 and M-48A5 tanks which are being offered from US Army surplus stockpiles. The Navy has taken delivery of the first of four Chinese Jianghu-III-class frigates and has completed building the first Khamronsin corvette. Two more ships of this class are being built in the naval dockyard and are scheduled for delivery in 1991.

ДРУГИЕ СТРАНЫ АЗИИ И АВСТРАЛИИ

Политические события

Индия и Пакистан подписали два соглашения. Первое из них, подписанное в декабре 1990 года, обязывает оба государства не нападать на ядерные установки друг друга. Во втором документе, подписанном 6 апреля 1991 года, был согласован ряд мер укрепления доверия, включая вопрос о нарушениях воздушного пространства и пролетов, а также заблаговременное уведомление о передвижениях и учениях военных.

США решили прекратить военную помощь Пакистану, поскольку президент Буш не смог подтвердить конгрессу, что Пакистан не имеет незащищенных, военных ядерных объектов. После нескольких месяцев переговоров США и Филиппины достигли соглашения о будущем американских баз там. Извержение вулкана Пинатубо 9 июня 1991 года, которое погрузило авиабазу Кларк в вулканический пепел, заставило США отказаться от базы, и новое соглашение охватывает только военно-морскую базу Субик-Бей. США провели переговоры о новой десятилетней аренде; $553 млн будут выплачены в 1992 финансовом году и $ 203 млн в год после этого.

Есть некоторые основания для оптимизма относительно будущего Камбоджи. На самой последней встрече, состоявшейся в Пекине в июле 1991 года, была достигнута договоренность о делегации Камбоджи в ООН и о предложениях относительно миссии ООН по наблюдению. Однако ряд вопросов, включая будущее вооруженных сил правительства Хун Сена, еще предстоит решить.

В июле 1991 года в Джакарте была проведена конференция для рассмотрения конкурирующих претензий на острова Спратли в Южно-Китайском море. Конференция, в которой приняли участие представители Брунея, Китая, Малайзии, Филиппин, Тайваня и Вьетнама, не пришла ни к каким существенным выводам, кроме как согласиться с тем, что проблема должна решаться путем переговоров, а не путем применения военной силы.

Северная Корея уведомила Международное агентство по атомной энергии (МАГАТЭ) о том, что она решила принять стандартный текст соглашения о гарантиях МАГАТЭ (Северная Корея присоединилась к ДНЯО в 1985 году). Северная Корея подала заявку на вступление в Организацию Объединенных Наций 29 мая 1991 года, а Южная Корея последовала ее примеру 5 августа 1991 года.

Несмотря на визит президента Горбачева в Токио в апреле 1991 года, Япония не приблизились к восстановлению четырех южных островов Курильской гряды, которые СССР занял в конце Второй мировой войны. Японское правительство отклонило предложение наблюдать за крупными советскими военно-морскими учениями.

Мусульманские государства региона неоднозначно отреагировали на кризис в Персидском заливе. Только Пакистан и Бангладеш направили наземные силы, чтобы присоединиться к коалиции в операции "Щит пустыни"; эти силы не участвовали в войне за освобождение Кувейта. Медицинский персонал был предоставлен Сингапуром, Южной Кореей и Новой Зеландией, причем последние две страны также предоставили транспортные самолеты для оказания помощи в материально-техническом обеспечении коалиционных сил. Австралия развернула эсминец и фрегат с вспомогательным кораблем, несущим водолазную команду, чтобы принять участие в обеспечении соблюдения режима санкций ООН. Япония и Южная Корея оказали экономическую помощь, японская помощь на общую сумму более $10 млрд была предоставлена в основном США для компенсации расходов на военные операции. Бангладеш, Индия, Индонезия, Малайзия, Пакистан, Сингапур, Таиланд и Фиджи предоставили наблюдателей для ИКМООНН.

Военные события

Боевые действия между правительством Афганистана и моджахедами все еще продолжаются, причем последние добились определенных успехов на юге, где они теперь контролируют город Хост. Армия сократила свою численность примерно на 13 000 человек, но продолжала получать военную помощь и технику от Советского Союза. Численность танков увеличились на 200, а БМП - на 150 единиц. Имели место многочисленные инциденты использования БР правительственными силами, и, по оценкам, они могли иметь до десяти пусковых установок Scud и 12 FROG. Численность истребителей ВВС возросла на 70 истребителей МиГ-21.

Австралия проводит дальнейшую широкомасштабную реорганизацию своих вооруженных сил; обзор структуры сил был опубликован в мае 1991 года в качестве последующей меры по выполнению "Белой книги" по вопросам обороны 1987 года. Основные особенности обзора: военно-морской флот намерен базироваться в двух океанах и стремится увеличить свои силы эсминцев/фрегатов до 16 к 2010 году. Его патрульные катера класса Freemantle останутся на вооружении до начала следующего столетия, когда будет предложена их замена на 12 морских патрульных судов. Флот из шести подводных лодок будет сохранен, но морскую живую силу планируется сократить примерно на 1000 человек. Регулярная численность армии будет сокращена примерно на 5200 человек, сохранится нынешняя численность резервов (26 000 человек) и будет введена новая категория "готовых резервов" численностью около 3200 человек. Две регулярные бригады армии будут базироваться в Северной Австралии. Штатная численность ВВС сократится примерно на 4200 человек и будет введен "готовый резерв", планов по закупке новых самолетов нет. В течение прошлого года были сделаны некоторые приобретения, в том числе: еще пять вертолетов S-70B-2 ASW, девять истребителей F/A-18 и еще три танкера B-707. Флот отправил в отставку два фрегата типа Paramatta.

В результате циклона 29 апреля 1991 года силы Бангладеш понесли тяжелые потери в технике. Полная информация об ущербе отсутствует, и только подтвержденные потери отражаются в военном балансе. К ним относятся четыре торпедных катера и шесть береговых патрульных катеров. До трех фрегатов могут быть серьезно повреждены. Потери самолетов, вероятно, выше, чем предполагают цифры в военном балансе, поскольку ВВС Бангладеш приняли около 40 J-6/JJ-6 в течение прошлого года. ВВС также приобрели у Ирака 12 самолетов Су-7БМ.

Военный баланс пересмотрел свои цифры для индийских армейских формирований и теперь перечисляет еще две пехотные дивизии и семь отдельных бригад (три бронетанковые, две пехотных и две артиллерийских). The Military Balance 1990-91 приписывал армии больше вертолетов, чем они имеют. Военно-морской флот принял ряд военных кораблей, включая: восьмую подводную лодку Sindhughosh (ожидаемую в прошлом году), фрегат типа Khukri (с другим, ожидаемым к концу года), два советских корвета Pauk и один индийской постройки Tarantul. Советская ПЛАРК типа Charlie, которая была арендована в 1989 году, была возвращена Советскому Союзу в январе 1991 года. Ожидается, что к концу года будет поставлена третья подводная лодка типа Shishumar. Выведены два фрегата типа Kamorta (советский Petya). Военно-морские авиационные запасы увеличились на четыре Harrier и пять морских разведывательных самолетов (2 Ил-38, 3 Ту-142). Парк ударных вертолетов ВВС увеличился более чем в два раза; в настоящее время имеется две эскадрильи из 18 вертолетов, одна с Ми-25, другая с Ми-35.

Индонезийская армия увеличила свой парк БТР на более чем 140 V-150 Commando, а также имеет 20 Commando Ranger (еще один колесный БТР производства Cadillac-Gage). Теперь можно дать численность ЗРК, которые армия имела с 1988/89 года; есть 25 Rapier и 40 RBS-70 огневых единиц. Военно-морской флот принял шестой фрегат типа Van Speijk из Нидерландов.

В Сухопутных войсках самообороны Японии увеличен инвентарь. Они имеют еще 40 155-мм буксируемых F-70 и ввели новый танк, Тип 90, который вооружен 120-мм пушкой, и их первая БМП, Тип 88, которая вооружена 35-мм пушкой. Морские Силы самообороны ввели в строй две подводные лодки нового типа Harushio и отвели одну из них на учебную роль. Введены в строй три новых фрегата: один Asagiri и два Abukuma. Количество морских разведывательных самолетов и противолодочных вертолетов на службе эскадрилий увеличилось. В конце войны в Персидском заливе силы японских тральщиков были отправлены в залив, где они присоединились к другим военно-морским силам в очистке иракских мин.

В Южной Корее корейский генерал вскоре примет командование сухопутными войсками ООН, в то время как общее командование остается в руках США. Военно-морской флот принял поставку первой немецкой подводной лодки Т-209/1400 и ввел в эксплуатацию еще один фрегат типа Po Hang. Военный баланс теперь показывает, что доля корейских ИБ и истребителей находится в запасе, а не на службе эскадрилий. После долгих переговоров корейские ВВС заказали 120 самолетов F-16, 12 из которых будут произведены в США, а остальные будут собраны и построены по лицензии в Корее.

Малазийская армия приобрела свой первый ЗРК: 48 Javelin и 12 Rapier огневых единиц. В марте министр обороны объявил о плане формирования дивизионных сил быстрого развертывания с балансом всех вооружений, включая бронетехнику и спецназ. Он должен быть введен в эксплуатацию к 1993 году.

Мьянма, как сообщается, разместила заказы на оборонное оборудование на сумму около $1 млд. с Китаем. В течение последнего года Вооруженные силы приняли шесть патрульных кораблей типа Hainan из Китая и шесть самолетов Super Galeb из Югославии. На вооружение поступили первые отечественные бронемашины: 30 разведывательных машин Mazda и несколько БТР Hino.

Пакистанская армия приняла 200 китайских танков Type-69. Военный баланс переоценил запасы артиллерии, которые показывают увеличение приблизительно на 200. Военно-морской флот принял еще три построенных в США ЭМ типа Gearing. В прошлом году военный баланс завышал количество самолетов Q-5 FGA и истребителей J-6 в ВВС.

В военно-морской флот Сингапура поставили ракетные корвета три немецкой постройки верфей Lurssen, еще три, которые еще предстоит выполнить. ЗРК Bloodhound был отправлен в отставку.

Армия Шри-Ланки по-прежнему ведет ожесточенные бои с тамильскими повстанцами-Тиграми к югу от Джафны. Численность армии была увеличена на 20 000 человек, и были сформированы три дополнительные пехотные бригады и одна бригада специального назначения, в то время как пять "оперативных групп" были расформированы. Военно-морской флот принял три южнокорейских береговых патрульных кораблей и ВВС два реактивных учебных самолетов FT-5 и еще трех ударных вертолетов Bell 212. Ожидается, что ВВС примут самолеты F-7.

Численность танков тайваньской армии увеличились еще на 50 М-48H; еще 300 должны быть произведены по 15 в месяц. Военно-морской флот имеет еще 20 быстроходных патрульных кораблей типа 32м Vosper. Сообщается, что французское правительство одобрило продажу Тайваню шести невооруженных фрегатов.

Таиланд отказался от своей политики покупки китайского оружия и теперь ищет в основном США для своих нужд, которые включают танки M-60 и M-48A5, которые предлагаются из избыточных запасов армии США. Военно-морской флот принял первый из четырех китайских фрегатов Jianghu-III и завершил строительство первого корвета Khamronsin. Еще два корабля этого класса строятся на военно-морской верфи и планируется к сдаче в 1991 году.

AFGHANISTAN

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: 45,000.
Terms of service: Males 15-40: conscription 2 years followed by a break of 3 years, then another 2 years.
RESERVES: No formal force identified; call-up from ex-servicemen, Youth League and tribesmen from age 20 to age 40.

ARMY: 40,000 (mostly conscripts).*

5 corps HQ.

16 inf div.

3 armd bde.

5 Special Guard bde.

1 mech inf div/bde.

5 cdo bde.

1 arty bde.
EQUIPMENT:
MBT: 800: 500 T-54/-55, 300 T-62.
LIGHT TANKS: 60 PT-76.
RECCE: 75 BRDM-1/-2.
AIFV: 400 BMP-1/-2.
APC: 850 BTR-40/-60/-70/-80/-152.
TOWED ARTY: 2,000+: 76mm: M-1938, M-1942; 85mm: D-48; 100mm: M-1944; 122mm: M-30, D-30; 130mm: M-46; 152mm: D-1, D-20, M-1937(ML-20).
MRL: 122mm: BM-21; 140mm: BM-14; 220mm: BM-22. .
MORTARS: 1,000+: 82mm: M-37; 107mm; 120mm: 100 M-43.
SSM: 10 Scud, 12 FROG-7 launchers.
ATGW: AT-1 Snapper, AT-3 Sagger.
RCL: 73mm: SPG-9; 82mm: B-10.
AD GUNS: 600+ 14.5mm; 23mm: ZU-23, 20 ZSU-23-4 SP; 37mm: M-1939; 57mm: S-60; 85mm: KS-12; 100mm: KS-19.
SAM: SA-7.

AIR FORCE: ~5,000 (incl AD comd); 253 cbt ac, 90 armed hel.^t
FGA: 9 sqn:

2 with 30 MiG-23;

7 with 80 Su-7/-17/-22.
FIGHTER: 7 sqn with 100 MiG-21F.
ATTACK HELICOPTERS: 8 sqn with 25 Mi-8, 35 Mi-17, 30 Mi-25.
RECCE: 1 An-30.
TRANSPORT:
AIRCRAFT:

1 VIP sqn with 2 Il-18D;

2 sqn with 10 An-2, 10 An-12, 20 An-26, some An-32.
HELICOPTERS: 12 Mi-4.
TRAINING: 25* L-39, 18* MiG-21.
MISSILES:

AAM: AA-2.

AD: 1 div:

2 SAM bde (each 3 bn) with 115 SA-2, 110 SA-3;

1 AD arty bde (2 bn) with 37mm, 85mm, 100mm guns;

1 radar bde (3 bn).

PARAMILITARY:
BORDER GUARD (under Army): some 3,000; 10 'bde'.
WAD (KHAD) (Ministry of State Security): el 2,000.
TRIBAL MILITIAS: 60,000+.
SARANDOY (Ministry of Interior): ~12,000.

OPPOSITION:
Afghan resistance is a broad national movement.
The military elements, mujaheddin fighters, comprise numerous groups affiliated to either one of the seven parties of the Peshawar-based Resistance Alliance or one of the predominantly Shi'a groups based in Iran, plus a few indep groups. It is not possible to give accurate strengths; however of the Peshawar groups some 40,000 are reported to be active, supported by a further 120,000. Peshawar groups; leaders' names follow strengths.
TRADITIONALIST MODERATE:
NATIONAL LIBERATION FRONT (Jabhat-Nijdt-Milli): ~15,000. Sibghatullah Modjaddi.
NATIONAL ISLAMIC FRONT (Mahaz-Millin Islami): ~15,000. Sayyed Amhad Gailani.
ISLAMIC REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENT (Harakdt-Inqilab-hlami): ~25,000. Mohammed Nabi Mohammed.
ISLAMIC FUNDAMENTALIST:
ISLAMIC PARTY (Hizbi-Islami-Khalis): ~40,000. Yunis Khalis.
ISLAMIC PARTY (Hizbi-Islami-Gulbaddin): ~50,000. Gulbaddin Hekmatyar.
ISLAMIC UNION (Ittihdd-Islami): ~18,000. Abdul Rasul Sayyaf.
ISLAMIC SOCIETY (Jamiat Islami): ~60,000. Burhanuddin Rabani.
IRAN-BASED:
SAZMAN-E-NASR (some 50,000).
HARAKAT-E-ISLAMI (20,000).
PASDARAN-E-JEHAD (8,000).
HEZBOLLAH (4,000).
NEHZAT (4,000).
SHOORA-E-ITTEFAQ (some 30,000+).
EQUIPMENT: (predominantly captured): T-34, T-55 MBT; BMP MICV, BTR-40/-60 APC; 76mm guns; 122mm D-30 how; 107mm, 122mm MRL;

82mm M-41, 120mm mor, Milan ATGW; RPG-7 RL; 12.7mm, 14.5mm, 20mm AA guns; Blowpipe, Stinger, SA-7 SAM.

^b Actual strength suspect. Divisions reported to average 2,500 (about quarter strength). Desertion is common.

AUSTRALIA

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: 68,300 (incl 8,500 women).
RESERVES: 29,200. Army: 26,000; Navy. 1,600; Air 1,600.

ARMY: 30,300 (incl 3,100 women).
LAND COMD: 6 military districts, 1 northern comd.
Comd tps:

1 AD regt +

1 engr regt (construction)

1 avn regt.
1 SF regt (3 sqn)
1 inf div

1 mech bde (1 armd, 1 mech, 1 para inf bn)

2 inf bde (each 2 inf bn)

1 recce regt +

1 APC regt

3 arty regt (1 med, 2 fd)

1 engr regt +

1 avn regt (3 hel, 1 ac sqn).

(2 reserve inf bde see below)
RESERVES:
1 div HQ, 7 bde HQ, 2 recce regt, 1 APC regt plus 2 APC sqn, 15 inf bn, 1 cdo, S arty (1 med, 4 fd) regt, 1 fd arty bty, 4 engr (2 fd, 2 construction) regt,

3 regional surveillance units.
EQUIPMENT:
MBT: 103 Leopard 1A3.
AIFV: 53 M-113 with 76mm gun.
APC: 725 M-113 (incl variants, 205 in store), 15 LAV.
TOWED ARTY: 105mm: 142 M2A2/L5, 63 Hamel; 155mm: 34 M-198.
MORTARS: 81mm: 294.
ATGW: 10 Milan.
RCL: 84mm: 597 Carl Gustav, 106mm: 68 M-40A1.
SAM: 20 Rapier, 19 RBS-70.
AIRCRAFT: 13 GAF N-22B Missionmaster, 14 PC-6.
HELICOPTERS: 35 S-70 (Army/Air Force crews), 44 OH-58 Kalkadoon, 6 UH-1H (armed).
MARINE: 16 LCM, 85 LARC-5 amph craft.

NAVY: 15,700 (incl 900 Fleet Air Arm, 1,900 women).

Maritime Command, Support Command, 6 Naval Area cmd.
BASES: Sydney, NSW. (Maritime Command HQ). Base for: 4 SS, 3 DDG, 6 FF, 1 patrol, 1 LST, 1 AOR, 1 AGT, 2 LCT.

Cockburn Sound, WA. Base for. 2 SS, 3 FF, 3 patrol, 1 survey, 1 AOR.

Cairns, Qld: 5 patrol. 1 survey, 2 LCT

Darwin, NT: 6 patrol, 1 LCT.
SUBMARINES: 6 Oxley (mod UK Oberon)with Mk48 HWT and Harpoon SSM.
PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS: 10.
DESTROYERS: 3 Perth (US Adams) DDG with 1 SM-1MR SAM/Harpoon SSM launcher, plus 2x3 ASTT (Mk 46 LWT), 2 127mm guns.
FRIGATES: 7:

4 Adelaide (US Perry) FFG, with S-70B-2 Seahawk, 2x3 ASTT; plus 1 SM-1MR SAM/Harpoon SSM launcher.

2 Swan, 1 Paramatta FF with 2x3 ASTT; plus 2 114mm guns.
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS: INSHORE: 18: 15 Fremantle PFI, 3 Attack PCI (Reserve trg). (plus 2 PCC in store).
MINE WARFARE: 6:

2 Rushcutter MHI.

2 Bandicoot and 2 Brolga auxiliary MSI.
AMPHIBIOUS: 1 Tobruk LST, capacity 14 tk, 350 tps, hel deck.

Plus craft; 5 LCT, capacity 3 tk (1 more in store).
SUPPORT AND MISCELLANEOUS: 10: 1 Success (mod Fr Durance) AOR, 1 Westralia AO, 1 Protector sub trials and safety,

1 trg/log spt (ex-ferry), 2 AGHS, 4 small AGHS, (1 AGOR in store).

FLEET AIR ARM: (900); no cbt ac, 15 armed hel.
ASW: 1 hel sqn with 7 Sea King Mk 50/50A (ASW), 8 S-70B-2 (ASW/trg).
UTILITY/SAR: 1 sqn with 6 AS-350B, 3 Bell 206B; 1 with 2 BAe-748 (EW trg).

AIR FORCE: 22,300 (incl 3,500 women); 158 cbt ac, no armed hel.
FGA/RECCE: 2 sqn with 18 F-111C, 4 RF-111C.
FIGHTER/FGA: 3 sqn with 53 F-18 (50 -A, 3 -B).
TRAINING: 2 sqn with 46* MB-326H.
MR: 2 sqn with 19 P-3C.
OCU: 1 with 18*F-18B.
FAC: 1 fit with 4 CA-25 Winjeel.
TANKER: 4 Boeing 707.
TRANSPORT: 7 sqn:

2 with 24 C-130 (12 -E, 12 -H);

1 with 6 Boeing 707 (4 fitted for air-to-air refuelling);

2 with 21 DHC-4;

1 VIP with 5 Falcon-900.

1 with 10 HS-748 (8 for navigation trg, 2 for VIP tpt).
TRAINING: 42 PC-9 (increasing to 64 by Jan 1992), 45 CT-4/4A.
SUPPORT: 4 Dakota, 2 Nomad, 2 DHC-4.
MISSILES:

ASM: AGM-84A.

AAM: AIM-7 Sparrow, AIM-9L/M Sidewinder.

AD: Jindalee OTH radar: 1 experimental, 3 planned. 3 control and reporting units (1 mobile).

FORCES ABROAD:
MALAYSIA: Army: 1 inf coy (on 3-month rotational tours). Air Force: det with P-3C ac.
PAPUA NEW GUINEA: 100; trg unit, 1 engr unit, 85 advisers.
Advisers in Indonesia, Solomon Is., Vanuatu, Tonga, W. Samoa and Kiribati.
UN AND PEACE-KEEPING:

MIDDLE EAST (UNTSO): 13 Observers.

PARAMILITARY:
BUREAU OF CUSTOMS: 10 GAFN-22B Searchmaster MR ac; 6 boats.

FOREIGN FORCES:
US: Air Force: 270; Navy: 450, joint facilities at NW Cape, Pine Gapand Nurrungar.
NEW ZEALAND: Air Force: 6 A-4K/TA-4K (providing trg for Australian Navy).

BANGLADESH

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: 106,500.

ARMY: 93,000.

6 inf div HQ.

14 inf bde (some 26 bn).

1 armd bde(2 armd regt).

6 arty regt.

6 engr bn.
EQUIPMENT.
MBT: 20 Ch Type-59, 30 T-54/-55.
LIGHT TANKS: some 40 Ch Type-62.
TOWED ARTY: 105mm: 30 Model 56 pack,
50 M-101; 122mm: 20 Ch Type-54.
MORTARS: 81mm; 82mm: Ch Type-53; 120mm: 50 Ch Type-53.
RCL: 106mm: 30 M-40A1.
ATK GUNS: 57mm: 18 6-pdr; 76mm: 50 Ch Type-54.
AD GUNS: 37mm; 57mm.

NAVY:^t (following April 1991 cyclone) 7,500.
BASES: Chittagong (HQ), Dhaka, Khulna, Kaptai.
FRIGATES: 4:

1 Osman (ChJianghu IT) with 2x5 ASW mor, plus 2x2 CSS-N-2 Hai Ying-2 (HY-2) SSM, 2x2 100mm guns.

1 Umar Farooq (UK Salisbury) with 1x3 Squid ASW mor, 1x2 114mm guns.

2 Abu Bakr (UK Leopard) with 2x2 114mm guns.
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS:35:
MISSILE CRAFT: 8:

4 Durdarsha (ChHuangfeng) with 4 HY-2 SSM.

4 Durbar (Ch Hegu) PFMwith 2 HY-2 SSM.
TORPEDO CRAFT: 4 ChHuchuan PFT< with 2 533mm TT.
PATROL, COASTAL: 5:

2 Durjoy (ChHainan) with 4x5ASW RL.

2 Meghna fishery protection.

1 Shahjalal.
PATROL, INSHORE: 13:

8 Shahead Daulat (Ch Shanghai IT) PFI

2 Kamaphuli, 2 Padma, 1Bishkali PCI.
RIVERINE: 5 Pabna<.
AMPHIBIOUS: 1 Shahamanat LCU; plus craft: 4 LCT, 3 LCVP.
SUPPORT AND MISCELLANEOUS: 3: 1 coastal tanker, 1 repair, 1 ocean tug.

AIR FORCE:^t 6,000; 85 cbt ac, no armed hel.
A number of ac and hel were destroyed and many others were damaged during the cyclone in April 1991. The figures only indicate reported losses.
FGA: 3 sqn with 18 J-6/JJ-6, 16 Q-5, 12 Su-7BM (ex-Iraqi ac).
FIGHTER: 2 sqn with 17 J-7M, 16 MiG-21MF, 2 MiG-21U.
TRANSPORT: 1 sqn with 1 An-24, 4 An-26, 1 DHC-3.
HELICOPTERS: 3 sqn with 2 Bell 206L, 10-212, 6 Mi-8, 3 UH-1N.
TRAINING: 20 Ch CJ-6, 8 CM-170, 4*JJ-7, 4 MiG-15UTI, 3 Su-7U.

FORCES ABROAD:
UN AND PEACE-KEEPING:

IRAQ/KUWAIT (UNIKOM): 7 Observers.

PARAMILITARY:
BANGLADESH RIFLES: 30,000 (border guard); 37 bn.
ARMED POLICE: 5,000.
ANSARS (Security Guards): 20,000.

OPPOSITION:
SHANTI BAHINI (Peace Force), Chakma tribe Chittagong Hills, ~5,000.

BRUNEI

TOTAL ARMED FORCES: (all services form part of the Army): (Malays only eligible for service.)
ACTIVE: 4,250 incl 250 women.
RESERVES: Army: to be 900.

ARMY: 3,400.

2 inf bn (3rd forming).

1 armd recce sqn.

1 SAM bty: 2 tps with Rapier.

1 engr sqn.
EQUIPMENT:
LIGHT TANKS: 16 Scorpion.
APC: 24 Sankey AT-104, 26 VAB.
MORTARS: 81mm: Soltam.
SAM: 12 Rapier (with Blindfire).
RESERVES: 1 bn (forming).

NAVY: 550.
BASE: Muara.
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS: 6:
MISSILE CRAFT: 3 Waspada PFM with 2 MM-38 Exocet SSM.
PATROL 3 Perwira PFI<.
RIVERINE: Boats only.
AMPHIBIOUS: Craft only; 2 LCM<.

AIR FORCE: 300, 4 cbt ac, 7 armed hel.
COIN: 1 sqn with 7 Bo-105 armed hel.
HELICOPTERS: 1 sqn with 10 Bell 212, 1 -214 (SAR).
VIP tpt: 2 S-70 hel.
TRAINING:*4 SF-260W (COIN, trg) ac, 2 Bell 206B hel.

PARAMILITARY:
GURKHA RESERVE UNIT: 900+: 2 bn.
ROYAL BRUNEI POLICE: 1,750, 2 PCI<, boats.

FOREIGN FORCES:
UK: some 800. (Army) 1 Gurkha inf bn, 1 hel fit.
SINGAPORE: some 500: trg school incl hel det (5 UH-1).

CAMBODIA*

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: some 112,000 incl provincial and district forces.
Terms of service: conscription, 5 years; ages 18 to 35. Militia serve 3 to 6 months with Regulars.

ARMY: some 55,500.

5 Military Regions.

6 inf div.

3 indep inf regt.

1 cav regt.

4 tk bn.

Some indep recce, arty, AD bn.
EQUIPMENT:
MBT: 60 T-54/-55.
LIGHT TANKS: 10 PT-76.
APC: 170 BTR-60/-152, M-113.
TOWED ARTY: some 350: 76mm: M-1942; 122mm: M-1938, D-30; 130mm: Type 59.
MRL: 107mm: Type-63; 122mm: 8 BM-21; 132mm: BM-13-16; 140mm: 20 BM-14-16.
MORTARS: 82mm: M-37; 120mm: M-43; 160mm: M-160.
RCL: 82mm: B-10; 107mm: B-11.
AD GUNS: 14.5mm: ZPU 1/-2/-4; 37mm: M-1939; 57mm: S-60.
SAM: SA-7.

NAVY: ~1,000.
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS: 10^t:

2 Sov Turya PHT.

2 Sov Stenka PFI, 6<.

AIR FORCE: ~500. 17 cbt ac; no armed hel.
FIGHTER: 17 MiG-21.
TRANSPORT: 3 An-24, Tu-134.
HELICOPTERS: 11 Mi-8/-17.

PROVINCIAL FORCES: some 22,500.
Reports of at least 1 inf regt per province: with varying number of inf bn with lt wpn.
DISTRICT FORCES: some 32,500. Reports of at least 1 inf bn per district: lt wpn only.

PARAMILITARY: Some 50,000 Local Forces, org at village level for local defence, ~10-20 per village.

OPPOSITION:
COALITION GOVERNMENT OF DEMOCRATIC KAMPUCHEA (CGDK):
KHMER ROUGE (National Army of Democratic Kampuchea) some 30,000 org in 20 'bde': perhaps further 15,000 spt and log.
KAMPUCHEAN PEOPLE'S NATIONAL LIBERATION ARMED FORCES (KPNLAF): some 10-12,000 org in ~30 'bde'; e7 op sectors.
ARMEE NATIONALE SIHANOUKISTE (ANS): perhaps 15-18,000 org in 7 'bde', 6 'regt', ~5 op sectors.
EQUIPMENT: small arms, plus 12.7mm machine guns, 60mm, 82mm mor, RPG-7 RL, DK-75mm mor, RCL, SA-7 SAM reported.

FOREIGN FORCES:
VIETNAM: ~3,000 advisers.

^a Data largely est. Little reliable information available.

FIJI

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: 5,000 (incl recalled reserves).
RESERVES: some 5,000 (to age 45).

ARMY: 4,700 (incl reserves).

4 inf bn.

1 engr coy.
EQUIPMENT:
MORTARS: 81mm: 12.
RESERVES: 2 inf bn.

NAVY: 300.
BASE: Suva.
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS: 4:

2 Kikau PCC (US Redwing).

2 Lautoka PCI<.
SUPPORT AND MISCELLANEOUS: l Tovuto AGHS.

FORCES ABROAD: 1.100.
UN AND PEACE-KEEPING:

AFGHANISTAN/PAKISTAN (OSGAP): 1 adviser.

EGYPT (MFO): 400. 1 inf bn.

LEBANON (UNIFIL): 726; 1 inf bn.

IRAQ/KUWAIT (UNIKOM): 8 Observers.

INDIA

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: 1,265,000.
RESERVES: (obligation to age 60) Army 300,000. Territorial Army (volunteers) 160,000. Air Force strength n.k.

ARMY: 1,100,000.

HQ: 5 Regional Comd (= Fd Army), 10 Corps.

2 armd div (each 2/3 armed, 1 SP arty (2 SP fd, 1 med regt) bde).

1 mech div (each 3 mech (4/6 mech bn, 3 armd regt), 1 arty bde).

21 inf div (each 2-5 inf, 1 arty bde; some have armd regt).

11 mtn div (each 3-4 bde, 1 or more arty regt).

19 indep bde: 8 armd, 9 inf, 1 mtn, 1 AB/cdo.

5 indep arty bde.

5 AD bde.

4 engr bde.
These formations comprise:

56 tk regt (bn).

25 mech, 332 inf bn.

9 AB/cdo bn.

190 arty regt (bn): incl 1 hy, 5 MRL, 50 med (11 SP), 69 fd (3 SP), 39 mtn.

29 AD arty regt; perhaps 10 SAM gp (3-5 bty each).

7 sqn, 25 fit, Air Observation.

6 ATK/tpt, 4 liaison hel sqn.
EQUIPMENT:
MBT: 3,100 (~500 in store): some 500 T-55, 900 T-72/-M1, 1,700 Vijayanta.
LIGHT TANKS: 100 PT-76.
RECCE: BRDM-2.
AIFV: 800 BMP-1/-2 (Sarath).
APC: 400 OT-62/-64, 50 BTR-60.
TOWED ARTY: over 4,000 incl: 75mm/76mm: 900 75/24 mtn, 215 Yug M-48; 88mm: 1,000 25-pdr (retiring); 100mm: 185 M-1944;

105mm: some 800 (incl M-56 pack), some 100 IFG Mk II; 130mm: 550M-46; 140mm: 150 5.5-in (retiring); 155mm: 410 FH-77B.
SP ARTY: 105mm: 80 Abbot; 130mm: 100 mod M-46
MRL: 122mm: 80 BM-21.
MORTARS: 81mm: L16A1; 82mm: M-43; 120mm: 1,000 M-43; 160mm: 200 M-43.
ATGW: SS-11-B1,Milan, AT-3 Sagger, AT-4 Spigot.
RCL: 57mm: M-18; 84mm: Carl Gustav, 106mm: 1,000+ M-40A1.
AD GUNS 2,750: 23mm: 140 ZU 23-2, 75 ZSU-23-4 SP; 40mm: 1,245 L40/60, 790 L40/70; 94mm: 500 3.7-in.
SAM: 26 SA-6, 620 SA-7, 20 SA-8A/-B, SA-13, SA-16, 25 Tigercat launchers.
HELICOPTERS: 9 sqn with 50 Chetak, 40 Cheetah, 30 Krishnar Mk2.
RESERVES: Territorial Army: 30 inf bn.
DEPLOYMENT:
North - 1 Corps with 2 inf, 1 mtn div; 1 mtn, 1 indep inf, 1 indep arty bde. 1 Corps with 4 inf div; 2 indep armd, 1 indep inf, 2 indep arty bde.
West - 1 Corps with 1 armd, 1 mech div; 1 Corps with 2 inf div; 1 Corps with 3 inf div.
Central - 1 Corps with 1 armd, 2 inf div, plus 3 indep div (2 inf, 1 mtn).
East - 3 Corps each with 3 mtn div.
South'- 1 Corps with 4 inf div.

NAVY: 55,000, incl 5,000 Naval Air Force and 1,000 Marines.
PRINCIPAL COMMANDS: Western, Eastern, Southern. Sub-Commands: Submarine, Naval Air.
BASES: Bombay (HQ Western Cmd), Goa (HQ Naval Air), Lakshadweep (Laccadive Is), Karwar; Cochin (HQ Southern Cmd),

Visakhapatnam (HQ Eastern and Submarines), Calcutta, Port Blair (Andaman Is).
FLEETS: Western (based Bombay), Eastern (based Visakhapatnam).
SUBMARINES: 17:
SS: 17:

8 Sindhughosh (Sov Kilo) with 533mm TT.

2 Shishumar (Ge T-209/1500) with 533mm TT.

7 Kursura (Sov Foxtrot) with 533mm TT. (incl some 3 in reserve).
PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS: 28:
CARRIERS: 2:

1 Viraat (UK Hermes) (29,000t) CVV.

1 Vikrant (UK Glory) (19,800t) CVV.

Air group typically: ac: 8 Sea Harrier fighter/attack, hel: 8 Sea King ASW/ASUW (Sea Eagle ASM).
DESTROYERS:

5 Rajput (Sov Kashiri) DDG with 2x2 SA-N-1 Goa SAM; plus 4 SS-N-2C Styx SSM, 5 533mm TT, 2 ASW RL, 1 Ka-25 or 27 hel (ASW).
FRIGATES: 21:

3 Godavari FFH with 2 x Sea King hel, 2x3 ASTT; plus 4 SS-N-2C Styx SSM.

2 Talwar (UK Whitby) FFH with 3 SS-N-2A Styx, 1 Chetak hel.

6 Nilgiri (UK Leander) with 2x3 ASTT, 4 with 1x3 Limbo ASW mor, 1 Chetak hel, 2 with 1 Sea King, 1x 2 ASW RL; plus 2 114mm guns.

6 Kamorta (Sov Petya) with 4 ASW RL, 3 533mm TT.

3 Khukri (ASUW) with 4 Styx, hel deck.

1 Betwa (UK Leopard) (trg).
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS: 40:
CORVETTES: 13:

3 Vijay Durg (Sov Nanuchka II) with 4 SS-N-2B Styx SSM.

5 Veer (Sov Tarantul) with 4 Styx.

1 Vibhuti (similar to Tarantul) with 4 Styx.

4 Abkay (Sov Pauk) (ASW) with 4 ASTT, 2 ASW mor.
MISSILE CRAFT: 9 Vidyut (Sov Osa) with 4 Styx.
PATROL, OFFSHORE: 4 Sukanya PCO.
PATROL, INSHORE: 14: 12 SDB Mk 2/3, 2 Osa PFI.
MINE WARFARE: 22:
MINELAYERS: None, but Kamorta FF and Pondicherry MSO have minelaying capability.
MINE COUNTERMEASURES: 22:

12 Pondicherry (Sov Natya) MSO.

4 Bulsar (UK Ham) MSI.

6 Mahe (Sov Yevgenya) MSI<.
AMPHIBIOUS: 9:

1 Magar LST, capacity 200 tps, 12 tk, 1 hel.

8 Ghorpad (Sov Polnocny C) LSM, capacity 140 tps, 6 tk.

Plus craft; 7 Fasco da Gama LCU.
SUPPORT AND MISCELLANEOUS: 20:

2 Deepak AO, 1 AOE/R, 1 Amba (Sov Ugra) sub spt, 1 div spt, 2 ocean tugs, 4 AO sm, 4 Sandhayak and 4 Makar AGHS, 1 Tir trg.

NAVAL AIR FORCE: (5,000); 46 cbt ac, 75 armed hel.
ATTACK: 1 sqn with 21 Sea Harrier FRS Mk-51, 3 T-60 trg.
ASW: 6 hel sqn with 26 Chetak, 7 Ka-25, 10 Ka-28, 32 Sea King Mk 42A/B.
MR: 2 sqn: 9 BN-2,5 Il-38, 8 Tu-142M Bear F.
COMMUNICATIONS: 1 sqn with 5 BN-2 Islander, Do-228 ac; 3 Chetak hel.
SAR: 1 hel sqn with 6 Sea King Mk 42C.
TRAINING: 2 sqn: 6 HJT-16, 8 HPT-32 ac; 2 Chetak, 4 Hughes 300 hel.

MARINES: (~1,000);

1 regt (2nd forming).

AIR FORCE: 110,000, 630 cbt ac, 36 armed hel. 5 Air Comd.
BOMBERS: 1 lt bbr sqn with 9 Canberra.
FGA: 26 sqn:

5 with 80 Jaguar IS.

14 with 112 MiG-21 MF/PFMA.

3 with 54 MiG-23 BN/UM.

4 with 56 MiG-27.
FIGHTER: 17 sqn:

4 with 74 MiG-21 FL/U.

6 with 108 MiG-21bis/U.

2 with 26 MiG-23 MF/UM.

3 with 54 MiG-29/UB.

2 with 36 Mirage 2000H/TH.
MARITIME ATTACK: 8 Jaguar with Sea Eagle.
ATTACK HELICOPTERS: 2 sqn:

1 with 18 Mi-25;

1 with 18 Mi-35.
RECCE: 3 sqn:

1 with 8 Canberra PR-57;

1 with 6 MiG-25R, 2 MiG-25U;

1 with 4 HS-748.
MR/SURVEY: 2 Gulfstream IV SRA, 2 Learjet 29.
TRANSPORT:
AIRCRAFT: 12 sqn:

1 with 15 An-12B (being withdrawn);

6 with 108 An-32 Sutler,

1 with 16 BAe-748;

2 with 30 Do-228;

2 with 24 Il-76 Gajraj;
HELICOPTERS: 11 sqn with 80 Mi-8, 50 Mi-17, 10 Mi-26 (hy tpt).
VIP: 1 HQ sqn with 2 Boeing 707-337C, 4 Boeing 737, 7 BAe-748.
LIAISON: fit and det: 16 BAe-748, C-47.
TRAINING: 24 BAe-748, 7 Canberra T-4/-13/-67, 120 HJT-16, 57 Kiran II, 20 HPT-32, 60 HT-2, 20 Hunter T-66, 5* Jaguar IB, 5 MiG-29UB, 44 TS-11 ac;

20 Chetak, 2 Mi-24, 2 Mi-35 hel.
MISSILES:

ASM: Akash, AM-39 Exocet, AS-7 Kerry, AS-11B (ATGW), AS-30, Sea Eagle.

AAM: AA-2 Atoll, AA-7 Apex, AA-8 Aphid, AA-10 Alamo, AA-11 Archer, R-550 Magic, Super 530D.

SAM: 30 bn: 280 Divina V75SM/VK (SA-2), SA-3.

FORCES ABROAD:
UN AND PEACE-KEEPING:

ANGOLA (UNAVEM II): 6 Observers.

CENTRAL AMERICA (ONUCA): 22 Observers.

IRAQ/KUWAIT (UNIKOM): 8 Observers.

PARAMILITARY:
NATIONAL SECURITY GUARDS: 5,000: anti-terrorism contingency deployment force. Comprises elm of the Armed Forces, CRPF, Border Guard.
CENTRAL RESERVE POLICE FORCE (CRPF): (Ministry of Home Affairs) 100,000;

Reserves: 250,000; 70 bn, internal security duties and army first-line reserves.
BORDER SECURITY FORCE: (Ministry of Home Affairs) 140,000; some 120 bn, small arms, some lt arty, tpt/liaison air spt.
ASSAM RIFLES: (Ministry of Home Affairs) 15,000; 36 bn, security within north-eastern states.
LADAKH SCOUTS: 5,000.
INDO-TIBETAN BORDER POLICE: (Ministry of Home Affairs) 22,000; 22 bn.
SPECIAL FRONTIER FORCE: 10,000.
CENTRAL INDUSTRIAL SECURITY FORCE: (Ministry of Home Affairs) 55,000.
DEFENCE SECURITY FORCE: 30,000.
RAILWAY PROTECTION FORCES: 60,000.
PROVINCIAL ARMED CONSTABULARY: 250,000.
NATIONAL RIFLES: (being formed, to be 10,000).
COAST GUARD: 2,800,

PATROL CRAFT:41: 9 Vikram PCO, 6 Tarn Bai PCI, 5 Rajhans PFI, 13 Jija Bai PCI, 8<.

AVIATION: 3 air sqn with 9 Do-228, 2 Fokker F-27, 5 BN-2 Islanderac, 4 Chetak hel.

INDONESIA

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: 278,000.
Terms of service: 2 years selective conscription authorized.
RESERVES: 800,000: Army (planned): cadre units; numbers, strengths unknown, obligation to age 45 for officers.

ARMY: 212,000.
Strategic Reserve (KOSTRAD).

2 inf div HQ.

3 inf bde (9 bn).

3 AB bde (9 bn).

2 fd arty regt (6 bn).

1 AD arty regt (2 bn).

2 engr bn
10 Military Area Comd (KODAM)
(Provincial (KOREM) and District (KORIM) comd)

65 inf bn (inc 14 AB).

8 cav bn.

8 fd arty, 8 AD bn.

8 engr bn.

1 composite avn sqn, 1 hel sqn.
SF (KOPASSUS): 2 SF gp.
EQUIPMENT:
LIGHT TANKS: some 125 AMX-13, 30 PT-76^t.
RECCE: 60 Saladin, 45 Ferret.
APC: 200 AMX-VCI, 45 Saracen, 200 V-150 Commando, 20 Commando Ranger, 140 BTR-40, 25 BTR-50.
TOWED ARTY: 76mm: M48; 105mm: 170 M-101.
MORTARS: 81mm: 800; 120mm: 75.
RCL: 90mm: 90; 106mm: 45.
AD GUNS 20mm: 125; 40mm: 90 L/70; 57mm: 200 S-60.
SAM: 25 Rapier, 40 RBS-70.
AVIATION:

AIRCRAFT: 1 BN-2 Islander, 2 C-47, 4 NC-212, 2 Cessna -310,2 Commander 680,18 Gelatik (trg).

HELICOPTERS: 10 Bell 205, 13 Bo-105, 10 NB-412, 10 Hughes 300C (trg).
MARINE: LST: 1; LCU: 20 300f, 14 tpt.

NAVY: 42,000, incl el ,000 naval air and 12,000 marines.
PRINCIPAL COMMANDS:
WESTERN FLEET (HQ) Jakarta/Tanjung Priok: BASES: Jakarta, Tanjung Pinang (Riau Is.), Sabang (Sumatra).
EASTERN FLEET (HQ Surabaya); BASES: Surabaya, Manado (Celebes), Ambon (Moluccas).
MILITARY SEA TRANSPORT COMMAND: (KOLINLAMIL): Controls some amph and tpt ships used for inter-island comms.
SUBMARINES: 2 Cakra (Ge T-209/1300) with 533mm TT (Ge HWT).
FRIGATES: 17

6 Ahmad Yani (Nl Van Speijk) with 1 Wasp hel (ASW) (Mk 44 LWT), 2 x3 ASTT; plus 2 with 2x4 Harpoon SSM.

3 Fatahillah with 2x3 ASTT (not Nala), 1x2 ASW mor, 1 Wasp hel (Nala only); plus 2x2 MM-38 Exocet, 1 120mm gun.

3 M.K. Tiyahahu (UK Ashanti) with 1 Wasp hel, 1x3 Limbo ASW mor; plus 2 114mm guns.

4 Samadikun (US Claud Jones) with 2x3 ASTT, (probably 3 in store).

1 Hajar Dewantara (trg) with 2 533mm TT, 1 ASW mor; plus 2x2 MM-38 Exocet.
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS: 43:
MISSILE CRAFT: 4 Mandau PFM with 4 MM-38 Exocet SSM.
TORPEDO CRAFT: 2 Singa (Ge Lurssen 57-m) with 2 533mm TT.
PATROL 37:

COASTAL 3: 3 Tongkak (Ge Lurssen 57-m) PFC.

INSHORE: 34: 3 Yug Kraljevica,8 Siliman (Aus Attack) PCI, 5 Bima Samudera PHM, 18<.
MINE WARFARE: 2 Pulau Rengat (mod Nl Alkmaar) MCC (mainly used for coastal patrol).
AMPHIBIOUS: 14:

6 Teluk Semangka LST, capacity about 200 tps, 17 tk, 4 with 3 hel (2 fitted as comd ships and 1 as hospital ship).

1 Teluk Amboina LST, capacity about 200 tps, 16 tk.

7 Teluk Langsa (US LST-512) LST, capacity 200 tps, 16 tk.

Plus about 44 craft: 4 LCU, some 20 LCM, 20 LCVP.

(Note: 3 LST assigned to Mil Sea Tpt Comd.)
SUPPORT AND MISCELLANEOUS: 18: 1 Sorong AOR, 1 cmd/spt, 1 repair, 8 tpt (Mil Sea Tpt Comd), 1 ocean tug, 6 survey/research.

NAVAL AIR: (~1,000); 18 cbt ac, 15 armed hel.
ASW: 9 Wasp HAS-1 hel.
MR: 12 N-22 Searchmaster B, 6 Searchmaster L.
OTHER:
AIRCRAFT: incl 4 Commander, 4 NC-212; 2 Bonanza F33 (trg), 6 PA-38 (trg).
HELICOPTERS: 1 NAS-332F, *6 NBo-105, 2 SA-313.

MARINES: (12,000);

2 inf bde (6 bn);

1 cbt spt regt (arty, AD)
EQUIPMENT:
LIGHT TANKS: 80 PT-76.
RECCE: 20 BRDM.
AIFV: 10 AMX-10 PAC-90.
APC: 100:25 AMX-10P, 75 BTR-50P.
TOWED ARTY: 122mm: 40 M-38.
MRL: 140mm: BM-14.
AD GUNS: 40mm, 57mm.

AIR FORCE: 24,000, 81 cbt ac, no armed hel.

2 Air Operations Areas:
FGA: 2 sqn with 28 A-4 (26 -E, 2 TA-4H).

1 with 12 F-16(8 -A, 4 -B).
FIGHTER: 1 sqn with 14 F-5 (10 -E, 4-F).
COIN: 2 sqn: 1 with 15 Hawk Mk-53 (COIN/trg);

1 with 12 OV-10F.
MR: 1 sqn with 3 Boeing 737-200, 2 C-130H-MP, 4 HU-16.
TANKER: 2 KC-130B.
TRANSPORT: 4 sqn:

2 with 19 C-130(9 -B,3 -H, 7 -H-30);

2 with 1 Boeing 707, 7 C-47, 5 Cessna 401, 2 -402, 7 F-27-400M, 1 F-28-1000, 10 NC-212, 1 Skyvan (survey).
HELICOPTERS: 3 sqn:

1 with 12 S-58T;

2 with 2 Bell 204B, 2 -206B, 10 Hughes 500, 12 NBo-105, 13 NSA-330, 3 SE-3160.
TRAINING: 4 sqn with 40 AS-202, 2 C-47, 2 Cessna 172, 5 -207 (liaison), 23 T-34C, 10 T-41D.
AIRFIELD DEFENCE: 5 bn.

FORCES ABROAD:
UN AND PEACE-KEEPING:

IRAQ/KUWAIT (UNIKOM): 7 Observers.

PARAMILITARY:
POLICE (POLRI): some 180,000: incl Police 'Mobile bde' (BRIMOB) org in coy: some 8,000 incl Police Coin unit (GEGANA);

3 Commander, 1 Beech 18, 7 lt ac; 10 Bo-105, 3 Bell 206 hel.
MARINE: About 10 PCCand 15 PCI (armed).
KAMRA (People's Security): 1.5m: some 300,000 a year get 3 weeks' basic trg. Part-time police auxiliary.
WANRA (People's Resistance): part-time local military auxiliary force under comd of Regional Military Commands (KOREM).
CUSTOMS: About 72 PFI<, armed.
MARITIME SECURITY AGENCY: 4 PFC, 9 SAR PCI.
MILITARY SEA TRANSPORT (Transport Ministry): 28 LSL (for Army).

OPPOSITION:
FRETILIN (Revolutionary Front for an Independent East Timor): some 150-200 incl spt; small arms.
FREE PAPUA MOVEMENT (OPM): perhaps 500-600 (100 armed).

JAPAN

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: 246,400.
RESERVES: Army 46,000; Navy 1,300; Air 1,100.
ARMY: (Ground Self-Defense Force): 156,100.

5 Army HQ (Regional Commands).

1 armd div.

12 inf div (5 at 7,000, 7 at 9,000 men each).

2 composite bde.

1 AB bde.

1 arty bde; 2 arty gp.

2 AD bde; 3 AD gp.

3 trg bde; 2 trg regt.

1 hel bde: 24 hel sqn.

2 ATK hel pi, 1 more forming.
EQUIPMENT:
MBT: 1,200: some 347 Type-61 (retiring), some 873 Type-74, some Type-90.
AIFV: some 8 Type-88.
RECCE: some 146 Type-82, 51 Type-87.
APC: 300 Type-60, 274 Type-73.
TOWED ARTY: 553: 105mm: 290 M-101; 155mm: some 40 (incl M-1, M-2), 183 FH-70; 203mm: 40 M-115.
SP ARTY: 296: 105mm: 20 Type-74; 155mm: 200 Type-75; 203mm: 76 M-110A2.
MRL: 130mm: some 120 Type-75 SP.
MORTARS: 81mm: 820 (some SP); 107mm: 560 (some SP).
SSM: 50 Type-30, some Type-88.
ATGW: 220 Type-64, some 100 Type-79, some 44 Type-87.
RL: 89mm: 3.5-in M-20.
RCL: 2,900: 75mm; 84mm: Carl Gustav, 106mm (incl Type 60 SP).
AD GUNS: 120: 35mm: 70 twin; 37mm SP; 40mm SP.
SAM: 180 Stinger, some 48 Type 81 Tan, 200 Improved HAWK.
AVIATION: AIRCRAFT: 19: 17 LR-1, 2 TL-1 (trg).
HELICOPTERS:

ATTACK: 57 AH-1S;

TRANSPORT: 3 AS-332L (VIP), 20 CH-47J, 55 KV-107, 186 OH-6D/J, 148 UH-1B/H; 33 TH-55 (trg).

NAVY: (Maritime Self-Defense Force): 44,000 (including 12,000 MSDF air).
BASES: Yokosuka, Kure, Sasebo, Maizuru, Ominato.
Fleet: Surface Units org into 4 escort flotillas, of 6-8 DD/FF each; based at Yokosuka (2), Sasebo and Maizuru. Submarines org into 2 flotillas based at Kure and Yokosuka. Remainder assigned to 10 regional/district units.
SUBMARINES: 17:
TACTICAL SUBMARINES: 15:

2 Harushio with 533mm TT (Jap Type-89 HWT) with Harpoon USGW.

10 Yuushio with 533mm TT (US Mk 37, GRX-2 HWT), 7 with Harpoon USGW.

3 Uzushio with 533mm TT (Mk 37 HWT).
OTHER ROLES: 2 Uzushio (trg)
PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS: 66:
DESTROYERS: 6 DDG:

2 Hatakaze with 1 SM1MR Standard SAM; plus 2x4 Harpoon SSM, 1x8 ASROC SUGW (Mk46 LWT) 2x3 ASTT, 2 127mm guns.

3 Tachikaze with 1 SM1MR; plus 1x8 ASROC, 2x3 ASTT, 8 Harpoon, 2 127mm guns.

1 Amatzukaze with 1 SMI-MR; plus 1x8 ASROC, 2x3 ASTT.
FRIGATES: 60 (incl 5 training):
FFH: 24:

2 Shirane with 3 HSS-2B Sea King ASW hel, 1x8 ASROC, 2x3 ASTT; plus 2 127mm guns.

2 Haruna with 3 Sea King hel, 1x8 ASROC, 2x3 ASTT; plus 2 127mm guns.

8 Asagiri with 1 Sea King hel, 1x8 ASROC, 2x3 ASTT; plus 2x4 Harpoon SSM.

12 Hatsuyuki with 1 Sea King, 1x8 ASROC, 2x3 ASTT; plus 2x4 Harpoon SSM.
FF: 36:

4 Abukuma with 1x8 ASROC, 2x3 ASTT; plus 2x4 Harpoon SSM.

4 Takatsuki with 1x8 ASROC, 2x3 ASTT, 1x4 ASW RL; plus 2 with 2x4 Harpoon SSM, 1 127mm gun; 2 with 2 127mm guns.

6 Yamagumo with 1x8 ASROC, 2x3 ASTT, 1x4 ASW RL.

3 Minegumo with 1x8 ASROC, 2x3 ASTT, 1x4 ASW RL.

2 Yubari with 2x3 ASTT, 1x4 ASW RL; plus 2x4 Harpoon SSM

1 Ishikari with 2x3 ASTT, 1x4 ASW RL; plus 2x4 Harpoon SSM.

11 Chikugo with 1x8 ASROC, 2x3 ASTT.

4 Isuzu (trg) with 1x4 ASW RL; plus 4x2 76mm gun.

1 Katori (trg) with 2x3 ASTT, 1 ASW RL.
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS: 13:
TORPEDO CRAFT: 4 Juichi-go PFT with 4 533mm TT.
PATROL 9 Jukyu-go PCI<.
MINE WARFARE: 47:
MINELAYERS: 1 Souya (460 mines) plus hel deck, 2x3 ASTT, also MCM spt/comd.
MINE COUNTERMEASURES: 46:

1 Hayase MCM cmd with hel deck, 2x3 ASTT, plus minelaying capacity (116 mines).

25 Hatsushima, 7 Takami MCC.

6 Nana-go MSI<.

6 Coastal diver spt ships (ex MSC).

1 Utone coastal MCM spt.
AMPHIBIOUS: 6:

3 Miura LST, capacity 200 tps, 10 tk.

3 Atsumi LST, capacity 130 tps, 5 tk.

Plus craft; 3 LCT, 21 LCM, 22 LCVP.
SUPPORT AND MISCELLANEOUS: 17: 3 Towada, 1 Sagami AOE, 2 AS, 2 Akizuki trg, 2 trg spt, 6 survey/experimental, 1 icebreaker.

MSDF AIR ARM: (12,000); 99 cbt ac (plus IS in store), 72 armed hel.

7 Air Groups.
MR: 10 sqn:

7 (1 trg) with 59 P-3C (plus 15 in store);

3 with 30 P-2J.
ASW: 6 hel sqn (1 trg) with 72 HSS-2A/B, plus 33 in store.
MCM: 3 hel sqn with 5 KV-107A, 12 S-80.
EW: 1 sqn with 2 EP-2J, 2 EP-3C.
TRANSPORT: 1 sqn with 4 YS-11M.
TEST: 1 sqn with 3 P-3C, 3 UP-2J, 4 U-36A ac; 2 HSS-2B, 2 SH-60J hel.
SAR: 1 sqn (7 fit) with 7 US-1/1A. 3 rescue sqn with 10 S-61 hel.
TRAINING: 9 sqn with 30 KM-2, 10* P-3C, 22 Queen Air 65, 8 T-5, 23 TC-90/UC-90, 10 YS-1 IT ac; 10 HSS-2A/B, 12 OH-6D/J hel.

AIR FORCE: (Air Self-Defense Force): 46,300; 422 cbt ac (plus 63 in store), no armed hel.

7 cbt air wings; 1 cbt air unit; 1 recce gp; 1 AEW unit
FGA: 3 sqn with 70 F-1.

1 with 22 F-4EJ (anti-ship).
FIGHTER: 10 sqn:

7 with 138 F-15J/DJ; 9 more in store.

3 with 72 F-4EJ (being upgraded); 50 more in store.
RECCE: 1 sqn with 10 RF-4EJ. 4 more in store.
AEW: 1 sqn with 12 E-2C.
EW: 1 fit with 1 C-1, 4 YS-11.
AGGRESSOR TRAINING: 1 sqn with 20 T-2, 2 T-33.
TRANSPORT: 5 sqn:

3 with 30 C-1, 15C-130H, 10 YS-11;

2 heavy-lift hel sqn with 6 CH-47J.

SAR: 1 wing (10 det) with 30 MU-2 ac; 22 KV-107, 6 CH-47J hel. (UH-60J hel being delivered.)
CALIBRATION: 1 wing with 2 MU-2J, 1 YS-11.
TRAINING: 5 wings: 10 sqn: 40* T-1A/B, 50* T-2, 40 T-3, 50 T-4, 10 T-33A (to be replaced by T-4).
LIAISON: 11 Queen Air 65, 126 T-33.
TEST: 1 wing with C-1, 3 F-4EJ, F-15J.
MISSILES:

ASM: ASM-1.

AAM: AAM-1, AIM-7 Sparrow, AIM-9 Sidewinder.

AIR DEFENCE: Ac control and warning: 4 wings; 30 radar sites.
SAM: 6 AD msl gp (18 sqn) with 180 Nike-J (Patriot replacing).
Air Base Defense Gp with 20mm Vulcan AA guns, Type 81 Tan, Stinger SAM.

PARAMILITARY:
MARITIME SAFETY AGENCY: (Coast Guard) 12,000:
PATROL VESSELS: Some 335:

OFFSHORE: 81, incl 2 Mizuho with 2 Bell 212, 8 Soya with 1 Bell 212 hel.

COASTAL: 11.

INSHORE: 243: 3 PFI, 15 PCI, some 225 <.
MISCELLANEOUS: 90 service, 81 tender/trg vessels;
AIRCRAFT: 5 NAMC YS-11 A, 2 Short Skyvan, 16 King Air, 1 Cessna U-206G.
HELICOPTERS: 32 Bell 212,4 Bell 206,2 Hughes 369.

FOREIGN FORCES: 45,100
US: Army (1,800): 1 Corps HQ;

Navy (6,300) bases at Yokosuka (HQ 7th Fleet) and Sasebo;

Marines (22,000): 1 MEF in Okinawa;

Air (15,000): 1 Air HQ, 1 air div some 120 cbt ac.

KOREA: DEMOCRATIC PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC (NORTH)

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: 1,111,000.
Terms of service: Army 5-8 years; Navy 5-10 years; Air Force 3-4 years, followed by compulsory part-time service in the Pacification Corps to age 40.

There after service in the Worker/Peasant Red Guard to age 60.
RESERVES: Army 500,000, Navy 40,000. Mob claimed in 12 hours; up to 5,000,000 have some Reserve/Militia commitment. See Paramilitary.

ARMY: 1,000,000.
17 Corps (1 armd, 5 mech, 1 inf, 8 all-arms, 2 arty)

25 inf/mot inf div.

15 armd bde.

30 mot inf bde.

3 indep inf bde.
1 Special Purpose Corps: 60,000: 22 bde incl 3 cdo, 4 recce, 1 river crossing regt, 3 amph, 3 AB bn, 22 lt inf bn. 'Bureau of Reconnaissance S F (8 bn).
Arty Corps:

Army tps: 8 hy arty (incl MRL).

Corps tps: 4 bde incl 122mm, 152mm SP, MRL.
RESERVE: Pacification Corps: some 1.2m. 26 inf div.
EQUIPMENT:
MBT: some 3,500: 200 T-34, 1,600 T-54/-55, 1,500 T-62, 175 Type-59.
LIGHT TANKS: 600 Type-63, 50 Type-62, M-1985.
RECCE: 140 BA-64.
AIFV: 200 BMP-1/BMP-2.
APC: 4,000 BTR-40/-50/-60/-152, Ch Type-531, N.Korean Type M-1973.
TOWED ARTY: 2,500: 76mm: M-1942; 85mm: D-44/SD-44; 100mm: M-1944; 122mm: M-1931/-37, D-74, Type-54, Type-60, D-30;

130mm: M-46, Ch Type-59; 152mm: M-1937 M-1938, M-1943, Ch Type-66.
SP ARTY: Some 3,300: 122mm: M-1981, M-1985; 130mm: M-1975; 152mm: M-1974, M-1977; 180mm: M-1978.
MRL: 2,300: 107mm: Type-63; 122mm: BM-21, BM-11 (30 tubes); 130mm: Ch Type-63; 200mm: BMD-20; 240mm: BM-24.
MORTARS: 11,000: 82mm: M-37; 120mm: M-43.
SSM: 54 FROG-3/-5/-7; some 15 Scud B.
ATGW: AT-1 Snapper, AT-3 Sagger.
RCL: 107mm: 1,000 B-11.
ATK GUNS: 37mm: M-1939; 57mm: M-1943; 85mm: D-48 towed; 800 SU-76 and SU-100 SP.
AD GUNS: 8,000: 14.5mm: ZPU-2/-4 SP; 23mm: ZU-23, ZSU-23-4 SP; 37mm: Ch Type-55, M-1939; 57mm: ZSU-57-2 SP, S-60, Ch Type-59;

85mm: KS-12; 100mm: KS-19. N. Korean SP AA, type unknown.
SAM: HN-5A (SA-7 type).

NAVY: 41,000.
BASES: East Coast: Wonsah (HQ), Chi-aho, Songjin Toejo.
West Coast: Nampo (HQ), Haeju, Pipaqo, Sagwon-ri.

2 Fleet HQ.
SUBMARINES: 22:

18 Ch Type-031/Sov Romeo with 533mm TT

4 Sov Whiskey with 533mm and 406mm TT.

(plus about 40 midget submarines mainly used for SF ops, but some with 2 TT).
FRIGATES: 3:

1 Soho with 4 ASW RL, plus 4 SS-N-2 Styx SSM, 1 100mm gun.

2 Najin with 2x5 ASW RL, 1 with 3 533mm TT; plus 2 100mm guns. 2 SS-N-2 Styx SSM.
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS: 366:
CORVETTES: 3 Sariwon with 1 100mm gun.
MISSILE CRAFT: 36:

10 Soju, 6 Sov Osa, 4 Ch Huangfeng PFM with 4 SS-N-2 Styx

6 Sohung, 10 Sov Komar PFM< with 2 SS-N-2.
TORPEDO CRAFT: 173:

3 Sov Shershen with 4 533mm TT.

Some 170< with 2 533mm TT.
PATROL 154:

COASTAL 6 Hainan PFC with 4 ASW RL.

INSHORE: some 148: 13 SO-1, 10 Taechong, 12 Shanghai II, 3 Chodo, some 110<.
MINE WARFARE: About 20 MSI<.
AMPHIBIOUS: craft only; 24 LCM, 7 LCU, about 100 LCI<.
SUPPORT AND MISCELLANEOUS: 7: 2 ocean tugs, 1 AS, 4 survey.
COAST DEFENCE: SSM: 2 regt: Samlet in 6 sites;
GUNS: 122mm: M-1931/-37; 130mm: SM-4-1; 152mm: M-1937.

AIR FORCE: 70,000; 732 cbt ac, 50 armed hel.
BOMBERS: 3 lt regt with 80 H-5.
FGA: 10 regt:

5 with 150 J-5;

3 with 100 J-6;

1 with 40 Q-5;

1 with 20 Su-7, 36 Su-25.
FIGHTER: 12 regt:

2 with 80 J-5;

2 with 60 J-6;

1 with 40 J-7;

4 with 120 MiG-21;

2 with 46 MiG-23;

1 with 30 MiG-29.
ATTACK HELICOPTERS: 50 Mi-24.
TRANSPORT:

AIRCRAFT: 10 An-24, 5 Il-14, 5 Il-18, 4 Il-62M, 2 Tu-134, 4 Tu-154, 250 Y-5.

HELICOPTERS: 1 Hughes 300C, 80 -500D, 6 -500E, 100 Mi-2, 60 Mi-8/-17, 30 Z-5.
TRAINING: incl 120 CJ-5, 30 CJ-6, *H-5, 50 MiG-15UTI, *MiG-19U, 10 *MiG-21U, Yak-11.
AAM: AA-2 Atoll, AA-7 Apex.
SAM: 4 bde (12 bn, 40 bty) with 72 SA-2 in 45 sites, 2 regt with ~32 SA-3, 2 regt with ~72 SA-5.

FORCES ABROAD: Advisers in some 12 African countries.

PARAMILITARY:
SECURITY TROOPS (Ministry of Public Security): 200,000 incl Border guards.
WORKER/PEASANT RED GUARD: some 3.8m.

Org on a provincial/town/village basis. Comd structure is bde - bn - coy - pi. Small arms with some mor and AD guns (but many units unarmed).

KOREA: REPUBLIC OF KOREA (SOUTH)

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: 750,000.
Terms of service: conscription, all Services, 30-36 months, then First Combat Forces (Mobilization Reserve Forces)

or Regional Combat Forces (Homeland Defence Forces) to age 35.
RESERVES: 4,500,000; being reorganized.

ARMY: 650,000.

HQ: 3 Army, 8 Corps.

2 mech inf div (each 3 bde: 3 mech inf, 3 tk, 1 recce bn; 1 fd arty bde).

19 inf div (each 3 inf regt, 1 recce, 1 tk, 1 engr bn; 1 arty regt (4 bn)).

2 indep inf bde.

7 SF bde.

2 SSM bn with Honest John.

2 AD arty bde.

2 SAM bde: 3 HAWK bn (24 sites), 2 Nike Hercules bn (10 sites).

1 avn bde.

RESERVES: 1 Army HQ, 23 inf div.
EQUIPMENT:
MBT: 1,550: 250 Type 88, 350 M-47, 950 M-48A5.
AIFV: some 530 (KIFV).
APC: some 1,550 incl 450 M-113, 400 Fiat 6614/KM-900/-901.
TOWED ARTY: some 4,000: 105mm: M-101, KH-178; 155mm: M-53, M-114, KH-179; 203mm: M-115.
SP ARTY: 155mm: 100M-109A2; 175mm: M-107; 203mm: M-110
MRL: 130mm: 140 Kooryong (36-tube).
MORTARS: 5,300: 81mm: KM-29; 107mm: M-30.
SSM: 12 Honest John.
ATGW: TOW.
RCL: 57mm, 75mm, 90mm: M67; 106mm: M-40A2.
ATK GUNS: 76mm: 8 M-18; 90mm: 50 M-36 SP.
AD GUNS: 600: 20mm: incl 60 M-167 Vulcan; 35mm: 20 GDF-003; 40mm: 80 L60/70, M-1.
SAM: 100 Javelin, some Redeye, 130 Stinger, 110 HAWK, 200 Nike Hercules.
AVIATION:
AIRCRAFT: 10 O-1A.
HELICOPTERS:

ATTACK: 48 AH-1F/-J, 50 Hughes 500 MD.

TRANSPORT: 14 CH-47D.

UTILITY: 144 Hughes 500, 3 KH-4, 30 UH-1B, 70 UH-1H.

NAVY: 60,000(19,000 conscripts) incl 25,000 marines.
BASES: Chinhae (HQ), Cheju, Inchon, Mokpo, Mukho, Pukpyong, Pohang, Pusan.

3 Fleet Commands.
SUBMARINES: 4:

3 KSS-1 Tolgorae SSI (175t) with 2 406mm TT.

1 Ge T-209/1400 with 8 533 TT.
PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS: 35:
DESTROYERS: 9:

7 Chung Buk (US Gearing) with 2 or 3x2 127mm guns; plus 2x3 ASTT; 5 with 2x4 Harpoon SSM, 1 Alouette III hel (OTHT), 2 with 1x8 ASROC.

2 Dae Gu (US Sumner) with 3x2 127mm guns; plus 2x3 ASTT, 1 Alouette HI hel.
FRIGATES: 26:

7 Ulsan with 2x3 ASTT (Mk 46 LWT); plus 2x4 Harpoon SSM.

19 Po Hang with 2x3 ASTT; some with 2 MM-38 Exocet.
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS: 83:
CORVETTES: 4 Dong Hae (ASW) with 2x3 ASTT.
MISSILE CRAFT: 11:

8 PaeKu-52, 3 with 4 Standard (boxed) SSM, 5 with 2x2 Harpoon SSM.

1 Pae Ku-51 (US Asheville), with 2 Standard SSM.

2 Kilurki-71 (Wildcat) with 2 MM-38 Exocet SSM.
PATROL, INSHORE: 68:

32 Kilurki-II ('Sea Dolphin') 33-m PH.

36 Chebi-51 (Sea Hawk) 26-m PFI< (some with 2 MM-38 Exocet SSM).
MINE WARFARE: 9:

1 Swallow (mod It Lerici) MHC.

8 Kun San (US MSC-268/289) MSC.
AMPHIBIOUS: 14:

7 Un Bong (US LST-511) LST, capacity 200 tps, 16 tk.

7 Ko Mun (US LSM-1) LSM, capacity 50 tps, 4 tk.

Plus about 36 craft; 6 LCT, 10 LCM, about 20 LCVP.
SUPPORT AND MISCELLANEOUS: 11: 3 spt tankers, 2 ocean tugs, 2 salv/div spt, about 4 survey (civil manned, Ministry of Transport funded).

NAVAL AIR: 24 cbt ac; 35 armed hel.
ASW: 2 sqn:

1 ac with 24 S-2E;

1 hel with 25 Hughes 500MD (ASW);

10 fit with 10 SA-316 hel (ASW), 2 Bell 206 (liaison).

Lynx being delivered; to replace SA-316.
MARINES: (25,000).

2 div, 1 bde.

Spt units.
EQUIPMENT:
MBT: 40 M-47.
APC: 60 LVTP-7.
TOWED ARTY: 105mm, 155mm.
SSM: Harpoon (truck-mounted).

AIR FORCE: 40,000; 405 cbt ac plus 52 in store, no armed hel. 7 cbt.

2 tpt wings.
FGA: 8 sqn:

2 with 48 F-16 (36 -C, 12 -D),

6 with 144F-5 (44-A, 100-E) plus 16 in store.
FIGHTER: 4 sqn with 96 F-4D/E. Plus 36 in store.
COIN: 1 sqn with 23 A-37B, 6 T-28D.
FAC: 20 O-1, 10 O-2A, 25 OA-37B.
RECCE: 1 sqn with 18 RF-4C, 10 RF-5A.
SAR: 1 hel sqn with 15 Bell UH-1B, 2 UH-1N.
TRANSPORT: 2 wings, 5 sqn:

AIRCRAFT: 2 BAe 748 (VIP), 1 Boeing 737 (VIP), 9 C-54, 1 C-118, 10 C-123J/K, 10 C-130H, 3 Commander.

HELICOPTERS: 7 Bell 212,3 -412,5 UH-1D, 5-H.
TRAINING: 25*F-5B,35* -F, 25 T-33A, 14 T-37, 20 T-41D.
MISSILES:

ASM: AGM-65A Maverick.

AAM: AIM-7 Sparrow, AIM-9 Sidewinder.

PARAMILITARY:
CIVILIAN DEFENCE CORPS (to age 50): 3,500,000.
COAST GUARD: (E3,500)
PATROL CRAFT: 75:

PATROL CRAFT, OFFSHORE: 13:

1 Mazinger (HDP-1000) (CG flagship).

6 Han Kang (HDC-1150)

6 Sea Dragon/Whale (HDP-600)

COASTAL: 24: 22 Sea Wolf/Shark; 2 Bukhansan

INSHORE: 38:18 Seagull; 20<, plus numerous boats.
HELICOPTERS: 9 Hughes 500D.

FOREIGN FORCES:
US: 41,800. Army (31,500): 1 army HQ, 1 inf div, 1 SSM bty with Lance.

Air Force (10,300): 1 div: 2 wings: 90 cbt ac.

LAOS

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: 52,600.
Terms of service: conscription, 18 months minimum.

ARMY: 50,000.

4 Military Regions 5 arty, 9 AD arty bn.

5 inf div 65 indep inf coy.

7 indep inf regt 1 lt ac liaison fit.

3 engr (2 construction) regt.
EQUIPMENT:
MBT: 30 T-54/-55, T-34/85.
LIGHT TANKS: 25 PT-76.
APC: 70 BTR-40/-60/-152.
TOWED ARTY: 75mm: M-116 pack; 105mm: 25 M-101; 122mm: 40 M-1938 and D-30; 130mm: 10M-46; 155mm: M-114.
MORTARS: 81mm; 82mm; 107mm: M-2A1, M-1938; 120mm: M-43.
RCL: 57mm: M-18/A1; 75mm: M-20; 106mm: M-40; 107mm: B-11.
AD GUNS: 14.5mm: ZPU-1/-4; 23mm: ZU-23, ZSU-23-4 SP; 37mm: M-1939; 57mm: S-60.
SAM: SA-3, SA-7.

NAVY: ~600.
PATROL CRAFT, river some 40<.

AIR FORCE: 2,000; 34 cbt ac; no armed hel.
FGA: 1 regt with some 30 MiG-21.
TRANSPORT: 1 sqn with 5 An-24, 2 An-26, 2 Yak-40.
HELICOPTERS: 1 sqn with 2 Mi-6, 10 Mi-8.
TRAINING: *4 MiG-21U.
AAM: AA-2 Atoll.

PARAMILITARY:
MILITIA SELF-DEFENCE FORCES: village 'homeguard' org for local defence.

OPPOSITION:
Numerous factions/groups. Total armed strength ~2,000. Largest group United Lao National Liberation Front (ULNLF).

FOREIGN FORCES:
VIETNAM: 5,000: mostly economic construction tps.

MALAYSIA

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: 127,900.
RESERVES: 40,600: Army 38,000; Navy 2,000; Air 600.

ARMY: 105,000 (reducing to 97,000).

1 corps, 4 div HQ.

1 area sy comd (COIN).

9 inf bde, consisting of 36 inf bn (1 APC, 1 AB), 4 armd, 5 fd arty, 2 AD arty, 5 engr regt.

1 SF regt (3 bn).
RESERVES: 1 div HQ; 1 bde HQ; 12 inf regt; 4 highway sy bn.
EQUIPMENT:
LIGHT TANKS: 26 Scorpion (90mm).
RECCE: 162 SIBMAS, 140 AML-60/-90, 92 Ferret (60 mod).
APC: 184 V-100/-150 Commando, 25 Stormer, 460 Condor.
TOWED ARTY: 105mm: 150 Model 56 pack, 40 M-102A1 (t in store); 155mm: 9 FH-70.
MORTARS: 81mm: LI 6.
ATGW: SS-11.
RL: 89mm: M-20.
RCL: 84mm: Carl Gustav, 106mm: 150 M-40; 120mm: 5 Wombat.
AD GUNS: 35mm: 8 Oerlikon; 40mm: 36: 24 40/70, 12 L/70.
SAM: 48 Javelin, 12 Rapier.
ASSAULT CRAFT: 165 Damen.

NAVY: 10,500.

Two Regional Commands: plus Fleet.
Area 1: Malayan Peninsula (west of 109*E).
Area 2: Borneo Area (east of 109RE).
BASES: Area 1: Lumut (HQ), Tanjong Gelang, Kuantan; Woodlands (Singapore), trg base. Area 2: Labuan (HQ), Sungei Antu (Sarawak).
FRIGATES: 4:

2 Kasturi (FS-1500) with 2x2 ASW mor, deck for Wasp hel; plus 2x2 MM-38 Exocet SSM, 1 100mm gun.

1 Hang Tuah (UK Mermaid) with 1x3 Limbo ASW mor, hel deck for Wasp; plus 1x2 102mm gun.

1 Rahmat with 1x3 ASW mor, 1 114mm gun, hel deck.
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS: 37:
MISSILE CRAFT: 8

4 Handalan (SwSpica) with 4 MM-38 ExocetSSM.

4 Perdana (Fr Combattante II) with 2 Exocet SSM.
PATROL 29:
OFFSHORE: 2 Musytari with 1x 100mm gun, hel deck.
INSHORE: 27: 6 Jerong PFI, 3 Kedah, 4 Sabah, 14 KrisPCI.
MINE WARFARE: 5:

4 Mahamiru (mod It Lerici) MCO.

1 diving tender (inshore).
AMPHIBIOUS: 2:
2 Sri Banggi (US LST-511) LST, capacity 200 tps, 16 tk, (but usually employed as tenders to patrol craft).

Plus 33 craft: 5 LCM, 13 LCU, 15 LCP.
SUPPORT AND MISCELLANEOUS: 3: 2 logistic/fuel spt, 1 survey.

NAVAL AIR:

No cbt ac, 6 armed hel.
HELICOPTERS: 6 Wasp HAS-1.

AIR FORCE: 12,400; 67 cbt ac, no armed hel; 4 Comd.
FGA: 2 sqn: with 32 A-4 (26 A-4PTM, 6 TA-4);
FIGHTER: 1 sqn with 13F-5E, 4 -F.
RECCE: 1 recce/OCU sqn with 2 RF-5E, 2 F-5F.
MR: 1 sqn with 3 C-130HMP.
TRANSPORT:
AIRCRAFT: 4 sqn:

1 with 6 C-130H;

2 with 14 DHC-4;

1 with 2 BAe-125 (VIP), 1 Falcon-900 (VIP), 2 HU-16 (1 tpt, 1 VIP), 12 Cessna 402B ac; 1 NAS-332hel.
HELICOPTERS: 4 sqn with 31 S-61A, 17 SA-316B (liaison).
TRAINING: 4 trg units:
AIRCRAFT: 10* MB-339, 42 PC-7 (4* wpn trg), 10 Bulldog;
HELICOPTERS: 8 SE-3160, 7 Bell 47,4 S-61.
AAM:AIM-9 Sidewinder.
AIRFIELD DEFENCE TROOPS: 1 sqn.

FORCES ABROAD:
UN AND PEACE-KEEPING:

ANGOLA (UNAVEM II): Observers.

IRAQ/KUWAIT (UNIKOM): 8 Observers.

PARAMILITARY:
POLICE FIELD FORCE: 18,000; 4 bde HQ: 21 bn (incl 2 Aboriginal); Shorland armd cars, 140 AT-105, SB-301 APC.
MARINE POLICE: 51 Inshore Patrol Craft: 15 Long Hitan (38-m) PFI. 9 Sangitan (29-m) PFI. 27 PCI<.
POLICE AIR WING: 4 Cessna 206, 7 PC-6 ac.
AUXILIARY POLICE FIELD FORCE: (Area Security Units), 3,500 men in 89 units.
BORDER SCOUTS (in Sabah, Sarawak): 1,200.
PEOPLE'S VOLUNTEER CORPS (RELA): 180,000.
CUSTOMS SERVICE: 38 patrol craft: 8 Perak (Vosper-32m) armed PFI, about 30 craft<.

FOREIGN FORCES:
AUSTRALIA: Army: 1 inf coy. Air Force: det with P-3C ac.

MONGOLIA

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: 14,500 (perhaps 11,000 conscripts).
Terms of service: Conscription: males 18-28 years; 2 years.
RESERVES: Army 200,000.

ARMY: 14,000 (perhaps 11,000 conscripts). 4 MRD (understrength).
EQUIPMENT:
MBT: 650 T-54/-55/-62.
RECCE: 135 BRDM-2.
AIFV: 420 BMP-1.
APC: 300 BTR-40/-60/-152.
TOWED ARTY: 300: 122mm: M-1938/D-30; 130mm: M-46; 152mm: M-1937.
MRL: 135+: 122mm: BM-21; 132mm: BM-13-16; 140mm: BM-14-16, BM-14-17.
MORTARS: 140: 82mm, 120mm, 160mm.
ATK GUNS: 100mm: T-12.
AD GUNS: 100: 14.5mm: ZPU-4; 37mm: M-1939; 57mm: S-60.
SAM: 300 SA-7.

AIR FORCE: 500 plus Soviet technicians; 15 cbt ac; 10 armed hel.
FIGHTER: 1 sqn with 12 MiG-21.
ATTACK HELICOPTERS: 10 Mi-24.
TRANSPORT: at least 2 sqn: 15 An-2, 18 An-24, 3 An-26, 1 An-32, 1 Tu-154.
HELICOPTERS: 1 sqn with 10 Mi-4, 4 Mi-8.
TRAINING: 2 MiG-15U, 3* MiG-21U, 3 PZL-104, 6 Yak-11, Yak-18.

PARAMILITARY:
MILITIA (Ministry of Public Security): 10,000: internal security troops, frontier guards; BTR-60/-152 APC.

FOREIGN FORCES:
USSR: 3,000: Army: 1 army HQ, no cbt unit, withdrawal complete by end 1992.

MYANMAR (BURMA)

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: 280,000.

ARMY: 259,000.

9 lt inf div (each 3 Tac op comd (TOC)).

10 Regional Comd (8 with 3 TOC, 2 with 4 TOC).

32 TOC with 124 garrison inf bn.
Summary of cbt units:

223 inf bn.

2 armd bn.

5 arty bn.

1 AA arty bn.
EQUIPMENT:^t
MBT: 26 Comet.
RECCE: 45 Ferret, 30 Mazda (local manufacture).
APC: 40 Humber, Hino (local manufacture).
TOWED ARTY: 76mm: 120 M-1948; 88mm: 50 25-pdr; 105mm: 96 M-101; 140mm: 5.5-in.
MRL: 122mm: Type-63 reported.
MORTARS: 120mm: 80.
RCL: 84mm: 500 Carl Gustav, 106mm: M-40A1.
ATK GUNS: 60: 57mm: 6-pdr; 76.2mm: 17-pdr.
AD GUNS: 37mm: 24 Type-74; 40mm: 10 M-1; 57mm: 12 Type-80.

NAVY:^t 12,000 incl 800 Naval Infantry.
BASES: Bassein, Mergui, Moulmein, Seikyi, Rangoon (Monkey Point), Sittwe.
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS: 46:
CORVETTES: 2:

1 Yan TaingAung'(US PCE-827)

1 Yan GyiAung(US AdmirableMSF).
PATROL:44:

COASTAL 8: 2 Nawarat, 6 Yan sit Aung (Ch Hainan).

INSHORE: 31: 9 US PGM-401/412, 12 Yug Y-301, 10<.

RIVERINE: 5< and some 30 boats.
AMPHIBIOUS: 5 Aiyar Lulin LCT plus craft: 8 LCM.
SUPPORT: 3: 1 coastal tpt, 1 AGHS, 1 PC spt.
MARINES: (Naval Infantry): 800: 1 bn.

AIR FORCE: 9,000; 25 cbt ac, no armed hel.^t
FIGHTERS: 1 sqn: 12 F-7 (may not yet be op).
COIN: 2 sqn: 15 PC-7, 4 PC-9, 6 Super Galeb.
TRANSPORT: 1 F-27, 4 FH-227, 7 PC-6A/-B.
LIAISON: 6 Cessna 180, 1 -550.
HELICOPTERS: 4 sqn: 12 Bell 205, 6 -206, 9 SA-316.

PARAMILITARY:
PEOPLE'S POLICE FORCE: 50,000.
PEOPLE'S MILITIA: 35,000.
FISHERY DEPT: ~250: 12 patrol boats (3 Indaw (Dk Osprey)), 9 inshore<.

OPPOSITION: Numerous rebel groups with loose and varying alliances. Only main groups listed.
BURMA COMMUNIST PARTY (BCP): 10,000 active, 8-10,000 militia; disintegrated into ethnic factions incl Wa, Shan, Kokang Chinese and Kachin.
NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC FRONT (NDF): Some 20,000: coalition of numerous ethnic gp, mainly in border areas incl

Kachin (8,000), Shan and Karen (5,000) groups.
PRIVATE ARMIES (mainly narcotics linked) Mong Tai Army (formerly Shan United Army)

Chang Shee Fu 'Khun Sa' (narcotics warlord): 2,100.

Kan Chit: 450. United Revolutionary Army: ~l,000;

Kuomintang-linked. Loi Maw Rebels/Army: ~3,000.

NEPAL

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: 35,000 (to be 40,000).
RESERVES: none.

ARMY: 34,800

1 Royal Guard bde: incl 1 cav sqn, 1 garrison bn.

5 inf bde.

1 spt bde: incl AB bn, arty regt, engr bn, armd recce sqn.

1 log bde.
EQUIPMENT:
RECCE: 25 Ferret.
TOWED ARTY: 75mm: 6 pack; 94mm: 5 3.7-in mtn; 105mm: 6 pack.
MORTARS: 81mm; 120mm: 18.
AD GUNS: 14.5mm: 30 40mm: 2 L/60.

AIR FORCE: 200. No cbt ac, or armed hel.
TRANSPORT:
AIRCRAFT: 1 BAe-748, 2 Skyvan, 1 Twin Otter.
HELICOPTERS: 2 AS-332 (Royal Flight), 1 Bell 206L, 2 Chetak, 2 SA-330.

FORCES ABROAD:
UN AND PEACE-KEEPING:

AFGHANISTAN/PAKISTAN (OSGAP): 1 adviser.

LEBANON (UNIFIL): 1 inf bn (857).

PARAMILITARY:
POLICE FORCE: 28,000.

NEW ZEALAND

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: 11,300.
RESERVES: 9,624. Regular 2,928: Army 1,640,
Navy 1,060, Air 228. Territorial 6,696: Army 5,722, Navy 519, Air 455.

ARMY: 4,900.

2 inf bn.

1 lt armd sqn.

1 fd arty bty.

1 SF sqn.
RESERVES: Territorial Army: 6 inf bn, 4 fd, 1 med arty bty, 2 armd sqn (1 APC, 1 lt recce).
EQUIPMENT:
LIGHT TANKS: 26 Scorpion.
APC: 76 M-113 (incl variants).
TOWED ARTY: 105mm: 20 M-101A1 (8 in store), 24 Hamel.
MORTARS: 81mm: 72.
RL: LAW.
RCL: 84mm: 61 Carl Gustav.

NAVY: 2,500.
BASE: Auckland (Fleet HQ).
FRIGATES: 4 Waikato (UK Leander) with 1 Wasp hel, 3 with 2x3 ASTT and 2 114mm guns, 1 with Ikara SU GW.
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS: 4 Moa PCI (reserve trg).
SUPPORT AND MISCELLANEOUS: 4: 1 Endeavour AO, 1 AGHS, 1 AGOR, 1 diving spt.
IN STORE: 4 Pukaki PCI (to be sold).
NAVAL AIR: No cbt ac, 7 armed hel.
HELICOPTERS: 7 Wasp (see Air Force).

AIR FORCE: 3,900, 41 cbt ac, no armed hel.
OPERATIONAL GROUP:
FGA: 2 sqn with 16 A-4K,5 TA-4K.
MR: 1 sqn with 6 P-3K Orion.
LIGHT ATTACK/TRG: 1 sqn for ab initio and ftr lead-in trg with 14 BAC-167.
ASW: 7 Wasp HAS-1 (Navy-assigned).
TRANSPORT: 3 sqn:

AIRCRAFT: 2 sqn: 1 with 5 C-130H, 2 Boeing727; 1 with 9 Andover.

HELICOPTERS: 1 with 14 UH-1H.
COMMUNICATIONS: 1 flight with 3 Cessna 421C.
SUPPORT GROUP:
TRAINING: 1 wing with 4 Airtourer, 18 CT-4, 3 F-27 ac; 4 Bell 47 hel.
MISSILES: ASM: AGM-65 Maverick.

AAM: AIM-9H Sidewinder.

FORCES ABROAD:
SINGAPORE: 20: spt unit.
UN AND PEACE-KEEPING:

ANGOLA (UNAVEM II): Observers.

EGYPT (MFO): 25.

MIDDLE EAST (UNTSO): 4 Observers.

PAKISTAN

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: 565,000.
RESERVES: 513,000; Army 500,000: obligation to ages 45 (men) or 50 (officers); active liability for 8 years after service. Navy 5,000. Air 8,000.

ARMY: 500,000+.

9 Corps HQ, 1 area comd.

2 armd div.

19 inf div.

6 indep armd bde.

6 indep inf bde.

7 corps arty bde (2 more forming).

4 AD arty bde.

5 engr bde.

3 armd recce regt.

1 SF gp (3 bn).
Avn: 1 ac, 4 hel sqn; indep observation fit.
EQUIPMENT:
MBT: 1,980+: 150 M-47, 280 M-48A5, 50 T-54/-55, 1,300 Ch Type-59, 200 Ch Type-69.
APC: 800 M-113.
TOWED ARTY: 1,405: 85mm: 200 Ch Type-56; 88mm: 200 25-pdr; 105mm: 300 M-101, 50 M-56 pack; 122mm: 200 Ch Type-60;

130mm: 200 Ch Type-59-1; 140mm: 45 5.5in; 155mm: 30 M-59, 60 M-114, 100 M-198; 203mm: 20 M-115.
SP ARTY: 215: 105mm: 50 M-7; 155mm: 125 M-109A2; 203mm: 40 M-110A2.
MRL: 122mm: 36 BM-11.
MORTARS: 81mm; 120mm: AM-50, M-61.
SSM: Hatf-1, Hatf-2.
ATGW: 200 Cobra, 224 TOW (incl 24 on M-901 SP), Ch Red Arrow.
RL: 89mm: M-20 3.5-in.
RCL: 75mm: Type-52; 106mm: M-40A1.
AD GUNS: 14.5mm; 35mm: 200 GDF-002; 37mm: Ch Type-55/-65; 40mm: M1, 100 L/60; 57mm: Ch Type-59.
SAM: 100 Stinger, Redeye, 144 RBS-70, 500 Anza.
AVIATION:
AIRCRAFT:

SURVEY: 1 Commander 840.

LIAISON: 1 Cessna 421, 2 Commander 690, 80 Mashshaq.

OBSERVATION: 40 O-1E, 50 Mashshaq.
HELICOPTERS:

ATTACK: 20 AH-1F (TOW).

TRANSPORT: 7 Bell 205, 10 -206B, 16 Mi-8, 6 IAR/SA-315B, 23 IAR/SA-316, 35 SA-330, 5 UH-1H.

NAVY: 20,000 (incl Naval Air).
BASE: Karachi (Fleet HQ).
SUBMARINES: 6:

2 Hashmat (Fr Agosta) with 533mm TT (F-17 HWT), Harpoon USGW.

4 Hangor (Fr Daphne) with 533mm TT (L-5 HWT), Harpoon USGW.

Plus 3 SX-756 SSI SF insertion craft.
PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS: 13.
DESTROYERS: 3:

1 Babur (UK Devonshire) DDH with 1 Sea King Mk-45 hel (ASW/ASUW), plus 2x2 114mm guns.

2 Alamgir (US Gearing) (ASW) with 1x8 ASROC; plus 2x2 127mm guns, 3x2 Harpoon SSM. (2 for trg).

(Plus 2 Alamgir in store.)
FRIGATES: 10:
FFG: 4 Badr (US Brooke) with 1 SM1MR SAM, plus SA-316B hel, 1x8 ASROC, 2x3 ASTT, 1 127mm gun (on 5-yr lease).
FF: 6:

2 Shamsher (UK Leander) with SA-316 hel, 1x3 ASW mor, plus 2 114mm guns.

4 Saif (US Garcia) with SA-316 hel, 1x8 ASROC, 2x3 ASTT, plus 2 127mm guns.
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS: 25:
MISSILE CRAFT: 8:

4 Ch Huangfeng with 4 Hai Ying 2 SSM.

4 Ch Hegu< with 2 Hai Ying 2.
TORPEDO CRAFT: 4 Ch Huchuan PHT with 2 533mm TT.
PATROL: 13:

COASTAL: 4 Baluchistan (Ch Hainan) PFC with 4 ASW RL.

INSHORE: 9: 8 Quetta (Ch Shanghai) PFI, 1 Rajshahi PCI.
MINE WARFARE: 2 Mahmood (US-MSC 268) MSC.
SUPPORT AND MISCELLANEOUS: 5: 1 Nasr (Ch Fuqing) AO, 1 Dacca AO, 1 AGOR, 1 ocean tug, 1 repair.

NAVAL AIR: 6 cbt ac, 10 armed hel.
ASW/MR: 1 sqn with 6 Atlantic (operated by Air Force; AM-39 ASM).
ASW/SAR: 2 hel sqn: 1 with 4 SA-316B (ASW), 6 Sea King Mk 45 (ASW, 4 with AM-39), 3 SH-2F.
COMMUNICATIONS: 2 Fokker F-27 ac (Air Force).
ASM: Exocet AM-39.

MARITIME SECURITY AGENCY: (2,000)

1 Alamgir (US Gearing DD).

4 Barakat PCC.

AIR FORCE: 45,000; 327 cbt ac, (plus 48 Mirage IIIO in store), no armed hel.
FGA: 8 sqn:

1 with 18 Mirage (15 IIIEP (some with AM-39 ASM), 3 III DP (trg));

3 (1 OCU) with 58 Mirage 5 (54 -5PA/PA2, 4 -5DPA/DPA2);

4 with 50 Q-5.
FIGHTER: 9 sqn:

4 with 110 J-6/JJ-6;

3 (1 OCU) with 39 F-16 (27 -A, 12 -B).

2(1 OCU) with 40 J-7.
RECCE: 1 sqn with 12 Mirage IIIRP.
TRANSPORT: 2 sqn:

1 with 12 C-130 (5 -B, 7 -E), 1 L-100;

1 with 3 Boeing 707, 3 Falcon 20, 2 F-27-200 (1 with Navy), 2 Beech (1 Travel Air, 1 Baron).
SAR: 1 hel sqn with 4 SA-319.
TRANSPORT HELICOPTERS: 1 sqn with 12 SA-316, 4 SA-321.
TRAINING: 12 CJ-6, 30 JJ-5, *JJ-7, 25 Mashshaq, 6 MiG-15UTI, 10 T-33A, 53 T-37B/C.
AD: 7 SAM bty: 6 each with 6 Crotale, 1 with 6 CSA-1 (SA-2).
MISSILES: ASM: AM-39 Exocet.

AAM: AIM-7 Sparrow, AIM-9 Sidewinder, R-530, R-550 Magic.

FORCES ABROAD:
SAUDI ARABIA: some 1,000 military/technical advisors.
UN AND PEACE-KEEPING:

IRAQ/KUWAIT (UNIKOM): 9 Observers.

PARAMILITARY:
NATIONAL GUARD: 150,000; incl Janbaz Force; National Cadet Corps; Women Guards.
FRONTIER CORPS: (Ministry of Interior) 65,000, 45 UR-416APC.
PAKISTAN RANGERS: (Ministry of Interior) 23,000.

FOREIGN FORCES:
UNITED NATIONS: (OSGAP):10 Observers.

PAPUA NEW GUINEA

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: about 3,800.

ARMY: 3,400.

2 inf regt (bn).

1 engr bn.

NAVY: 300.
BASES: Port Moresby (HQ), Lombrum.
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS: 5:

1 Madang (Aus Attack) PCI.

4 Tarangau (Aus Pacific Forum 32-m) PCI
AMPHIBIOUS: craft only: 2 Salamaua (Aus Balikpapan) LCT plus 6 other landing craft. All operated by Dept of Transport.

AIR FORCE: 140. 3 cbt ac, no armed hel.
MR: 3 N-22B Searchmaster B.
TRANSPORT: 5 C-47, 1 N-22B Missionmaster.
HELICOPTERS: 3 Arava, 4 UH-1H.

OPPOSITION FORCES:
Bougainville Revolutionary Army: 2,000.

FOREIGN FORCES
AUSTRALIA: 100; 1 engr unit, 85 advisers.

PHILIPPINES

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: 106,500.
RESERVES: 128,000. Army 100,000, (some 75,000 more have commitments); Navy 12,000; Air 16,000 (to age 49).

ARMY: 68,000.

6 Area Unified Comd (joint service).

8 inf div (each with 3 inf bde).

1 lt armd bde ('regt').

3 engr bde; 1 construction bn.

8 arty bn.

1 SF bde.

1 Presidential Security Group.
EQUIPMENT:
LIGHT TANKS: 41 Scorpion.
AIFV: 85 YPR-765 PRI.
APC: 100 M-113, 20 Chaimite, 165 V-150.
TOWED ARTY: 105mm: 230 M-101, M-102,M-26 and M-56; 155mm: 12 M-114 and M-68.
MORTARS: 81mm: M-29; 107mm: 40 M-30.
RCL: 75mm: M-20; 90mm: M-67; 106mm: M-40 Al.

NAVY:^t 23,000 (incl 8,500 Marines, 2,000 Coast Guard). 6 Naval Districts.
BASES: Sangley Point/Cavite, Zamboanga, Cebu.
FRIGATES: 1 Datu Siratuna (US Cannon) with ASW mor.
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS: 37:
PATROL OFFSHORE: 8:

2 Rizal (US Auk)

5 Miguel Mahar (US PCE-827)

1 Magat Salamat (US-MSF).
INSHORE: 29:

1 Negros Oriental (USPC-461)PCC.

4 Kagitingan, 4 Basilan (USPGM-39/42) PCI, about 20<.
AMPHIBIOUS: 7: some 7 Agusan delSur (USLST-511) LST, capacity 16 tk, 10 with accommodation for 200 tps.

Plus about 30 craft; 1 LCT, 20 LCM, 3 LCU, some 6 LCVP.
SUPPORT AND MISCELLANEOUS: 8: 1 AOT(small) 2 repair ships, 1 tpt, 4 survey/research.

NAVAL AVIATION: 5 cbt ac, no armed hel.
MR/SAR: 5 BN-2A Defender, 1 Islander, 12 Bo-105 (SAR) hel.

MARINES: (8,500):

4 bde (10 bn).
EQUIPMENT:
APC: 30 LVTP-5, 55 LVTP-7.
ARTY: towed: 105mm: 150 M-101.
MORTARS: 4.2-in. (107mm): M-30.
COAST GUARD: (2,000).
EQUIPMENT: Some 65 patrol craft incl 1 large SAR, 2 lt ac.

AIR FORCE: 15,500; 44 cbt ac, some 79 armed hel.
FIGHTER: 1 sqn with 9 F-5 (7 -A, 2 -B).
COIN: AIRCRAFT: 1 sqn with 8 T-28D.

HELICOPTERS: 3 sqn with 55 Bell UH-1H/M, 16 AUH-76 (S-76 gunship conversion), 8 Hughes 500/520MD.
MR: 2 F-27M.
RECCE: 3 RT-33A.
SAR: 4 HU-16 ac, 10 Bo-105C hel.
PRESIDENTIAL AIRCRAFT WING:

AIRCRAFT: 1 F-27, 1 F-28.

HELICOPTERS: 1 Bell 212, 2 S-70A, 2 SA-330.
TRANSPORT: 7 sqn:

AIRCRAFT:

1 with 3 C-130H, 3 L-100-20;

2 with 3 C-47,7 F-27;

2 with 10 BN-2 Islander, 9 N-22B Missionmaster.

HELICOPTERS: 2 sqn with 15 Bell 205, 17 UH-1H.
LIAISON: 6 Cessna 180, 2 -210, 1 -310, 5 DHC-2, 15 U-17A/B.
TRAINING: 4 sqn:

1 with 5 T-33, 3 RT-33.

1 with 20 T-41D;

1 with 14 SF-260MP, 9* -WP.

1 with 18* S-211.
AAM: AIM-9B Sidewinder.

PARAMILITARY:
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE (Department of Interior and Local Government): ~90,000; 14 Regional Comd, 234 provincial coy.
CITIZEN ARMED FORCE GEOGRAPHICAL UNITS (CAFGU): Militia: 45,000, 56 bn. Part-time units which can be called up for extended periods.

OPPOSITION:
NEW PEOPLE'S ARMY (NPA; Communist): 17,500.
BANGSA MORO ARMY (armed wing of Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF), muslim): 615,000.
MORO ISLAMIC LIBERATION FRONT (breakaway from MNLF; muslim): 2,900.
MORO ISLAMIC REFORMIST GROUP (breakaway from MNLF): 900.

FOREIGN FORCES:
US: 8,000: Army: 200. Ain 2,200, Navy: 5,000, base at Subic Bay. Marines: 600, 1 MEU sometimes deployed.

SINGAPORE

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: 55,500 (34,800 conscripts).
RESERVES: Army 250,000; annual trg to age 40 for men, 50 for officers. Navy e4,500. Air Force ~7,500. People's Defence Force: ~30,000.

ARMY: 45,000 (30,000 conscripts).

1 combined arms div:

2 inf bde (each 3 inf bn).

1 armd bde.

1 recce, 2 arty, 1 AD, 1 engr bn.

1 mech bde.

1 cdo bn.

1 arty, 1 SP mor bn.

1 engr bn.
RESERVES: 2 div, 1 armd, 6 inf bde HQ; 18 inf, 1 cdo, 10 arty, 2 AD arty, 3 engr bn.
People's Defence Force: some 30,000; org in 2 comd, 7 bde gp, ~21 bn.

EQUIPMENT:
LIGHT TANKS: ~350 AMX-13SM1.
APC: 720 M-113, 30 V-100, 250 V-150/-200 Commando.
TOWED ARTY: 155mm: 38 Soltam M-71, 16 M-114A1 (maybe in store), M-68(maybe in store), 24 FH88.
MORTARS: 81mm(some SP); 120mm: 50 (some SP in M-113); 160mm: 12 Tampella.
ATGW: 30 Milan.
RL: 89mm: M-20 3.5-in.
RCL: 84mm: Carl Gustav, 106mm: 90 M-40A1 (in store).
AD GUNS: 20mm: 30 GAI-CO1 (some SP).
SAM: RBS-70 (some SP in V-200).

NAVY: 4,500 (1,800 conscripts).
BASE: Pulau Brani (Singapore).
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS: 32:
CORVETTES: 6 Victory (Ge Lurssen 62-m) with 8 Harpoon SSM, 2x3 ASTT.
MISSILE CRAFT: 6 Sea Wolf (Ge Lurssen 45-m) PFM with 2x2 Harpoon, 2 Gabriel SSM.
PATROL, INSHORE: 20:

6 Independence/Sovereignty (33-m).

1 Endeavour (trg), 1 Panglima (UK Ford) (trg); 12<.
AMPHIBIOUS: 5 Endurance (US LST-511) LST, capacity 200 tps, 16 tk. Plus craft; 8 LCM.
SUPPORT AND MISCELLANEOUS: 1 Jupiter div spt.

AIR FORCE: 6,000 (3,000 conscripts); 193 cbt ac, 6 armed hel.
FGA: 5 sqn:

3 with 62 A-4S/SI, 13 TA-4S/SI.

1 with 20 Hunter F-74, 4 T-75.

1 with 8 F-16 (4-A, 4-B).
FIGHTER: 2 sqn with 31 F-5E, 9 F-5F.
RECCE: 4 Hunter FR-74
AEW: 1 sqn with 4E-2C.
ARMED HELICOPTERS: 6 AS-3S0.
TRANSPORT:
AIRCRAFT: 2 sqn:

1 with 4 C-130B (tkr/tpt), 6 C-130H.

1 with 6 Skyvan 3M (tpt/SAR).
HELICOPTERS: 3 sqn:

1 with 18 UH-1B;

1 with 4 AB-205, 5 Bell 205;

1 with 22 AS-332M (incl 3 SAR).
TRAINING: 3 sqn:

2 with 30 *SIAIS-211;

1 with 26 SF-260 (14 -MS, 12* -WS).
AD: 3 bn: 2 SAM, 1 arty:

1 with 10 Rapier (with Blindfire);

1 with 8 Improved HAWK.

1 with 35mm Oerlikon (towed) guns.
AIRFIELD DEFENCE: 1 field defence sqn (reservists).
AAM: AIM-9 J/P Sidewinder.

FORCES ABROAD:
BRUNEI: (500); trg school, incl hel det (with 5 UH-1).
TAIWAN: trg camp.
UN AND PEACE-KEEPING

ANGOLA (UNAVEM II): Observers.

IRAQ/KUWAIT (UNIKOM): 7 Observers.

PARA MILITARY:
POLICE/MARINE POLICE: 11,600; incl some 750 Gurkhas, about 80 boats.
CIVIL DEFENCE FORCE: ~100,000 (incl regulars, conscripts, volunteers, E34,000 former army reservists). 1 construction bde (2,500).

FOREIGN FORCES: NEW ZEALAND: 20: spt unit.

SRI LANKA

TOTAL ARMED FORCES: some 88,500 incl recalled reservists.
ACTIVE: 22,000.
RESERVES: some 12,000; Army 2,500; Navy 1,000; Air 8,500. Obligation: 7 years post-Regular service.

ARMY: 70,000, incl recalled reservists (being re-org).

3 div HQ.

9 inf bde.

1 indep SF bde (1 cdo, 1 SF regt).

2 recce regt (bn) (1 reserve).

4 fd arty (incl 1 reserve), 4 fd engr regt.
EQUIPMENT:
RECCE: 18 Saladin, 15 Ferret, 12 Daimler Dingo.
APC: some 20 Ch Type-85, 10 BTR-152, 40 Samil-20, 20 Unicorn, 16 Shorland.
TOWED ARTY: 76mm: 12 Yug M-48; 85mm: 10 Ch Type-56; 88mm: 25 pdr, 105mm: 10; 130mm: 12 Ch Type-59-1.
MORTARS: 82mm: 12; 107mm: 10 4.2-in; 120mm: M-43.
RCL: 82mm: M-60; 106mm: M-40.
AD GUNS: 40mm: 24 L-60; 94mm: 24 3.7-in.

NAVY: 8,500.
BASES: Trincomalee (HQ), Karainagar, Colombo, Tangalle, Kalpitiya.
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS: 43:
PATROL, COASTAL: 2 Jayesagara PCC.
PATROL, INSHORE: 41:
AMPHIBIOUS: craft only; 2 LCM
SUPPORT AND MISCELLANEOUS: 3: 3 Abheetha spt/cmd.

AIR FORCE: 10,000 (incl 1,000 reservists); 13 cbt ac, 17 armed hel.
COIN: 11 SF-260TP.
ATTACK HELICOPTERS: 13 Bell 212,4 -412.
MR: 1 sqn with 6 Cessna 337 ac; 2 SA-365 hel.
TRANSPORT: 1 sqn with 2 BAe 748, 1 Cessna 421C, 1 Super King Air, 2 Ch Y-8,9 Y-12.
HELICOPTERS: 7 Bell 206.
TRAINING: incl 6 Cessna 150,4 DHC-1, 2* FT-5.
RESERVES: Air Force Regt, 3 sqn; Airfield Construction Regt, 1 sqn.

PARAMILITARY:
POLICE FORCE: (Ministry of Defence) 30,000 active, incl 1,000 women, (22,000 reserves, increase to 28,000 planned)

incl Special Task Force: 2,000-man anti-guerrilla unit.
NATIONAL AUXILIARY VOLUNTEER FORCE: 12,000 reported.
HOME GUARD: 18,000.

OPPOSITION:
LIBERATION TIGERS OF TAMIL EELAM (LITE): Leaden Veluppillai Prabaharan: ~2,000.

TAIWAN

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: 370,000.
Terms of service: 2 years.
RESERVES: 1,657,500. Army: 1,500,000 have some Reserve obligation to age 30. Navy 32,500, Marines 35,000, Air 90,000.

ARMY: 270,000.

3 Army, 6 Corps, 1 SF HQ.

20 inf div.

2 mech inf div.

1 AB bde.

5 indep armd bde.

1 SF gp.

22 fd arty bn.

5 SAM bn: 2 with Nike Hercules, 3 with HAWK.

6 avn sqn.
RESERVES: 9 inf div.
EQUIPMENT:
MBT: 309 M-48A5, 150 M-48H.
LIGHT TANKS: 275 M-24 (90mm gun), 675 M-41/Type 64.
RECCE: M-8.
AIFV: 225 M-113 with 20/30mm cannon.
APC: 40 M-2 half-track, 650 M-113, 300 V-150 Commando.
TOWED ARTY: 105mm: 650 M-101 (T-64); 155mm: M-44, 90 M-59, 250 M-114 (T-65); 203mm: 70 M-115.
SP ARTY: 105mm: 100 M-108; 155mm: 45 T-69, 110 M-109A2; 203mm: 60 M-110.
MRL: 117mm: KF VI; 126mm: KFIII/IV towed and SP.
MORTARS: 81mm: M-29 (some SP); 107mm.
SSM: Hsiung Feng (Gabriel-type) coastal defence.
ATGW: 1,000: Kun Wu (TOW-type), TOW (some SP).
RCL: 90mm: M-67; 106mm: 500 M-40A1/Type 51.
ATK GUNS: 76mm: 150 M-18 SP.
AD GUNS: 35mm; 40mm: 400 (incl M-42 SP, Bofors).
SAM: 40 Nike Hercules, 100 HAWK, some Chaparral; Tien Kung (Sky Bow)-1/-2.
AVIATION:

AIRCRAFT: 20 O-1.

HELICOPTERS: 100 UH-1H, 12 KH-4.
DEPLOYMENT:

QUEMOY: 55,000,

MATSU: 18,000.

NAVY: 30,000.

3 Naval Districts.
BASES: Tsoying (HQ), Makung (Pescadores), Keelung.
SUBMARINES: 4:

2 Hai Lung (Nl mod Zwaardvis) with 533mm TT.

2 Hai Shih (US Guppy II) with 533mm TT.
PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS:33.
DESTROYERS: 24:
DDG: 7 Chien Yang (US Gearing, stage 3 modernization) with 10 SM-1MR SAM (boxed) plus 1x8 ASROC, 2x3 ASTT.
DD: 17.

7 Fu Yang (US Gearing) (ASW); 13 with 1 Hughes MD-500 hel, 8 with 1x8 ASROC, all with 2x3 ASTT; plus 1 or 2x2 127mm guns, 5 or 3

Hsiung Feng-II (HF-2) (Is Gabriel) SSM.

6 Po Yang (US Sumner) with 2 or 3x2 127mm guns; plus 2x3 ASTT; 3 with 3 or 4 HF-2 SSM.

4 Kun Yang (US Fletcher) with 3 or 4 127mm guns; plus 2x3 ASTT with 5 HF-2 SSM.
FRIGATES: 9:

8 Tien Shan (US Lawrence/Crosley), 8 with 2x3 ASTT; plus 2 127mm guns.

1 Tai Yuan (US Rudderow) with 2x3 ASTT; plus 2 127mm guns.
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS: 93:
MISSILE CRAFT: 52:

2 Lung Chiang PFM with 2 HF-2 SSM

50 Hai Ou (mod Is Dvora)< with 2 HF-2 SSM
PATROL, OFFSHORE: 3 Ping Jin (US Auk MSF) with 3 ASTT.

INSHORE: 38: 22 Vosper-type 32-m PFI. About 16 PCI<.
MINE WARFARE: 8 Yung Chou (US Adjutant) MSC.
AMPHIBIOUS: 26

1 Kao Hsiung (US LST 511) amph comd.

20 Chung Hai (US LST 511) LST, capacity 16 tk, 200 tps.

4 Mei Lo (US LSM-1) LSM, capacity about 4 tk.

1 Cheng Hai (US Cabildo) LSD, capacity 3 LCU or 18 LCM.

Plus about 280 craft; 20 LCU, some 260 LCM.
SUPPORT AND MISCELLANEOUS: 28: 4 spt tankers, 2 repair/salvage, 1 Wu Yi combat spt, 6 Yuen Feng ATK tpt, 2 tpt, 3 tugs,

3 survey/research, 7 ocean tugs.

NAVAL AIR: 32 cbt ac; 12 armed hel.
MR: 1 sqn with 32S-2 (25 -E, 7 -G).
HELICOPTERS: 1 sqn with 12 Hughes 500MD ASW Defender.

MARINES: 30,000.

2 div, spt elm.
EQUIPMENT:
APC: LVT-4/-5.
TOWED ARTY: 105mm, 155mm.
RCL: 106mm.

AIR FORCE: 70,000, 487 cbt ac, no armed hel. 5 cbt wings.
FGA/FIGHTER: 14 sqn with 8 F-5B,215 -E, 55 -F, 8 F-104D/DJ, 85 -G, 20 -J, 33 TF-I04G.
RECCE: 1 sqn with 3 RF-104G.
SAR: 1 sqn with 8 HU-16B ac, 12 S-70, 12 UH-1H hel.
TRANSPORT: 8 sqn:
AIRCRAFT: 2 with 8 C-47, 2 C-54, 1 C-118B, 1 DC-6B;

3 with 30 C-119G, 10 C-123B/K;

1 with 12 C-130H.

1 with 12 Beech 1900.

1 VIP with 1 Boeing 707-720B, 4 -727-100.
HELICOPTERS: 5 CH-34, 3 CH-47C, 1 S-62A (VIP), 14 S-70.
TRAINING: incl 60*AT-3, T-28A, 30 T-33A, 42 T-34C, 30 T-CH-1 ac; 12 Bell 47G/OH-I3, 6 Hughes 500 hel.
MISSILES: ASM: AGM-65A Maverick.

AAM: AIM-4D Falcon, AIM-9J/P Sidewinder, Shafrir.

PARAMILITARY:
SECURITY GROUPS (Ministry of Defence): 25,000: incl National Police Administration. Bureau of Investigation. Military Police HQ.
CUSTOMS SERVICE (Ministry of Finance): 4 PCO, 2 PCC, 6 PCI; most armed.

FOREIGN FORCES: SINGAPORE: trg camp.

THAILAND

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: 283,000.
Terms of service: conscription 2 years.
RESERVES: 500,000.

ARMY: 190,000 (80,000 conscripts).

4 Regional Army HQ, 2 Corps HQ.

1 cav (lt armd) div (2 cav, 1 arty regt).

1 mech inf div.

7 inf div (incl Royal Guard, 5 with 1 tk bn) (3 to be mech, 1 to belt).

2 SF div.

1 arty div, 1 AD arty div (6 AD arty bn).

19 engr bn.

1 indep cav regt.

8 indep inf bn.

4 recce coy.

Armd air cav regt with 3 air-mobile coy.

Some hel fit.
RESERVES: 4 inf div HQ.
EQUIPMENT:
MBT: 60+ Ch Type-69, 100 M-48A5.
LIGHT TANKS: 154 Scorpion, 200 M-41 (most in store), 20 M-24(in store), 106 Stingray.
RECCE: 32 Shorland Mk3.
APC: 340 M-113, M-3A1/M-16 half-track, 150 V-150 Commando, 20 Saracen, ~300 Ch Type-85 (YW-531H), 112 YW-531.
TOWED ARTY: 105mm: 200 M-101/-101 mod, 12 M-102, 32 M-618A2 (local manufacture); 130mm: 30 Ch Type-59; 155mm: 56 M-114, 62 M-198, 32 M-71.
MRL: 130mm: Ch Type-82 reported.
MORTARS: 81mm, 107mm.
ATGW: TOW, 300 Dragon.
RL: M-72 LAW.
RCL: 57mm: M-18; 75mm: M-20; 106mm: 150 M-40.
AD GUNS: 20mm: 24 M-163 Vulcan, 24 M-167 Vulcan; 37mm: some 30 Type-74; 40mm: 80 M-1/M-42 SP, 28 L/70; 57mm: 24.
SAM: Redeye, some Aspide.
AVIATION:

TRANSPORT: 1 Beech 99, 4 C-47, 10 Cessna 208, 1 Short 330, 1 Beech King Air.

LIAISON: 63 O-1A, 17 -E, 5 T-41A, 13 U-17A.

TRAINING: 16 T-41D.
HELICOPTERS:

ATTACK: 4 AH-1F.

TRANSPORT: 10 Bell 206, 9 -212, 6 -214, 70 UH-1H.

TRAINING: 36 Hughes 300C, 3 OH-13, 7 TH-55.

NAVY: 50,000 (some conscripts) incl naval air and marines.
BASES: Bangkok, (HQ) Sattahip, Songkla, Phan Nga, Nakhon Phanom (HQ Mekong River Operating Unit).
FRIGATES: 6:

1 Chao Phraya (Ch Jianghu-III) with 8 C-801 SSM, 2x2 100mm guns; plus 2x5 ASW RL (plus 2nd ship by end of 1991).

1 Makut Rajakumarn with 2x3 ASTT (Sting Ray LWT); plus 2 114mm guns.

2 Tapi (US PF-103) with 2x3 ASTT (Mk 46 LWT).

2 Tachin (US Tacoma)(trg) with 2x3 ASTT.
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS: 53:
CORVETTES: 3:

2 Rattanakosin with 2x3 ASTT (Sting Ray LWT); plus 2x4 Harpoon SSM.

1 Khamronsin with 2x3 ASTT; plus 1 76mm gun.
MISSILE CRAFT: 6:

3 Ratcharit (It Breda 50-m) with 4 MM-38 Exocet SSM.

3 Prabparapak (Ge Lurssen 45-m) with 5 Gabriel SSM.
PATROL 44:

COASTAL 14: 3 Chon Buri PFC, 6 Sattahip, 5 Sarasin (US PC-46l) PCC.

INSHORE: 30: About 30 PCI<.
MINE WARFARE: 7:

2 BangRachan (Ge Lurssen T-48) MCC.

4 Ladya (US Bluebird MSC) MSC.

1 Thalang MCM spt.
AMPHIBIOUS: 8:

2 Sichang (Fr PS-700) LST, capacity 14 tk, 300 tps.

4 Angthong (US LST-511) LST, capacity 16 tk, 200 tps (1 trg).

2 Kut (US LSM-1) LSM, capacity about 4 tk.

Plus 40 craft; 10 LCU, about 30 LCM.
SUPPORT AND MISCELLANEOUS:7: 1 small tanker, 3 survey, 3 trg.

NAVAL AIR: (900); 26 cbt ac; 8 armed hel.
MR/ASW: 1 sqn with 3 Do-228, 3 F-27MPA, 5 N-24A Searchmaster L.
ASW HELICOPTERS: 8 Bell 212 ASW.
MR/SAR: 1 sqn with 2 CL-215.
MR/ATTACK: 10 Cessna T-337.
SAR: 1 hel sqn with 8 Bell 212, 2 -214, 4 UH-1H.
ASM: AGM-84 Harpoon (for F-27MPA).

MARINES: (20,000).

1 div HQ, 6 inf regt, 1 arty regt (3 fd, 1 AA bn);

1 amph aslt bn; recce bn.
EQUIPMENT:

APC: 33 LVTP-7.

TOWED ARTY: 155mm: 18 GC-45.

ATGW: TOW, Dragon.

AIR FORCE: 43,000; 167 cbt ac, no armed hel.
FGA: 1 sqn with 9 F-5A, 4 -B. 14 F-16A, 4-B delivered.
FIGHTER: 2 sqn with 38 F-5E, 6 -F.
COIN: 8 sqn:

1 with 15A-37B;

1 with 7 AC-47;

3 with 24 AU-23A;

1 with 15 N-22B Missionmaster.

2 with 25 OV-10C.
ELINT: 1 sqn with 3 IAI-201.
RECCE: 3 RF-5A, 3 RT-33A.
SURVEY: 1 Commander 690, 3 Learjet 35A, 2 Merlin IVA, 2 Queen Air.
TRANSPORT: 3 sqn:

1 with 3 C-130H, 3 C-130H-3O, 3 DC-8-62F.

1 with 10 C-123B/-K, 6 BAe-748.

1 with 10 C-47.
VIP: Royal flight: 2 Boeing 737-200, 1 King Air 200, 3 Merlin IV ac; 2 Bell 412 hel.
TRAINING: 24 CT-4, 16 Fantrainer V-600, 16 SF-260, 10 T-33A, 13 T-37B, 6 -C, 11 T-41, 4 D-1A Bird Dog.
LIAISON: 3 Commander, 2 King Air E90, 30 O-1.
HELICOPTERS: 2 sqn:

1 with 18 S-58T.

1 with 22 UH-1H.
AAM: AIM-9B/J Sidewinder.
AD: Blowpipe SAM. 1 AA arty bty: 2 Skyguard radar, each with 4 fire units of 2x30mm Mauser guns.

FORCES ABROAD:
UN AND PEACE-KEEPING: IRAQ/KUWAIT (UNIKOM): 7 Observers.

PARAMILITARY:
THAHAN PHRAN ('Hunter Soldiers'): 18,500 volunteer irregular force; 27 regt of some 200 coy.

NATIONAL SECURITY VOLUNTEER CORPS: 43,000.
MARINE POLICE: 1,700; 2 PFC, 3 PFI, some 57 PCI<.
POLICE AVIATION: 500; 1 Airtourer, 3 AU-23, 1 C-47, 2 Cessna 310, 1 CT-4, 3 DHC-4, 1 Do-28, 4 PC-6,1 Short -330 ac;

27 Bell 205A, 14 -206, 3 -212, 6 UH-12, 5 KH-4, 1 S-62 hel.
BORDER PATROL POLICE: 28,000.
PROVINCIAL POLICE: ~50,000 incl Special Action Force (~500).

OPPOSITION:
COMMUNIST PARTY OF THAILAND (CPT): ~200.
THAI PEOPLE'S REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENT (TPRM); also known as Pak (or Phak) Mai (NewParty) New Communist Party/Sayam Mai

(New Siam): 1,500 claimed; active guerrillas ~100. Vietnam/Laos-backed Communists.
ISLAMIC: Patani United Liberation Organization; Barisan Revolusi Nasional (BRN) (National Revolution Party): together ~400.

VIETNAM

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: 1,041,000 (referred to as 'Main Force').
Terms of service: 3 years, specialists 4 years, some ethnic minorities 2 years.
RESERVES: 'Strategic Rear Force' some 3-4 m manpower potential, see also Paramilitary.

ARMY: 900,000.
14 Corps HQ.
62 inf div ^b
3 mech div.
l0 armd bde.
15 indep inf regt.
SF incl AB bde, demolition engr regt.
some 10 fd arty bde.
8 engr div.
10-16 economic construction div; 20 indep engr bde ^c
EQUIPMENTS
MBT: 1,300 T-34/-54/-55, 100T-62,350 Ch Type-59.
LIGHT TANKS: 500 PT-76, Ch Type-62/63.
RECCE: 80 BRDM-1/-2.
AIFV: 300 BMP.
APC: 1,100 BTR-40/-50/-60/-152, YW-531, M-113.
TOWED ARTY: 1,970: 100mm: 120 incl M-1944, T-12; 105mm: 500 M-101/-102; 122mm: 800 incl M-1938, D-30;

130mm: 200 M-1946; 152mm: 220 D-20; 155mm: 130M-114.
SP ARTY: 152mm: 30 2S3; 175mm: M-107.
ASSAULT GUNS: 100mm: SU-100; 122mm: ISU-122.
MRL: 107mm: 320 Type 63; 122mm: 350 BM-21; 140mm: BM-14-16.
MORTARS: 82mm, 120mm; 160mm.
ATGW: AT-3 Sagger.
RCL: 75mm: Ch Type-56; 82mm: Ch Type-65, B-10; 88mm: Ch Type-51.
AD GUNS: 8,000: 14.5mm; 23mm: incl ZSU-23-4 SP; 30mm; 37mm; 57mm; 85mm; 100mm.
SAM: SA-6/-7/-9.

NAVY^t ~31,000 (incl 21,000 Naval Infantry).

Four Naval Zones.
BASES: Vietnam: Cam Ranh Bay, Da Nang, Haiphong, Hanoi, Ha Tou, Ho Chi Minh City.
FRIGATES: 7:

1 Phan Ngu Lao (US Barnegat) (ASUW), with 2 SS-N-2 Styx SSM, 1 127mm gun.

5 Sov Petya II with 4 ASW RL, 3 533mm TT.

1 Dai Ky (US Savage) with 2x3 ASTT.
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS: 64:
MISSILE CRAFT: 8 Sov Osa with 4 SS-N-2 SSM.
TORPEDO CRAFT: 21:

5 Sov Turya PHT with 4 533mm TT.

16 Sov Shershen PFT with 4 533mm TT.
PATROL: 35:

OFFSHORE: 2 US Admirable MSF

INSHORE: 33: 8 Sov SO-1, 10 US PGM-59/71, 15<.
MINE WARFARE: 15: 2 Yurka MSC, 4 Sonya MSC, 1 Vanya MSI, 3 Yevgenya MHI<, 5 MSI<.
AMPHIBIOUS: 7:

3 US LST-511 LST, capacity 200 tps, 16 tk.

3 Sov Polnocny LSM, capacity 180 tps, 6 tk.

1 US LSM-1 LSM, capacity about 50 tps, 4 tk.

Plus about 24 craft; 12 LCM, 12 LCU.
SUPPORT AND MISCELLANEOUS: 13: 1 Survey, 2 Floating Docks, about 10 small tpt.

NAVAL INFANTRY: (21,000) (amph, cdo).

AIR FORCE: 10,000; 185 cbt ac, 28 armed hel (plus many in store).^t 4 Air Div.
FGA: 2 regt:

1 with 20 Su-17;

1 with 40 Su-22.
FIGHTER: 5 regt with 125 MiG-21bis/PF.
ATTACK HELICOPTERS: 20 Mi-24.
MR: 4 Be-12.
ASW HEL: 8 Ka-25.
SURVEY: 2 An-30.
TRANSPORT: 3 regt: incl 12 An-2, 4 An-24, 30 An-26, 8 Tu-134, 14 Yak-40.
HELICOPTERS: 1 div (3 regt) with 200 hel incl 5 Mi-6, 30 Mi-8.
TRAINING: 3 regt with 53 ac incl L-39,*MiG-21U.
AAM: AA-2 Atoll.

AIR DEFENCE FORCE: 100,000.
14 AD div:

SAM: some 66 sites with SA-2/-3;

4 AD arty bde: 37mm, 57mm, 85mm, 100mm, 130mm; plus People's Regional Force: ~1,000 units.

6 radar bde: 100 sites.

FORCES ABROAD:
CAMBODIA: ~3,000 advisers.
LAOS: 5,000: mostly economic construction tps.

PARAMILITARY:
PEOPLE'S REGIONAL FORCE: 500,000. Org at provincial level, some div but mainly regt and coy. Full-time but also engage in economic production.

Acts as reserve for Main Force.
LOCAL FORCES: Some 2,600,000. Incl People's Self Defence Force (urban units), People's Militia (northern rural units),

Armed Youth Assault Force (southern rural units), Centralized Militia (mainly montagnards in Chinese border region).

Comprise: static and mobile cbt units, log spt and village protection pi. Some arty, mor and AD guns. Acts as reserve for People's Regional Force.
'TACTICAL REAR FORCE': Some 500,000 manpower potential mainly ex full-time servicemen. Acts as reserve for Local Forces.

OPPOSITION:
UNITED FRONT FOR THE LIBERATION OF THE OPPRESSED RACES (FULRO) ~2,500; montagnards; Cambodian border.
NATIONAL SALVATION MOVEMENT.
ARMY OF THE REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM (remnants; Hoa Had).

FOREIGN FORCES:
SOVIET UNION: 2,800. Naval base.

^b Inf div strengths vary from 5,000 to 12,500.
^c Menbeyond normal mil age; unit strength about 4,000 each, fully armed, with mil and economic role.

Caribbean and Latin America

Political Developments

In November 1990, President Menem of Argentina and President Collor of Brazil signed a pact banning nuclear tests and weapon production in their countries. They agreed to place nuclear energy activities under international supervision. They have not yet decided to sign the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty but they said they would implement the provisions of the Treaty of Tlatelolco. In September 1990, President Collor had revealed that Brazil had been conducting a nuclear weapons development programme for 15 years. In a symbolic gesture he cast a spadeful of lime into a bore hole, 320 metres deep, which had been constructed, presumably, as an underground nuclear test site. Argentina has finally abandoned the Condor 2 missile development programme and has placed all associated facilities under civil control. Argentina has stated that it will abide by the guidelines of the Missile Technology Control Regime and Brazil is considering following suit.

The Defence and Foreign Ministers of the five Central American countries, together with observers from Panama, the UN and the Organization of American States, met in August 1990 and agreed 'to take an inventory of weapons and troops in each country and establish limits, or as the case may be reductions'.

The UN Observers for El Salvador (ONUSAL) was established in late July 1991. The mission is, as a first stage, to monitor the human rights situation in El Salvador. It is hoped that this will lead to a permanent cease-fire between the government and the Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front (FMLN). The mission will include 36 police and 15 military officers from Brazil, Canada, Ecuador, Spain and Venezuela.

The US is intensifying its activity to reduce the cultivation and production of narcotic drugs. Training missions have deployed to Bolivia and Colombia. In September the government of Peru declined a US aid and training package of $35.9m to train and equip six battalions. However, an anti-drugs pact was signed in May 1991 under which the US will provide $100m annually, mainly to be used to support the introduction of alternative crops. In July 1991a military aid agreement was reached under which the US will provide $35m worth of military equipment and services. Military aid has been resumed to El Salvador but the $42.5m package is to be limited to non-lethal material. In the event of a cease-fire, the unspent balance would be passed to a fund to assist with the demobilization of the FMLN.

Cuban armed forces have continued to be withdrawn from overseas. The UN-monitored withdrawal from Angola was completed on schedule by 1 July 1991. Cuban advisers have also left Congo and Ethiopia.

Military Developments

A number of countries in the region are carrying out major reorganizations of their armed forces. Those of Uruguay and Venezuela are reflected in The Military Balance 1991-1992. Reorganization and modernization are under way but not yet complete in Argentina and Brazil.

The Military Balance has been able to revise manpower figures and equipment holdings in a number of countries in the region. In Argentina, the Army is 5,000 stronger, as is the Navy (including 1,000 more men in the Marines). The Military Balance 1990-1991 credited the Army with 100 too many TAM MBT. AIFV holdings have been increased by 15 AMX-UCI and 75 TAM VCTP, and SP artillery holdings are increased by 100 guns.

In Brazil, Army manpower is reduced by 27,000. The Navy has retired one, of two, US Guppy-class submarines. It has commissioned two Grauna and four Tracker locally built patrol craft and taken delivery of a second US Thomaston LSD amphibious ship. The Air Force has 12 more AMX FGA aircraft.

The Chilean Army has 150 more EE-9 Cascavel reconnaissance vehicles. The Navy has converted a second ex-UK Norfolk-class destroyer to Blanco Encalada-class which much improves its helicopter capability. Two US Sumner-class destroyers have been retired and delivery taken of a third UK Leander-class frigate. The Colombian Navy has brought back into service a US Courtney-class frigate which will act as an HQ ship. The Navy has also recommissioned three Pedro de Heredia-class (ex-US tugs) offshore patrol duties.

In Cuba the Army has increased its holdings of BMP by 250 to 300. The Air Force has retired two squadrons of 24 MiG-17 and has only two squadrons with 20 MiG-23 (not three with 36 aircraft). Helicopter numbers have increased by ten Mi-8, 24 Mi-17 and ten Mi-25.

Ecuador's armed forces have 18 more SA-342 Gazelle helicopters, the Navy has taken delivery of two UK Leander Batch //frigates; one of which may not yet be operational, and the US Gearing-class destroyer has been retired. The Air Force has four more A-37B COIN aircraft. The inventory of El Salvador's Air Force has increased by three more A-37N COIN aircraft, three more Hughes 500E helicopters and five UH-1M armed helicopters.

Mexico's Army is 25,000 stronger than previously listed in The Military Balance. An armoured brigade and a third infantry brigade have been formed, and Army equipment holdings have increased by 40 VCR/TT APC and 30 more M-101 towed artillery. The Navy has taken delivery of two new Uxmal-class PCC and two inshore patrol craft.

The Nicaraguan Army has demobilized 30,000 men and conscript service has been abolished.

The Peruvian forces show a drop in manpower strength: the Army by 8,000, the Navy by 7,000. The Navy has retired one US Mackerel-class submarine and two Netherlands Friesland-class destroyers. The attack helicopter squadron, estimated last year to have 24 Mi-24, has ten Mi-25. Uruguay has purchased two more French-built Commandant Riviere-class frigates.

The Venezuelan Army inventory has been increased by 20 more AMX-30 MBT, 30 more V-100 APC and ten more M-101 towed artillery. The Naval Air Force has taken delivery of two S-2E Tracker ASW aircraft. The Air Force has retired its 17 Canberra bombers and reconnaissance aircraft.

Карибский бассейн и Латинская Америка

Политические события

В ноябре 1990 года президент Аргентины Менем и президент Бразилии Коллор подписали пакт о запрещении ядерных испытаний и производства оружия в своих странах. Они договорились поставить ядерную энергетику под международный контроль. Они еще не решили подписать договор о нераспространении ядерного оружия, но заявили, что будут выполнять положения Договора Тлателолко. В сентябре 1990 года президент Коллор сообщил, что Бразилия уже 15 лет осуществляет программу разработки ядерного оружия. Символическим жестом он бросил лопату извести в скважину глубиной 320 метров, которая была построена, предположительно, как подземный ядерный полигон. Аргентина окончательно отказалась от программы разработки ракет Condor 2 и поставила все связанные с ней объекты под гражданский контроль. Аргентина заявила, что она будет соблюдать руководящие принципы режима контроля за ракетной технологией, и Бразилия рассматривает возможность последовать этому примеру.

Министры обороны и иностранных дел пяти центральноамериканских стран вместе с наблюдателями от Панамы, ООН и Организации американских государств встретились в августе 1990 года и договорились " провести инвентаризацию оружия и войск в каждой стране и установить лимиты, или в зависимости от случая могут быть сокращения".

Миссия наблюдателей ООН в Сальвадоре (МНООНС) была создана в конце июля 1991 года. В качестве первого этапа миссия призвана следить за положением в области прав человека в Сальвадоре. Остается надеяться, что это приведет к постоянному прекращению огня между правительством и Фронтом национального освобождения Фарабундо Марти (ФНОФМ). В состав миссии войдут 36 полицейских и 15 военнослужащих из Бразилии, Венесуэлы, Испании, Канады и Эквадора.

США активизируют свою деятельность по сокращению культивирования и производства наркотических средств. Тренировочные полеты были развернуты в Боливии и Колумбии. В сентябре правительство Перу отказался от американской помощи и подготовки пакета $35.9 млн, чтобы обучить и оснастить шесть батальонов. Однако в мае 1991 года был подписан антинаркотический пакт, в соответствии с которым США будут ежегодно выделять $100 млн, главным образом для поддержки внедрения альтернативных культур. В июле 1991 года было достигнуто соглашение о военной помощи, в соответствии с которым США предоставят военную технику и услуги на сумму $35 млн. Военная помощь была возобновлена в Сальвадор, но пакет 42.5 млн долларов будет ограничивались не летальным материалом. В случае прекращения огня неизрасходованный остаток средств будет передан в фонд для оказания помощи в демобилизации ФНООН.

Кубинские вооруженные силы продолжают выводиться из-за рубежа. Вывод войск из Анголы под наблюдением ООН был завершен в установленные сроки к 1 июля 1991 года. Кубинские советники также покинули Конго и Эфиопию.

Военные события

Ряд стран региона проводят крупные реорганизации своих вооруженных сил. Показатели Уругвая и Венесуэлы отражены в военном балансе 1991-1992 годов. В Аргентине и Бразилии идет реорганизация и модернизация, но они еще не завершены.

Военный баланс позволил пересмотреть показатели численности личного состава и запасов техники в ряде стран региона. В Аргентине армия на 5000 человек сильнее, как и флот (включая еще 1000 человек в морской пехоте). Военный баланс 1990-1991 годов приписывал армии 100 с лишним БТ ТАМ. Парк БМП был увеличен на 15 AMX-UCI и 75 TAM VCTP, а артиллерийские парк увеличены на 100 орудий.

В Бразилии численность армии сокращается на 27 000 человек. Флот отправил в отставку одну из двух американских подводных лодок типа Guppy. Он заказал два патрульных корабля Grauna и четыре Tracker местного производства и принял второй американский десантный корабль-док Thomaston. ВВС имеют еще 12 самолетов AMX FGA.

Чилийская армия имеет еще 150 разведывательных машин EE-9 Cascavel. Военно-Морской Флот переоборудовал второй бывший британский эсминец типа Norfolk в тип Blanco Encalada, который значительно улучшает его вертолетные возможности. Два американских эсминца типа Sumner были отправлены в отставку и доставлен третий британский фрегат типа Leander. ВМС Колумбии вернули на вооружение американский фрегат типа Courtney, который будет выполнять функции штабного корабля. Военно-морской флот также вернул в строй три морских патрульных судна типа Pedro de Heredia (бывшие буксиры США).

На Кубе армия увеличила свои запасы БМП с 250 до 300. ВВС уволили две эскадрильи из 24 МиГ-17 и имеют только две эскадрильи с 20 МиГ-23 (а не три с 36 самолетами). Количество вертолетов увеличилось на десять Ми-8, 24 Ми-17 и десять Ми-25.

Вооруженные силы Эквадора имеют еще 18 вертолетов SA-342 Gazelle, военно-морской флот принял два британских фрегата Leander; один из которых, возможно, еще не работает, а американский эсминец типа Gearing был отправлен в отставку. У ВВС есть еще четыре самолета А-37Б. Силы ВВС Сальвадора увеличились еще на три самолета A-37N, еще три вертолета Hughes 500E и пять вооруженных вертолетов UH-1M.

Армия Мексики на 25 000 человек сильнее, чем ранее числилась в военном балансе. Были сформированы бронетанковая бригада и третья пехотная бригада, а запасы армейской техники увеличились на 40 БТР VCR/TT и еще 30 буксируемых артиллерийских орудий М-101. Военно-морской флот принял два новых ПКК типа Uxmal и два береговых патрульных корабля.

Никарагуанская армия демобилизовала 30 000 человек, а служба по призыву была упразднена.

Перуанские силы показывают снижение численности личного состава: армия на 8000, флот на 7000. ВМС отправили в отставку одну подводную лодку американского типа Mackerel и два нидерландских эсминца типа Friesland. В эскадрилье ударных вертолетов, которая в прошлом году насчитывала 24 вертолета Ми-24, насчитывается десять Ми-25. Уругвай приобрел еще два французских фрегата типа Commandant Riviere.

Инвентарь венесуэльской армии был увеличен еще на 20 ОБТ AMX-30, еще 30 БТР V-100 и еще десять буксируемых орудий M-101. Военно-морские силы приняли два противолодочных самолета S-2E Tracker. Военно-воздушные силы отправили в отставку свои 17 бомбардировщиков и разведывательных самолетов Canberra

ARGENTINA

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: 83,000 (~16,000 conscripts).
Terms of service: all services up to 14 months; some conscripts may serve less.
RESERVES: 377,000: Army 250,000 (National Guard 200,000; Territorial Guard 50,000); Navy 77,000; Air 50,000.

ARMY: 45,000 (~10.000 conscripts).

(Many units cadre status only.)

3 corps HQ (to reorganize on div basis).

2 armd bde (each 3 tk regt, 1 SP arty bn, 1 armd recce sqn, 1 engr coy).

2 mech inf bde (each 2 inf regt of 1 bn, 1 tk regt, 1 arty bn, 1 armd recce sqn, 1 engr coy).

2 mtn inf bde (each 3 inf, 1 arty bn, 1 SF, 1 engr coy).

2 inf bde (1 with 3 inf regt each 1 bn, 1 arty bn, 1 armd recce sqn, 1 engr coy, 1 with 1 inf, 1 jungle, 1 mtn regt, 1 arty bn, 1 armd recce sqn, 1 engr coy).

1 jungle bde (4 lt inf, 2 arty (how) bn, 1 armd recce sqn, 2 engr coy).

1 AB bde (3 AB regt of 1 bn, 1 arty bn, 1 engr coy).
Army Tps:

Army HQ Escort Regt: 1 mot inf regt of 1 bn (ceremonial).

Presidential Escort: 1 mot cav regt (ceremonial).

1 indep mech inf bde (3 inf regt of 1 bn, 1 arty bn, 1 armd recce sqn, 1 engr coy).

2 AD arty, 2 engr, 1 avn bn.

1 SF coy.

Corps Tps; each corps 1 armd cav regt (recce), 1 arty, 1 AD arty, 2 engr bn.
EQUIPMENT:
MBT: 250: 100 M-4 Sherman, 150 TAM.
LIGHT TANKS: 60 AMX-13.
RECCE: 50 AML-90.
AIFV: 45 AMX-VCI, some 175 TAM VCTP.
APC: 100 M-3 half-track, 240 M-113, 70 MOWAG Grenadier (mod Roland).
TOWED ARTY: 326: 105mm: 200 incl M-101 and M-56; 155mm: 126 CITEFA Models 77/-81.
SP ARTY: 125: 155mm: Mk F3, L33.
MRL: 105mm: SLAM Pampero; 127mm: SLAM SAPBA-1.
MORTARS: 81mm: 1,000; 120mm: 130 (some SP in VCTMAIFV).
ATGW: 600 SS-11/-12, Cobra (Mamba), 2,000 Mathogo.
RCL: 75mm: 75; 90mm: 100; 105mm.
ATK GUNS: 105mm: 106 SK-105 Kuerassier SP.
AD GUNS: 20mm: 130; 30mm: 40; 35mm: 15; 40mm: 80 L/60, 15 L/70; 90mm: 20.
SAM: Tigercat, Blowpipe, Roland, SAM-7.
AVIATION:

AIRCRAFT: 5 Cessna -207, 3 -500, 5 Commander 690, 2 DHC-6, 3 G-222, 1 Merlin IIIA, 4 -IV, 3 Queen Air, 1 Sabreliner, 5 T-41.

HELICOPTERS: 6 A-109, 3 AS-332B, 5 Bell 205, 4 FH-1100, 4 SA-315, 3 SA-330, 10 UH-1H, 8 UH-12.

NAVY: 25,000 incl naval air force and marines (incl 3,000 conscripts).
3 Naval Areas: Centre: from River Plate to 42'45' S; South: from 42*45' S to Cape Horn; and Antarctica.
BASES: Buenos Aires, Puerto Belgrano (HQ Centre), Mar del Plata (submarine base), Ushuaia (HQ South), Puerto Deseado.
SUBMARINES: 4:

2 Santa Cruz (Ge TR-1700) with 533mm TT (SST-4HWT).

2 Salta (Ge T-209/1200) with 533mm TT (SST-4 HWT) (both in major refit).
PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS: 14:
CARRIER: 1 Veinticinco de Mayo CVS (UK Colossus): (in major refit, currently proceeding very slowly) capacity 18 ac and hel,

complement: ac: 4 Super Etendard, 3 S-2; hel: 4 S-61D.
DESTROYERS: 6:

2 Hercules (UK Type 42) with 1x2 Sea Dart SAM; plus 1 SA-319 hel (ASW), 2x3 ASTT, 4 MM-38 Exocet SSM, 1 114mm gun.

4 Almirante Brown (Ge MEKO-360) ASW with 2 SA-316 hel, 2x3 ASTT; plus 8 MM-40 Exocet SSM, 1 127mm gun.
FRIGATES: 7:

4 Espora (Ge MEKO-140) with 2x3 ASTT, hel deck; plus 8 MM-40 Exocet.

3 Drummond (Fr A-69) with 2x3 ASTT; plus 4 MM-38 Exocet, 1 100mm gun.
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS: 13:
TORPEDO CRAFT: 2 Intrepida (Ge Lurssen-45) PFT with 2 533mm TT (SST-4 HWT)
PATROL CRAFT: 11:

OFFSHORE: 7:

1 Teniente Olivieri (ex-US oilfield tug).

2 Irigoyen (US Cherokee AT).

2 King (trg) with 3 105mm guns.

2 Somellera (US Sotoyomo AT).

INSHORE; 4 PCI<.
MINE WARFARE: 6:

4 Neuquen (UK 'Ton') MSC.

2 Chaco (UK Ton') MHC.

AMPHIBIOUS: 1 Cabo San Antonio LST (hel deck), capacity 600 tps, 18 tk.

Plus 19 craft; 4 LCM, 16 LCVP.
SUPPORT AND MISCELLANEOUS: 9: 1 AGOR, 3 tpt, 1 ocean tug, 1 icebreaker, 2 trg, 1 research.

NAVAL AIR FORCE: (2,000); 41 cbt ac, 10 armed hel.
ATTACK: 1 sqn with 11 Super Etendard.
MR/ASW: 1 sqn with 3 L-188, 6 S-2E.
EW: 1 L-188E.
HELICOPTERS: 2 sqn: 1 ASW/TPT with 4 ASH-3H (ASW) and 4 AS-61D (tpt); 1 spt with 6 SA-316/-319(with SS-11).
TRANSPORT: 1 sqn with 1 BAe-125, 3 F-28-3000, 3 L-188,4 Queen Air 80,7 Super King Air, 4 US-2A.
SURVEY: 4 PC-6B (Antarctic fit).
TRAINING: 2 sqn: 7* EMB-326,9* MB-326,5* MB-339A, 10 T-34C.
MISSILES: ASM: AGM-12 Bullpup, AM-39 Exocet, AS-12, Martin Pescador.

AAM: AIM-9 Sidewinder, R-550 Magic.

MARINES: (5,000).

Fleet Forces: 2: each 2 bn, 1 amph recce coy, 1 fd arty bn, 1 ATK, 1 engr coy.

Amph spt force: 1 marine inf bn.

1 AD arty regt (bn).

2 indep inf bn.
EQUIPMENT:
RECCE: 12 ERC-90 Lynx.
APC: 19 LVTP-7, 15 LARC-5,
6 MOWAG Grenadier, 24 Panhard.
TOWED ARTY: 105mm: 15 M-101/M-56; 155mm: 6 M-114.
MORTARS: 81mm: 20.
RL: 89mm: 60 3.5-in M-20.
ATGW: 50 Bantam, Cobra (Mamba).
RCL: 105mm: 30 M-1968.
AD GUNS: 30mm: 10.
SAM: Tigercat.

AIR FORCE: 13,000 (3,000 conscripts); 176 cbt ac, 14 armed hel, 9 air bde, 10 AD arty bty, SF(AB) coy.
AIR OPERATIONS COMMAND (9 bde):
BOMBERS: 1 sqn with 4 Canberra B-62, 2 T-64.
FGA/FIGHTER: 4 sqn:
2 (1 OCU) with 20 Mirage IIIC (17-CJ, 1-BE, 2 -BJ), 15 Mirage IIIEA; 2 with 8 Mirage 5P, 23 Dagger (Nesher; 20 -A,3 -B).
FGA: 2 sqn with 16 A-4P.
COIN: 3 sqn:
2 ac with 36 IA-58A, 18 IA-63, 24 MS-760;
1 armed hel with 11 Hughes MD 500, 3 UH-1H.
MR: 1 Boeing 707.
SURVEY: 3 Learjet 35A, 4 IA-50.
TANKER: 2 Boeing 707, 2 KC-130H.
SAR: 4 SA-315 hel.
TRANSPORT: 5 sqn with:
AIRCRAFT: 3 Boeing 707,6 C-47,2 C-130E, 3 -H,
1 L-100-30, 6 DHC-6, 12 F-27,6 F-28, 15 IA-50, 2 Merlin IVA. Antarctic spt unit with 1 DHC-6, 1 LC-47.
HELICOPTERS: 7 Bell 212, 1 CH-47C, 1 S-61R.
CALIBRATION: 1 sqn with 2 Boeing 707, 3 IA-50, 2 Learjet 35, 1 PA-31.
LIAISON: 1 sqn with 12 Cessna 182,1-320, 7 Commander, 1 Sabreliner.
AIR TRAINING COMMAND: 28 EMB-312, 10* MS-760, 40 T-34B ac. 4 Hughes 500D hel.
MISSILES: ASM: ASM-2 Martfn Pescador.

AAM: AIM-9B Sidewinder, R-530, R-550, Shafrir.

FORCES ABROAD:
UN AND PEACE-KEEPING:

ANGOLA (UNAVEM II): 6 Observers.

CENTRAL AMERICA (ONUCA): 30; 4 patrol craft.

MIDDLE EAST (UNTSO): 4 Observers.

IRAQ/KUWAIT (UNIKOM): 7 Observers.

PARAMILITARY:
GENDARMERIE (Ministry of Defence): 15,000; 5 Regional Comd.
EQUIPMENT: Shorland recce, 40 UR-416; 81mm mor; ac: 3 Piper, 5 PC-6; hel: 5 SA-315.
PREFECTURA NAVAL (Coast Guard): (13,000); 7 comd.
EQUIPMENT: 5 Mantilla, 1 Delfin PCO, 4 PCI, 19<; 5 C-212,4 Short Skyvan ac; 3 SA-330, 6 MD-500 hel.

BAHAMAS

TOTAL SECURITY FORCES:
ACTIVE: 2,500: Police (1,700); Defence Force (850).

NAVY: (~850). (ROYAL BAHAMIAN DEFENCE FORCE)
BASE: Coral Harbour, New Providence Island.
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS: 15: INSHORE: 3 Yellow Elder PFI, 1 Marlin, 6 Fenrick Sturrup (ex-USCG Cape Higgon Cl) PCI, 5 PCI<.

plus 3 ex-fishing vessels and 10 boats.
MISCELLANEOUS: 1 converted LCM (ex USN), 1 small auxiliary.
AIRCRAFT: 3 Commander 500, 1 Cessna 404, 1 Cessna 421

BELIZE

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: 660.
RESERVES (militia): 500.

ARMY: 600.

1 inf bn (3 inf, 1 spt, 1 trg, 3 Reserve coy).
EQUIPMENT:
MORTARS: 81mm: 6.
RCL: 84mm: 8 Carl Gustav,
MARITIME WING: 50.
PATROL 2 Dangriga PCI<, plus boats.
AIR WING: 15: 1 cbt ac, no armed hel.
MR/TRANSPORT: 2 BN-2B Defender (1 armed), 1 Do-27A.

FOREIGN FORCES:
UNITED KINGDOM: 1,500. Army: some 1,250; 1 inf bn + spt elm (incl Rapier). RAF: 300; 1 FGA fit.

BOLIVIA

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: 31,000 (some 19,000 conscripts).
Terms of service: 12 months, selective.

ARMY: 23,000 (some 15,000 conscripts).
HQ: 6 Military Regions.
Army HQ direct control:

2 armd bn.

1 mech cav regt.

1 Presidential Guard inf regt.
10 'div'; org, composition varies; comprise:

8 cav gp (5 horsed, 2 mot, 1 aslt);

1 mot inf regt with 2 bn. 22 inf bn (incl 5 inf aslt bn); 1 armd bn;

1 arty 'regt' (bn);5 arty gp (coy); 1 AB 'regt' (bn); 6 engr bn.
EQUIPMENT:
LIGHT TANKS: 36 SK-105 Kuerassier.
RECCE: 24 EE-9 Cascavel.
APC: 113: 50 M-113, 15 V-100 Commando, 24 MOWAG Roland, 24 EE-11 Urutu.
TOWED ARTY: 20: 75mm: 6 M-116 pack, ~10 Bofors M-1935; 105mm: 4 M-101.
MORTARS: 81mm: 250; 107mm: M-30.
RCL: 50: 90mm; 106mm: M-40A1.
AVIATION: 2 C-212, 4 Cessna 206, 1 King Air B90, 1 PA-31T, 1 Super King Air 200 (VIP).

NAVY: 4,000 (incl 1,200 marines) (perhaps 2,000 conscripts).

6 Naval Districts; covering Lake Titicaca and the rivers; each 1 Flotilla.
BASES: Riberalta (HQ), Tiquina (HQ), Puerto Busch, Puerto Guayaramerin (HQ), Puerto Villaroel, Trinidad (HQ),Puerto Suarez (HQ) Cobija (HQ).
RIVER PATROL CRAFT: some 10<; plus some 6 US Boston whalers.
SUPPORT: 1 Libertador Bolivar ocean tpt (uses Arg/Uruguay ports). Some 20 riverine craft/boats.

NAVAL AVIATION:
AIRCRAFT: 1 Cessna 206, 1 402.

MARINES: 1 bn plus 5 coy (coy+ in each District).

AIR FORCE: 4,000 (perhaps 2,000 conscripts); 50 cbt ac, 10 armed hel.
FIGHTER: 1 sqn with 12 AT-33N, 4 F-86F (ftr/trg).
COIN: 2 AT-6G, 12 PC-7.
SPECIAL OPS: 1 sqn with 10 Hughes 500M hel.
SAR: 1 hel sqn with 4 HB-315B, 1 SA-315B, 1 UH-1.
SURVEY: 1 sqn with 1 Cessna 206, 1 210, 1 402, 2 Learjet 25, 1 PA-31.
TRANSPORT: 3 sqn:

1 VIP tpt with 1 L-188, I Sabreliner, 2 Super King Air.

2 tpt with 9 C-130, 1 Convair 440,4 F-27-400, 1 IAI-201, 2 King Air.
LIAISON: AIRCRAFT: 1 Cessna 152, 2 -185, 13 -206, 1 -402, 1 Commander 500.

HELICOPTERS: 2 Bell 212, 16 UH-1H.
TRAINING: 1 Cessna 152,2 172, 11*PC-7, 6 SF-260CB, 15 T-23,9* T-33A, 3 T-41D.
1 air-base defence regt (Oerlikon twin 20mm, some truck-mounted guns).

PARAMILITARY:
NATIONAL POLICE: some 13,000.
NARCOTICS POLICE: some 850.

BRAZIL

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: 296,700 (128,500 conscripts).
Terms of service: 12 months (can be extended by 6 months).
RESERVES: Trained first-line 1,115,000; 400,000 subject to immediate recall. Second-line 225,000.

ARMY: 196,000; (126,500 conscripts).

HQ: 7 Military Comd, 12 Military Regions;

8 div (3 with Region HQ).

1 armd cav bde (2 mech, 1 armd, 1 arty bn).

3 armd inf bde (each 2 inf, 1 armd, 1 arty bn).

4 mech cav bde, (each 3 inf, 1 arty bn).

12 motor inf bde (26 bn).

1 mtn bde.

2 'jungle' bde (7 bn).

1 frontier bde (6 bn).

1 AB bde (3 AB, 1 SF bn).

2 coast and AD arty bde.

3 cav guard regt.

28 arty gp (4 SP, 6 med, 18 fd).

2 engr gp each 4 bn; 10 bn (incl 2 railway) (to be

increased to 34 bn).

Avn: hel bde forming, to comprise 46 hel.
EQUIPMENT:
LIGHT TANKS: some 520, some 150 M-3, some 80 X-1A, 40 X-1A2 (M-3 mod); 250 M-41C.
RECCE: 200 EE-9 Cascavel, 60 EE-3 Jararaca, 30 M-8.
APC: 795: 175 EE-11 Urutu, 20 M-59, 600 M-113.
TOWED ARTY: 570: 105mm: 420 M-101/-102, Model 56 pack; 155mm: 150 M-114.
SP ARTY: 105mm: 120 M-7/-108.
COAST ARTY: some 240 57mm, 75mm, 120mm, 150mm, 152mm, 305mm.
MRL: 108mm: SS-06; 180mm: SS-40; 300mm: SS-60 incl SP; 4 ASTROS II.
MORTARS: 81mm; 107mm: M-30; 120mm.
ATGW: 300 Cobra.
RCL: 57mm: 240 M-18A1; 75mm: 20; 105mm;
106mm: M-40A1.
AD GUNS: 20mm; 35mm: 38 GDF-001; 40mm: 60 L-60/-70.
SAM: 4 Roland II, BOFI AD system (40mm L/70 gun with RBS-70 SAM).
HELICOPTERS: 36 SA-365 and 10 HB-350 to be delivered.

NAVY: 50,000 (2,000 conscripts) incl 700 naval air and 15,000 marines.

5 Oceanic Naval Districts plus 1 Riverine; 1 Comd.
BASES: OCEAN: Rio de Janeiro (HQ I Naval District), Salvador (HQ II District), Natal (HQ III District), Belem (HQ IV District),

Rio Grande do Sul (HQ V District).
RIVERINE: Ladario (HQ VI District), Manaus.
SUBMARINES: 5:

1 Tupi (Ge T-209/1400) with 533mm TT (UK Tigerfish HWT).

3 Humaita (UK Oberon)with 533mm TT (Tigerfish HWT).

1 Goias/Bahia(US GuppyIII/II) with 533mm TT.
PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS: 18:
CARRIER: 1 Minus Gerais (UK Colossus) CVS (ASW) (currently non-operational), capacity 20 ac: typically 7-8 S-2E ASW ac, 8 ASH-3H hel.
DESTROYERS: 6:

2 Marcilio Dias (US Gearing)ASW with 1 Wasp hel (Mk46 LWT), 1x8 ASROC, 2x3 ASTT; plus 2x2 127mm guns.

4 Mato Grosso (US Sumner) ASW, 4 with 1 Wasp hel, all with 2x3 ASTT; plus 3x2 127mm guns.
FRIGATES: 11:

4 Para (US Garcia) with 1x8 ASROC, 2x3 ASTT, 1 hel; plus 2 127mm guns.

4 Niteroi ASW with 1 Lynx hel, 2x3 ASTT, Ikara SUGW, 1x2 ASW mor, plus 2 MM-40 Exocet SSM, 1 114mm gun.

2 Niteroi GP; weapons as ASW, except 4 MM-40 Exocet, 2 114mm guns, no Ikara.

1 Inhauma, with 1 Lynx hel, 2x3 ASTT, plus 4 MM-40 Exocet, 1 114mm gun.
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS: 30:

9 Imperial Marinheiro PCO.

2 Grauna PCC.

6 Piratini (US PGM) PCI, 3 Aspirante Nascimento PCI (trg).

4 Tracker PCI<.

6 Riverine patrol.
MINE WARFARE: 6: 6 Aratu (Ge Schutze) MSI.
AMPHIBIOUS: 3.

2 Ceara (US Thomastori) LSD capacity 350 tps, 38 tk.

1 Duque de Caxais (US de Soto County LST), capacity 600 tps, 18 tk.

Plus 20 craft; 3 LCU, 3 LCM, 30 LCVP.
SUPPORT AND MISCELLANEOUS: 20: 1 AOR, 1 repair ship, 1 submarine rescue, 4 tpt, 7 survey/oceanography, 1 mod Niteroi FF (trg), 5 ocean tugs.

NAVAL AIR FORCE: (700); 15 armed hel.
ASW: 1 hel sqn with 7 ASH-3A.
ATTACK: 1 with 8 Lynx HAS-21.
UTILITY: 2 sqn with 6 AS-332,9 AS-350B, 10 AS-355.
TRAINING: 1 hel sqn with 16 TH-57.
ASM: AS-11, AS-12, Sea Skua.

MARINES: (15,000).
Fleet Force: 1 amph div (1 comd, 3 inf bn, 1 arty gp).
Reinforcement Comd: 5 bn incl 1 engr, 1 special ops.
Internal Security Force: 6 regional gp.
EQUIPMENT:
RECCE: 6 EE-9 Mk IV Cascavel.
APC: 30 M-113, 12 LVTP-7A1.
TOWED ARTY: 105mm: 12 M-101; 155mm: 6 M-114.
RL: 89mm: 3.5-in. M-20.
RCL: 106mm: M-40A1.
AD GUNS: 40mm: 6 L/70 with BOFI.

AIR FORCE: 50,700; 313 cbt ac, 8 armed hel.
AD COMMAND: 1 Gp:
FIGHTER: 2 sqn with 14 F-103E (Mirage IIIEBR), 4 F-103D (Mirage IIIDBR).
TACTICAL COMMAND: 10 Gp:
FGA: 3 sqn with 49 F-5E, 4 -B, 4 -F, 21 AMX.
COIN: 3 sqn with 48 AT-26.
COIN/TRG: 30 T-27.
RECCE: 2 sqn with 8 RC-95, 12 RT-26, 3 Learjet 35.
LIAISON/OBSERVATION: 7 sqn: 1 ac with 8 T-27; 1 hel with 8 UH-1H (armed), 5 ac/hel with 31 U-7 ac and 30 UH-1H hel.
MARITIME COMMAND: 4 Gp.
ASW (afloat): 1 sqn with 11 S-2E.
MR/SAR: 3 sqn with 11 EMB-110B, 10 EMB-111.
TRANSPORT COMMAND: 6 Gp (6 sqn), 7 regional indep sqn:
HEAVY 2 sqn:

1 with 9 C-130E, 5-H;

1 with 2 KC-130H, 4 KC-137 tkr/tpt.
MED/LT: 2 sqn:

1 with 12 C-91;

1 with 23 C-95A/B/C.
TACTICAL 1 sqn with 12 C-115.
VIP: 1 sqn with 1 VC-91, 10 VC/VU-93, 2 VC-96, 5 VC-97, 5 VU-9, ac; 3 VH-4 hel.
REGIONAL: 7 sqn with 7 C-115, 82 C-95A/B/C, 6 EC-9 (VU-9).
HELICOPTERS: 9 AS-332, 13 AS-355, 2 Bell 206, 6 SA-330, 30 SA-350, 6 SH-1H.
LIAISON: 50 C-42, 3 Cessna 208, 30 U-42.
TRAINING COMMAND:
AIRCRAFT: 50* AT-26, 70 EMB-110, 25 T-23, 98 T-25, 78* T-27.
HELICOPTERS: 4 OH-6A, 25 OH-13.
CALIBRATION: 1 unit with 2 C-95, 1 EC-93, 4 EC-95, 1 U-93.
AAM: AIM-9 Sidewinder, R-530.

FORCES ABROAD:
UN AND PEACE-KEEPING:

ANGOLA (UNAVEM II): 6 Observers.

CENTRAL AMERICA (ONUCA): 21 Observers.

PARAMILITARY:
PUBLIC SECURITY FORCES (R): some 243,000 in state military police org (State Militias) under Army control and considered an Army Reserve.

CHILE

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: 91,800 (30,800 conscripts).
Terms of service: 2 years all services.
RESERVES: Army 45,000.

ARMY: 54,000 (27,000 conscripts).
2 Corps HQ.
6 div:

1 with 3 mot inf, 1 armd cav, 1 arty, 1 engr regt, 1 ATK bn;

1 with 2 mot inf, 5 mtn, 1 armd cav, 1 arty, 1 engr regt;

1 with 2 inf, 3 mtn, 2 armd cav, 1 arty, 1 engr regt;

1 with 1 inf, 2 mtn, 2 armd cav, 1 arty, 1 engr regt;

1 with 2 inf, 2 armd cav, 1 arty, 1 engr regt, 1 cdo bn;

1 with 2 inf, 1 mtn, 2 armd cav, 1 arty, 1 engr regt.

1 bde with 1 mtn, 1 inf, 1 arty regt, 1 recce sqn.
Army tps: 1 avn, 1 engr regt.
EQUIPMENT:
MBT: 231: 60 M-4A3, 150 M-51, 21 AMX-30.
LIGHT TANKS: 157: 60 M-24, 50 M-41, 47 AMX-13 (in store).
RECCE: 200 EE-9 Cascavel.
AIFV: 20 MOWAG Piranha with 90mm gun.
APC: 50 M-113, 200 Cardoen/MOWAG Piranha, 250 EE-11 Urutu.
TOWED ARTY: 138: 105mm: 72 M-101, 36 Model 56; 155mm: 30 M-68.
SP ARTY: 155mm: 10 Mk F3.
MORTARS: 81mm: 300 M-29; 120mm: 110 ECIA (incl 50 SP).
ATGW: Milan/Mamba.
RL: 89mm: 3.5-in. M-20.
RCL: 57mm: M-18; 106mm: M-40A1.
AD GUNS: 20mm: some SP (Cardoen/MOWAG).
SAM: Blowpipe, Javelin.
AIRCRAFT:

TRANSPORT: 6 C-212, 2 Citation (VIP), 2 CN-235, 4 DHC-6, 4 PA-31, 8 PA-28 Piper Dakota.

TRAINING: 16 Cessna R-172.
HELICOPTERS: 2 AB-206, 2 AS-332, 15 Enstrom 280 FX, 5 Hughes 530F (armed trg), 11 SA-315, 11 SA-330.

NAVY: 25,000 (3,000 conscripts), incl naval air, marines and Coast Guard.
DEPLOYMENT AND BASES:
3 main commands: Fleet (includes CC, DD and FF), Submarine Flotilla, Transport. Remaining forces allocated to 4 Naval Zones:

1st Naval Zone (26*S - 36*S approx). Valparaiso (HQ).

2nd Naval Zone (36*S - 43*S). Talcahuano, (HQ), Puerto Montt.

3rd Naval Zone (43*S to Cape Horn), Punta Arenas, (HQ), Puerto Williams.

4th Naval Zone (north of 26RS approx) Iquique (HQ).
SUBMARINES: 4:

2 O'Brien (UK Oberon) with 533mm TT (Ge HWT).

2 Thompson (Ge T-209/1300) with 533mm TT (HWT).
PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS: 10:
CRUISER: 1 O'Higgins (US Brooklyn) with 5x3 152mm guns, 4x2 127mm guns, 1 Bell hel.
DESTROYERS: 6:

2 Capitan Prat (UK Norfolk) DDG with 1x2 Seaslug-2 SAM, 4 MM-38 Exocet SSM, 1x2 114mm guns, 1 SA-319 hel.

2 Blanco Encalada (UK Norfolk) DDH with 4 MM-38, 1x2 114 mm guns, 2 NAS-332 hel. (Cochrane in refit).

2 Almirante Riveros (ASUW) with 4 MM-38 Exocet SSM, 4 x 102mm guns; plus 2x3 ASTT (Mk 44 LWT), 2x3 ASW mor.
FRIGATES: 3 Condell (mod UK Leander) with 1 SA-319 hel, 2x3 ASTT; plus 4 MM-38 Exocet, 1x2 114mm guns.
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS: 10:
MISSILE CRAFT: 4:

2 Casma (Is Reshef) PFM with 4 Gabriel SSM.

2 Iquique (Is Sa'ar) PFM with 6 Gabriel SSM.
TORPEDO CRAFT: 4 Guacolda (Ge Lurssen 36-m) with 4 533mm TT.
PATROL: 2: 1 PCO (ex-US tug). 1 Papudo PCC (ex-US PC-1638).
AMPHIBIOUS: 3 Maipo (Fr BA TRAL) LSM, capacity 140 tps, 7 tk.

Plus craft; 2 LCT.
SUPPORT AND MISCELLANEOUS: 8.

1 Almirante Jorge Montt (UK 'Tide') AO, 1 Araucano AO, 1 submarine spt, 1 tpt, 1 survey, 1 Antarctic patrol, 2 tugs/spt.

NAVAL AIR FORCE:(500); 6 cbt ac, 4 armed hel. 4 sqn.
MR: 1 sqn with 6 EMB-11 IN, 2 Falcon 20.
ASW HEL: 4 AS-332F.
LIAISON: 1 sqn with 3 C-212A, 3 EMB-110N, 2 IAI-1124, 1 PA-31.
HELICOPTERS: 1 sqn with 3 AB-206,8 SA-319,3 SH-57.
TRAINING: 1 sqn with 10 PC-7.

MARINES: (5,200).
4 gp: each 1 inf bn (+), 1 cdo coy, 1 fd arty, 1 AD arty bty.
1 amph bn.
EQUIPMENT:
APC: 40 MOWAG Roland, 30 LVTP-5.
TOWED ARTY: 105mm: 16; 155mm: 36 M-114.
COAST GUNS: 155mm: 16 GPFM-3.
MORTARS: 60mm: 50; 81mm: 50.
SAM: Blowpipe.

COAST GUARD: (1,600)
PATROL CRAFT: 15: 2 PCC (Buoy Tenders), 1 Castor PCI, 12 PCI<. plus about 12 boats.
HELICOPTER: 1 Bell 206B.

AIR FORCE: 12,800 (800 conscripts); 107 cbt ac, no armed hel. 5 Air Bde: 4 wings.
FGA: 2 sqn:

1 with 33 Hunter(18 F-71,8 FGA-9, 4 FR-71, 3 T-72);

1 with 16 F-5 (13 -E, 3 -F).
COIN: 2 sqn with 25 A-37B, 20 A-36.
FIGHTER/RECCE: 1 sqn with 15 Mirage 50 (8 -FCH, 6 -CH, 1 -DCH).
RECCE: 2 photo units with 2 Canberra PR-9, 1 King Air A-100, 2 Learjet 35 -A.
TRANSPORT: 1 sqn with:

AIRCRAFT: 2 Boeing 707, 2 C-130H, 3 Beech 99 (ELINT, tpt, trg), 14 DHC-6 (5 -100, 9 -300).

HELICOPTER: 5 SA-315B.
LIAISON HELICOPTERS: 6 Bo-105CB, 4 UH-1H.
TRAINING: 1 wing, 3 flying schools:

AIRCRAFT: 16 PA-28, 60 T-35A/B, 20 T-36, 26 T-37B/C, 8 T-41D.

HELICOPTERS: 6 UH-1H.
MISSILES: ASM: AS-11/-12.

AAM: AIM-9B Sidewinder, Shafrir.
AD: 1 regt (5 gp) with: 20mm: S-639/-665, GAI-CO1 twin; 35mm: 36, K-63 twin; Blowpipe, 12 Cactus (Crotale).

FORCES ABROAD:
UN AND PEACE-KEEPING:

INDIA/PAKISTAN (UNMOGIP): 3 Observers.

MIDDLE EAST (UNTSO): 4 Observers.

IRAQ/KUWAIT (UNIKOM): 50: incl air unit of 6 UH-1H hel.

PARAMILITARY:
CARABINEROS: 27,000.
EQUIPMENT:
APC: MOWAG Roland.
MORTARS: 60mm, 81mm.
AIRCRAFT: 1 Metro.
HELICOPTERS: 2 Bell 206, 12 Bo-105.

OPPOSITION:
FRENTE PATRIOTICO MANUEL RODRIGUEZ/DISSIDENT (FPMR/D): ~1,000; leftist.
MOVEMENT OF THE REVOLUTIONARY LEFT: some 500.

COLOMBIA

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: 134,000 (some 40,400 conscripts).
Terms of service: 1-2 years, varies (all services).
RESERVES: 116,900: Army 100,000; Navy 15,000; Air 1,900.

ARMY: 115,000 (38,000 conscripts).
4 div HQ.
15 inf bde (Regional):

8 with 3 inf, 1 arty bn, 1 engr gp, 1 mech or horsed cav gp;

7 with 2 inf bn only.
Army Tps:

2 COIN bde (9 bn).

1 trg bde.

1 Presidential Guard bn (mech).

1 mech gp.

1 AB, 1 cdo, 1 ranger, 1 AD arty bn.
EQUIPMENT:
LIGHT TANKS: 12 M-3A1.
RECCE: 20 M-8, 120 EE-9 Cascavel;
APC: 50 M-113, 76 EE-11 Urutu.
TOWED ARTY: 105mm: 70 M-101;
MORTARS: 81mm: 125 M-1; 107mm: 148 M-2; 120mm: 120 Brandt.
ATGW: TOW.
RCL: 75mm: M-20; 106mm: M-40A1.
AD GUNS: 40mm: 30 M-1A1.

NAVY: 12,000 (incl 6,000 marines) (some 500 conscripts).
BASES: OCEAN: Cartagena, Buenaventura.
RIVER: Puerto Legufzamo, Puerto Orocud, Puerto Carreno, Leticia.
SUBMARINES: 2 Pijao(Ge T-209/1200) with 533mm TT (Ge HWT).

Plus 2 Intrepido (It SX-506) SSI (SF delivery).
FRIGATES: 5:

4 Almirante Padilla with 1 Bo-105 hel (ASW), 2x3 ASTT; plus 8 MM-40 Exocet SSM.

1 Boyaca (US Courtney) with 2x3 324mm TT, 2 76mm gun; plus hel deck (used HQ ship).
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS: 26:
PATROL: OFFSHORE: 3 Pedro de Heredia (ex-US tugs).

INSHORE- 9: 2 Quito Sueno (US Asheville) PH. 1 Castillo YRada (Swiftships 32-m) PCI. 6 PCI<.

RIVERINE: 14:3 Arauca, 11 <.
SUPPORT AND MISCELLANEOUS: 4: 1 tpt, 2 research, 1 trg.

MARINES: (6,000); 5 bn, 2 bn naval police.

No hy eqpt (to get EE-9 Cascavel recce, EE-11 Urutu APC).

NAVAL AIR:
AIRCRAFT: 3 Commander, 3 PA-28.
HELICOPTERS: 4 Bo-105.

AIR FORCE: 7,000 (some 1,900 conscripts); 68 cbt ac, 51 armed hel.
COMBAT AIR COMMAND 1:
FGA: 2 sqn:

1 with 15 Mirage 5(11 -COA, 2 -COD trg, 2 -COR recce);

1 with 13 Kfir (11 -C2, 2 -TC2).
COMBAT AIR COMMAND 2:
COIN: 1 AC-47, 10 AT-33A, 3 IA-58, 8 A-37B.
COMBAT AIR COMMAND 3:
COIN: 17A-37B, 4 OA-37B ac; 6 UH-1B, 23 -H armed hel.
TACTICAL AIR SUPPORT COMMAND:
COIN: 1 sqn hel with 12 OH-6/Hughes 500D, 18 Hughes 500MG/530MG hel.
RECCE: 1 sqn with:
AIRCRAFT: 3 RT-33A;
HELICOPTERS: 5 Hughes 300C, 4 -500D, 2E.
MILITARY AIR TRANSPORT COMMAND:
AIRCRAFT: 1 sqn with 1 BAe 748, 1 Boeing 707, 8 C-47, 4 C-54, 2 C-130B, 1-E, 2 -H-30, 2 Cessna 310, 1-340, 4 -404, 1 Commander 560A, 4 DC-6,

10 DHC-2, 2 F-28, 2 IAI-201, 2 PA-31, 1 PA-32, 1 PA-34, 1 PA-44, 5 PC-6B, 4 Queen Air.
HELICOPTERS: 10 Bell 205, 3 212, 2 412, 8 UH-60.
TRAINING COMMAND:
AIRCRAFT: 20 T-34A/B, 30 T-41D.
HELICOPTERS: 2 Hughes 500C, 8 OH-13, 6 TH-55.
AAM: AIM-7 Sparrow, R-530.

FORCES ABROAD:
UN AND PEACE-KEEPING:

EGYPT (MFO): 500.

CENTRAL AMERICA (ONUCA): 12 Observers.

PARAMILITARY:
NATIONAL POLICE FORCE: 80,000; 35 ac, 25 hel.
COAST GUARD: 1,500

PATROL CRAFT: 2 PCI.

OPPOSITION:
COORDINADORA NACIONAL GUERRILLERA SIMON BOLIVAR (CNGSB): loose coalition of guerrilla gp incl:

Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC): some 5,000 active, pro-Soviet;

Ejdrcito de Liberaci6n Nacional (ELN): 62,000, pro-Cuban.

COSTA RICA

TOTAL SECURITY FORCES:
ACTIVE (Paramilitary): 7,500.

CIVIL GUARD: 4,300.
6 Border Sy Comd (4 North, 2 South)
Presidential Guard: 1 bn, 7 coy.
MARINE: (150)
PATROL, INSHORE: 6: 1 Isla del Coco (US Swift 32-m), 1 Astronauta Franklin Chang (US Cape Higgori) PFI, 4 PFI< plus boats.
AIRCRAFT: 4 Cessna 206, 1 Commander 680, 3 O-2 (surveillance), 2 PA-23, 3 PA-28,1 PA-31,1 PA-34.
HELICOPTERS: 2 Hughes 500E, 1 Hiller FH-1100.
RURAL GUARD: (Ministry of Government and Police): 3,200; small arms only.

CUBA

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: 180,500 incl el 5,000 Ready Reserves, (79,500 conscripts).
Terms of service: 2 years.
RESERVES: Army: 135,000 Ready Reserves (serve 45 days per year) to fill out Active and Reserve units; See also Paramilitary.

ARMY; 145,000 (incl el 5,000 Ready Reservists).
(~60,000 conscripts)
HQ: 4 Regional Command; 3 Army, 1 Isle of Youth.

4 corps.

1 armd div (1 Cat A).

13 mech inf div, (3 mech inf, 1 armd, 1 arty, 1 AD arty regt) (Cat B).

9 inf div (3 inf, 1 arty, 1 AD arty regt) (Cat B/C).

1 indep armd bde.

8 indep inf bde(Cat B/C).

AD: AD arty regt and SAM bde (Cat varies: SAM Cat A, AD arty B or C).

1 AB bde (Cat A).
Forces combat readiness system: Cat A div fully manned by active tps;

Cat B: partial manning augmented by reservists on mob;

Cat C: Active cadre, full manning by reservists on mob.
EQUIPMENT:
MBT: 1,700: 500 T-34 (in store), 900 T-54/-55 (some 150 in store or static coast defence), 300 T-62.
LIGHT TANKS: 70 PT-76.
RECCE: 200 BRDM-1/-2.
AIFV: 300 BMP.
APC: 800 BTR-40/-60/-152.
TOWED ARTY: 76mm: M-1942; 122mm: M-1931/37, D-74; 130mm: M-46; 152mm: M-1937, D-20, D-1.
SP ARTY: 122mm: 2S1; 152mm: 2S3.
MRL: 122mm: BM-21; 140mm: BM-14; 240mm: BM-24.
MORTARS: 82mm: M-41/-43; 120mm: M-38/-43.
STATIC DEFENCE ARTY: some 15 JS-2 (122mm) hy tk, T-34 (85mm), SU-100 (100mm) SP guns.
ATGW: AT-1 Snapper, AT-3 Sagger.
ATK GUNS: 85mm: D-44; 100mm: SU-100 SP.
AD GUNS: 1,600 incl 23mm: ZU-23, ZSU-23-4 SP; 30mm: M-53 (twin)/BTR-60P SP; 37mm: M-1939; 57mm: S-60 towed, ZSU-57-2 SP;

85mm: KS-12; 100mm: KS-19.

NAVY: 13,500 (8,500 conscripts).

3 Naval Districts, 4 Operational Flotillas.
BASES: Cienfuegos, Cabanas, Havana, Mariel, Punta Movida, Nicaro.
SUBMARINES: 3 Sov Foxtrot with 533mm and 406mm TT.
FRIGATES: 3 Sov Koni with 2 ASW RL.
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS: 31:
MISSILE CRAFT: 18 Sov Osa-I/-II with 4 SS-N-2 Styx SSM.
PATROL 13: COASTAL 1: 1 Sov Pauk II PFC with 2 ASW RL, 4 ASTT.

INSHORE: 12: 9 Sov Turya PHI, 3 Stenka.
MINE WARFARE: 14:

4 Sov Sonya MSC

10 Sov Yevgenya MSI.
AMPHIBIOUS: 2 Sov Polnocny LSM, capacity 6 tk, 200 tps.
SUPPORT AND MISCELLANEOUS: 5: 1 AO, 1 AGI, 1 survey, 1 ocean tug, 1 trg.

NAVAL INFANTRY: (550+).

1 amph aslt bn.

COASTAL DEFENCE:
ARTY: 122mm: M-1931/37; 130mm: M-46; 152mm: M-1937.
SSM: 2 SS-C-3 systems.

AIR FORCE: 22,000+, incl AD (11,000 conscripts); 162 cbt ac, 85 armed hel.
FGA: 2 sqn: 2 with 20 MiG-23BN.
FIGHTER: 4 sqn:

2 with 30 MiG-21F;

1 with 50 MiG-21bis;

1 with 40 MiG-23MF.

6 MiG-29, 2 -UB (more being delivered).
ATTACK HELICOPTERS: 10 Mi-8, 40 Mi-17, 30 Mi-25.
ASW: 5 Mi-14 hel.
TRANSPORT: 4 sqn: 8 An-2, 3 An-24, 21 An-26, 2 An-3, 4 Yak-40, 2 Il-76 (Air Force ac in civilian markings).
HELICOPTERS: 36 Mi-8.
TRAINING: 25 L-39, 15 MiG-15, 15 MiG-15UTI, 10* MiG-21U, 4* MiG-23U, 20 Z-326.
MISSILES: ASM: AT-2, AT-3.

AAM: AA-2, AA-8.
AD: 200+ SAM launchers: SA-2, SA-3, SA-6, SA-9, SA-13.
Civil Airline: 10 Il-62, 7 Tu-154, 12 Yak-42 used as troop tpt.

PARAMILITARY:
YOUTH LABOUR ARMY: 100,000:
CIVIL DEFENCE FORCE: 50,000:
TERRITORIAL MILITIA (R): 1,300,000.
STATE SECURITY (Ministry of Interior): 15,000.
BORDER GUARDS (Ministry of Interior): 4,000. About 20 Sov Zhuk PFI<,9 PCI<.

FOREIGN FORCES:
US: 2,300: Navy: 1,900; Marine: 400: 1 reinforced coy at Guantanamo Bay.
USSR: 6,000: 1 motor rifle bde (2,800); SIGINT personnel (2,100); mil advisers (1,100).

DOMINICAN REPUBLIC

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: 23,200.

ARMY: 15,000.
5 Defence Zones.

4 inf bde (with 17 bn).

1 armd, 1 Presidential Guard, 1 arty, 1 engr bn.
EQUIPMENT:
LIGHT TANKS: 2 AMX-13 (75mm), 12 M-41A1 (76mm).
RECCE: 8 V-150 Commando.
APC: 20 M-16 half-track.
TOWED ARTY: 105mm: 22 M-101.
MORTARS: 81mm: M-1; 120mm: 24 ECIA.
RCL: 106mm: M-40A1.
AD GUNS: 40mm: 20L/60.

NAVY: 4,000, incl naval inf.
BASES: Santo Domingo (HQ), Las Calderas.
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS: 18:

OFFSHORE: 4: 1 Mella (Cdn River) (comd/trg). 3 Cambiaso (US Cohoes).

INSHORE: 14: 1 Betelgeuse (US PGM-71), 2 Prestol Botello (USAdmirable), 3 armed ocean tugs, 8<.
AMPHIBIOUS: craft only; 1 LCU.
SUPPORT AND MISCELLANEOUS: 1: 1 AOT (small- 1,400t).

AIR FORCE: 4,200; 10 cbt ac, no armed hel.
COIN: 1 sqn with 8 A-37B.
TRANSPORT: 1 sqn with 3 C-47, 1 Commander 680, 1 MU-2.
LIAISON: 1 Cessna 210, 5 O-2A, 2 PA-31, 3 Queen Air 80.
HELICOPTERS: 8 Bell 205, 1 OH-6A, 2 SA-318C, 1 SA-365 (VIP).
TRAINING: 2* AT-6,6 T-34B, 3 T-41D.
AB: 1 AB sqn.
AD: 1 bn with 4 20mm guns.

PARAMILITARY:
NATIONAL POLICE: 15,000 incl 'special ops unit': 1,000.

ECUADOR

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: 57,800.
Terms of service: conscription 1 year, selective.
RESERVES: 100,000; ages 18-55.

ARMY: 50,000.
4 Defence zones.

1 inf div.

1 armd bde.

4 inf bde.

3 jungle bde.
Army tps:

1 SF (AB) bde (2 gp).

1 AD arty gp.

1 avn gp.

3 engr bn
EQUIPMENT:
LIGHT TANKS: 45 M-3, 108 AMX-13.
RECCE: 35 AML-60/-90, 10 EE-9 Cascavel.
APC: 20 M-113, 60 AMX-VCI, 20 EE-11 Urutu.
TOWED ARTY: 105mm: 50 M-2A2; 155mm: 10 M-198.
SP ARTY: 155mm: 10 Mk F3.
MORTARS: 300: 81mm: M-29; 107mm: 4.2-in M-30; 160mm: 12 Soltam.
RCL: 400: 90mm: M-67; 106mm: M-40A1.
AD GUNS: 20mm: 20 M-1935; 35mm: 30 GDF-002 twin; 40mm: 30 L/70.
SAM: 220 Blowpipe.
AVIATION:
AIRCRAFT:

SURVEY: 1 Cessna 206, 1 Learjet 24D.

TRANSPORT: 1 CN-235, 1 DHC-5, 3 IAI-201, 1 King Air 200, 3 PC-6.

LIAISON/TRG/OBS: 1 Cessna 172, 1-182.
HELICOPTERS:

SURVEY: 1 SA-315B.

TRANSPORT/LIAISON: 10 AS-332, 4 AS-350B, 1 Bell 214B, 1 SA-315B, 1 SA-330, 30 SA-342.

NAVY: 4,800, incl some 1,500 marines.
BASES: Guayaquil (main base), Jaramijo, Galdpagos Islands.
SUBMARINES: 2 Shyri (Ge T-209/1300) with 533mm TT (Ge SUT HWT).
PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS: 2:
FRIGATES: 2 ex-UK Leader Batch II/ with hel, 2x3 ASTT; plus 4 MM-38 Exocet SSM. (Transferred in mid-1991 and probably not yet fully operational).
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS: 12:
CORVETTES: 6 Esmeraldas with 2x3 ASTT, hel deck; plus 6 MM-40 Exocet SSM.
MISSILE CRAFT: 6:

3 Quito (Ge Lurssen 45-m) with 4 MM-38 Exocet.

3 Manta (Ge Lurssen 36-m) with 4 Gabriel II SSM.
AMPHIBIOUS: 1 Hualcopo (US LST-511) LST, capacity 200 tps, 16 tk.
SUPPORT AND MISCELLANEOUS: 6: 1 survey, 1 AOT (small), 1 water carrier, 2 tugs, 1 trg.

NAVAL AVIATION:
AIRCRAFT:

LIAISON: 1 Citation 1, 1 Super King Air.

TRAINING: 2 Cessna 172, 3 -337, 3 T-34C.
HELICOPTERS: 5 Bell 206.

MARINES: (1,500): 3 bn: 2 on garrison duties, 1 cdo (no hy weapons/veh).

AIR FORCE: 3,000; 79 cbt ac, no armed hel.
OPERATIONS COMMAND: 1 wing, 5 sqn:
FGA: 2 sqn:

1 with 8 Jaguar S, 1-B;

1 with 9 Kfir C-2, 1 TC-2.
FIGHTER: 1 sqn with 13 Mirage F-1JE, 1 F-1JB.
COIN: 1 sqn with 14 A-37B.
COIN/TRAINING: 1 sqn with 9 Strikemaster Mk 89.
MILITARY AIR TRANSPORT GROUP:

2 civil/military airlines:
TAME: 4 Boeing 727, 2 BAe-748, 1 C-130H, 3 DHC-6, 1 F-28, 1 L-100-30.
ECUATORIANA: 3 Boeing 707-720, 4 -707, 1 DC-10-30.
LIAISON: 1 King Air E90, 1 Sabreliner.
LIAISON/SAR hel fit: 2 AS-332, 1 Bell 212, 6 SA-316B, 1 SA-330, 2 UH-1B, 24 UH-1H.
TRAINING: incl 23* AT-33, 20 Cessna 150, 5 -172, 19 T-34C, 4 T-41.
AAM: R-550 Magic, Super 530, Shafrir.
1 AB sqn.

FORCES ABROAD:
UN AND PEACE-KEEPING:

CENTRAL AMERICA (ONUCA): 21 Observers.

PARAMILITARY:
COAST GUARD 200:
PATROL INSHORE: 5: 2 25 de Julio, 3 PCI< plus some 20 boats.

EL SALVADOR

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: 43,600 (excl paramilitary and civil defence force).
Terms of service: selective conscription, 2 years: all services.
RESERVES: ex-soldiers registered.

ARMY: 40,000 (some conscripts).

3 Military Zones (14 Departments).

6 inf bde (20 inf bn).

7 inf det (18 inf bn).

1 engr det (1 engr, 2 inf bn).

1 arty bde (4 fd, 1 AD, 1 hy mor bn).

1 mech cav regt (2 bn).

1 engr bn.

5 rapid action bn (1,100-1,400 men).
Air Force comd:

1-AB, 1 AD arty, 1 base sy bn.

1 special ops gp.
EQUIPMENT:
LIGHT TANKS: 5 M-3A1 (in store).
RECCE: 5 AML-90.
APC: 66 M-37BJ (mod), 20M-114 (mod), 8 UR-416.
TOWED ARTY: 105mm: 30 M-101, 12 M-102, 14 M-56.
MORTARS: 81mm: 300 M-29; 120mm: 60 UB-M52, M-74.
RL: LAW.
RCL: 90mm: 400 M-67; 106mm: 20+ M-40A1 (some SP).
AD GUNS: 20mm: 24 Yug M-55, 4 SP.

NAVY: 1,200 (some 700 marines).
BASES: La Union, La Libertad, Acajutla and El Triunfo.
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS: 6:
PATROL INSHORE: 3 GC-6 Camcraft, 3 PCI< plus boats.
AMPHIBIOUS: Craft only, 3 LCM.

MARINES: (700); 2 bn.

AIR FORCE: 2,400 (incl AD); 42 cbt ac, 27 armed hel.
FIGHTER: 1 sqn with 8 Ouragan (el operational).
COIN: AIRCRAFT: 1 sqn with 11A-37B, 5 AC-47,12 O-2A.

HELICOPTERS: 1 sqn with 10 Hughes (armed: 3 MD 500D, 7 -E), 17 UH-1M (armed), 42 UH-1H(tpt).
TRANSPORT: 1 gp: 5 C-47, 1 C-123K, 1 Commander, 1 DC-6B, 3 IAI-201, 1 Merlin IIIB, 10 Rallye.
LIAISON: 6 Cessna 180, 1 Cessna 182, 1 Cessna 185 ac, 3 SA-315, 5 SA-316 hel.
TRAINING: 6* CM-170 (COIN/trg;^t), 4 T-41A/D.

PARAMILITARY:
NATIONAL GUARD: 4,000: 5 comds with 1 cbt inf bn, 14 region, 1 MP, 1 SF coy.
NATIONAL POLICE: 6,000: 6 comds with 4 police, 1 cbt inf bn, 38 police coy.
TREASURY POLICE: 2,000: incl 1 cbt inf bn.
DEFENSA CIVIL (territorial civil defence force): 24,000 armed.

OPPOSITION:
FARABUNDO MARTI NATIONAL LIBERATION FRONT (FMLN): 6-7,000 combatants, coalition of 5 groups:

People's Revolutionary Army (ERP).

Popular Liberation Forces (FPL).

Armed Forces of National Resistance (FARN or RN).

Revolutionary Party of Central American Workers (PRTC).

Armed Forces of Liberation (FAL).

FOREIGN FORCES:
UNITED NATIONS (ONUCA): elm.

GUATEMALA

TOTAL ARMED FORCES: (National Armed
Forces are combined; the Army provides log spt for Navy and Air Force).
ACTIVE: 39,600.
Terms of service: Conscription; selective, 30 months.
RESERVES: Army 4,500 (trained), Navy (some), Air 200.

ARMY: 37,000.
HQ: 19 Military Zones.

3 Strategic Reserve bde (each 2 bn).

39 inf bn.

1 engr bn.
EQUIPMENT:
LIGHT TANKS: 10 M-41A3.
RECCE:^t 10 M-8, 10 RBY-1;
APC: 9 M-113, 7 V-150 Commando, 18 Armadillo.
TOWED ARTY: 75mm: 10 M-116; 105mm: 4 M-101, 8 M-102, 56 M-56.
MORTARS: 81mm: 55 M-1; 107mm: 12 M-30; 120mm: 18 ECIA.
RL: 89mm: 3.5-in. M-20.
RCL: 106mm: M-40A1.
AD GUNS: 20mm: 20 incl 12 Oerlikon.

NAVY: 1,200 incl 600 marines.
BASES: Puerto Barrios, Santo Tomas de Castillas (Atlantic), Puerto Quetzal, Puerto San Jose (Pacific).
PATROL CRAFT, INSHORE 8: 1 Kukulkan\ (US 'Broadsword1 32-m) PFI, 7<. plus some 17 boats.
AMPHIBIOUS: craft only.
MARINES: (600); 1 bn.

AIR FORCE: 1,400; 16 cbt ac, 6 armed hel.

Serviceability of ac is perhaps less than 50%.
COIN: 1 sqn with 8 Cessna A-37B, 8 PC-7.
ATTACK HELICOPTERS: 3 Bell 212, 3 Bell 412.
TRANSPORT: 1 sqn with 6 C-47, 3 F-27, 2 G-222, 6 IAI-201, 1 Super King Air (VIP).
LIAISON: 1 sqn with 3 Cessna 170, 1-172.
HELICOPTERS: 1 sqn with 9 Bell 206, 5 UH-1D/-H, 3 S-76.
TRAINING: 6 T-41.
TACTICAL SECURITY GROUP: 3 coy; 4 M-3A1 White scout cars.

PARAMILITARY:
NATIONAL POLICE: 8,000.
TREASURY POLICE: 2,100.
TERRITORIAL MILITIA (R) (CVDC): ~500,000.

OPPOSITION:
UNIDAD REVOLUCIONARIA NACIONAL GUATEMALTECA (URNG): some 900-1,000; coalition of 4 groups:

Ejercito Guerrillero de los Pobres (EGP): 300.

Partido Guatemalteco del Trabajo (PGT).

Fuerzas Armadas Rebeldes (FAR): 300.

Organization del Pueblo en Armas (ORPA): 400.

GUYANA

TOTAL ARMED FORCES: (Combined Guyana Defence Force):
ACTIVE: 1,700.
RESERVES: some 2,000 People's Militia. (see Paramilitary).

ARMY: 1,400.

1 inf, 1 guard, 1 SF, 1 spt wpn, 1 engr bn.
EQUIPMENT:
RECCE: 3 Shorland.
TOWED ARTY: 130mm: 6 M-46.
MORTARS: 81mm: 12 L16A1;
82mm: 18 M-43;
120mm: 18 M-43.
SAM: SA-7.

NAVY: 100;
BASES: Georgetown, New Amsterdam.
PATROL CRAFT: 1 Peccari (UK Vosper 31-m) PCI, boats.
AMPHIBIOUS: craft only; 1 LCU.

AIR FORCE: 200; No cbt ac, no armed hel.
TRANSPORT: AIRCRAFT: 6 BN-2A, 1 Cessna 206, 1 Super King Air B-200 (VIP).

HELICOPTERS: 2 Bell 206, 1 -212, 1 -412, 2 Mi-8.

PARAMILITARY:
GUYANA PEOPLE'S MILITIA (GPM): some 2,000.
GUYANA NATIONAL SERVICE (GNS): 1,500.

HAITI

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: 7,400.

ARMY: 7,000 (has police/gendarmerie, fire-fighting, immigration, etc, roles).

1 defence unit (3 inf, 1 hy wpn coy).

9 military departments (27 coy).
EQUIPMENTS
APC: 5 M-2, 6 V-150 Commando.
TOWED ARTY: 75mm: 5 M-116; 105mm: 4 M-101;
MORTARS: 60mm: 36 M-2; 81mm: M-1.
ATK GUNS: 37mm: 10 M-3A1; 57mm: 10 M-1.
RCL: 57mm: M-18; 106mm: M-40A1.
AD GUNS: 20mm: 6 TCM-20, 4 other, 40mm: 6 M-L

NAVY: 6250 (Coast guard).
BASE: Port au Prince
PATROL CRAFT: 1 PCO (ex-US tug), boats.

AIR FORCE: 150; no cbt ac, no armed hel.
TRANSPORT: 1 Baron, 1 DHC-6.
TRAINING: 3 Cessna 150, 1 -172, 5 SF-260TP, 1 Twin Bonanza.

HONDURAS

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: 17,500 (reducing); (12,000 conscripts).
Terms of service: conscription, 24 months.
RESERVES: 60,000 ex-servicemen registered.

ARMY: 14,400 (10,500 conscripts).
10 Military Zones:

4 inf bde (12 inf, 3 arty bn; 1 armd cav regt).

1 arty bde (regt).

1 territorial force, 1 SF, 1 engr bn.
RESERVES: 3 inf bde.
EQUIPMENT:
LIGHT TANKS: 12 Scorpion.
RECCE: 3 Scimitar, 1 Sultan, 72 Saladin, 12 RBY Mk1.
TOWED ARTY: 105mm: 24 M-101/-102; 155mm: 4 M-198.
MORTARS: 400 60mm; 81mm; 120mm: 60 Brandt; 160mm: 30 Soltam.
RL: 84mm: 120 Carl Gustav.
RCL: 106mm: 80 M-40A1.
AD GUNS: 80: 20mm: incl M-S5.

NAVY: 1,000 incl 500 marines (700 conscripts).
BASES: Puerto Cortes, Puerto Castilla (Atlantic), Amapala (Pacific).
PATROL CRAFT: 11: INSHORE: 11: 3 Guaymuras (US Swiftships 31-m) PFI, 2 Copan (US Lantana 32-m) PFI<, 6 other PCI< plus boats.
AMPHIBIOUS: craft only; 1 Punta Caxinas LCT; plus some 3 ex-US LCM.

MARINES: (500); 1 bn.

AIR FORCE: some 2,100 (800 conscripts); 48 cbt ac, no armed hel.
FGA: 2 sqn:

1 with 13 A-37B;

1 with 10 F-5E, 2 -F.
FIGHTER: 1 sqn with 8 Super Mystere B2 (to be replaced).
TRANSPORT: 9 C-47, 1 C-123, 2 C-130A, 2 DHC-5, 1 L-188, 2 IAI-201, 1 IAI-1123, 1 -1124.
LIAISON: 1 sqn with 4 Baron, 3 Cessna 172, 2 -180, 2 -185, 4 Commander, 1 PA-31, 1 PA-34.
HELICOPTERS: 9 Bell 412, 4 Hughes 500, 7 TH-55, 8 UH-1B, 11 UH-1H.
TRAINING: 4* C-101BB, 2 Cessna 180,2-185, 11* EMB-312, 2 *T-33, 5 T-41A.

PARAMILITARY:
PUBLIC SECURITY FORCES (Ministry of Public Security and Defence) 5,000: 2 bde.

FOREIGN FORCES:
US: Army: 800.
UNITED NATIONS (ONUCA): elm.

JAMAICA

TOTAL ARMED FORCES (all services form combined Jamaica Defence Force):
ACTIVE: some 3,350.
RESERVES: some 870: Army 800; Coast guard: 50; Air wing: 20.

ARMY: 3,000.

2 inf bn.

1 spt bn.
APC: 15V-150 Commando.
MORTARS: 81mm: 12 L16A1.
RESERVES: 800: 1 inf bn.

COASTGUARD: 180.
BASE: Port Royal
PATROL CRAFT: 5 inshore: 1 Fort Charles PFI (US 34-m), 4 PFI<.

AIR WING: 170, no cbt ac, no armed hel.
AIRCRAFT: 2 BN-2, 1 Cessna 210, 1 King Air, 1 Cessna 337.
HELICOPTERS: 4 Bell 206, 2 -212, 4 UH-1H.

MEXICO

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: 175,000 (60,000 conscripts).
Terms of service: 1 year conscription by lottery.
RESERVES: 300,000.

ARMY: 130,000 regular (incl 660,000 conscripts).

36 Zonal Garrisons: incl 1 armd, 19 mot cav, 1 mech inf, 3 arty regt, 80 inf bn.

1 armd bde(3 armd, 1 mech inf regt).

1 Presidential Guard bde (4 inf, 1 arty bn).

3 inf bde (each 3 inf bn, 1 arty bn).

1 AB bde (3 bn).

AD, engr and spt units.
EQUIPMENT:
RECCE: 50 M-8, 120 ERC-90F Lynx, 40 M-11 VBL, 70 DN-3/-5 Caballo, 30 MOWAG.
APC: 40 HWK-11, 30 M-3 halftrack, 40 VCR/TT.
TOWED ARTY: 75mm: 18M-116 pack; 105mm: 100 M-2A1/M-3, M-101.
SP ARTY: 75mm: 5 M-8.
MORTARS: 1,500 incl 81mm.
ATGW: Milan (incl 8 M-11 VBL).
ATK GUNS: 37mm: 30M-3.
AD GUNS: 12.7mm: 40 M-55.

NAVY: 37,000, incl naval air force and marines.
2 Areas: Gulf: 6 Naval Zones. Pacific: 11 Naval Zones.
BASES: Gulf: Vera Cruz (HQ), Tampico, Chetumal, Ciudad del Carmen, Yukalpeten.

Pacific: Acapulco (HQ), Ensenada, La Paz, SanBias, Guaymas, Mazatldn, Manzanillo, Salina Cruz, Puerto Madero, Lazaro Caidenas, Puerto Vallarta.
DESTROYERS: 3:

2 Quelzalcoatl (US Gearing) ASW with 1x8 ASROC, 2x3 ASTT; plus 2x2 127mm guns, hel deck.

1 Cuitlahuac (US Fletcher) with 5 533mm TT, 5 127mm guns.
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS: 97:
PATROL, OFFSHORE: 43:

2 Uxmal (imp Uribe) with Bo-105hel.

6 Cadete Virgilio Uribe (Sp 'Halcori) with Bo-105hel.

1 Comodoro Manuel Azueta (US Edsali) (trg).

3 Zacatecas (US Lawrence/Crosley) with 1 127mmgun.

1 Durango (trg) with 1 102mm gun.

17 Leandro Valle (US Auk MSF).

1 Guanajuato with 1x 102mm gun.

12 D-01 (US Admirable MSF).
PATROL, INSHORE: 34: 31 Quintana Roo (UK Azteca) PCI. 3 ex-US Cape Higgon PCI.
PATROL, RIVER: 20<.
SUPPORT AND MISCELLANEOUS: 14: 1 PCI spt, 3 log spt, 6 ocean tugs, 3 survey, 1 tpt.

NAVAL AIR FORCE: (500); 9 cbt ac, no armed hel.
MR: 1 sqn with 9 C-212, 11 HU-16 (SAR).
MR HEL: 12 Bo-105 (8 afloat).
TRANSPORT: 1 C-212, 2 Cessna 180, 3 -310, 1 DHC-5, 4 FH-227, 1 King Air 90, 1 Learjet 24.
LIAISON: 3 Cessna 150, 2 -337, 2 -402.
HELICOPTERS: 3 Bell 47, 4 SA-315.

MARINES: (8,000).

3 bn (incl 1 Presidential Guard).

15 gp.
EQUIPMENT:
AMPH VEH: 25 VAP-3550.
TOWED ARTY: 105mm: 8
MORTARS: 100 incl 81mm.
RCL: 106mm: M-40A1.

AIR FORCE: 8,000 (incl 1,500 AB bde); 113 cbt ac, 25 armed hel.
FIGHTER: 1 sqn with 9 F-5E, 2 -F.
COIN: 9 sqn:

6 with 70 PC-7;

1 with 12 AT-33;

1 with 10 IAI-201;

1 hel with 5 Bell 205, 5 -206, 15-212.
RECCE: 1 photo sqn with 10 Commander 500S.
TRANSPORT: 5 sqn with 2 BN-2, 12C-47, 4 C-54, 8 C-117, 2 C-118, 9 C-130A, 1 Citation, 5 Commander 500, 1 -680, 3 Skyvan.
PRESIDENTIAL TRANSPORT:
AIRCRAFT: 7 Boeing 727, 2 Boeing 737, 1 L-188, 3 FH-227, 1 Jetstar, 1 Merlin, 5 T-39.
HELICOPTERS: 1A-109, 2 AS-332, 4 Bell 206, 1 -212, 2 SA-330.
LIAISON: 3 Baron, 1 Cessna 310, 1King Air, 1 Queen Air 80.
TRAINING: AIRCRAFT: 41 Bonanza, 20 CAP-10, 20 Musketeer, 10 PC-7.

HELICOPTERS: 4 MD 500E.

PARAMILITARY:
RURAL DEFENCE MILITIA (R): 14,000.

NICARAGUA*

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: 30,500.
Terms of service: voluntary, 18-36 months.
RESERVES: numbers/details not yet known.

ARMY: ~27,000.
Reorganization in progress.

7 Military Regions.

2 armd bde, each 2 tk, 2 mech inf bn.

2 mot inf bde, each 3 motor inf, 1 tk bn.

2 frontier bde.

1 arty bde (4 gp: 1 MRL, 3 152mm how).

8 regional arty gp.

20 inf bn.

4 engr bn.
EQUIPMENT:
MBT: some 130 T-54/-55.
LIGHT TANKS: 27 PT-76.
RECCE: 90 BRDM-2.
APC: 19 BTR-60, 120 BTR-152.
TOWED ARTY: 122mm: 36 D-30; 152mm: 60 D-20.
MRL: 107mm: 16 Type-63; 122mm: 35 BM-21.
MORTARS: 82mm: 625; 120mm: 42 M-43.
ATGW: AT-3 Sagger(12 on BRDM-2).
ATK GUNS: 57mm: 354 ZIS-2; 76mm: 84 ZIS-3; 100mm: 24 M-1944 (BS-3).
SAM: 500+ SA-7/-14/-16.

NAVY. 1,500.
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS: PATROL, INSHORE: 26: 8 Sov Zhuk PFI, 10 North Korea Sin Hung PFI<, 8 PCI<.
MINE COUNTERMEASURES: 8: 4 Sov Yevgenya, 4 K-8 MSI<.

AIR FORCE: 2,000; 16 cbt ac, 9 armed hel.
COIN: 1 sqn with 6 Cessna 337, 6 L-39ZO, 4 SF-260WL^t.
ATTACK HELICOPTERS: 9 Mi-25.
TRANSPORT: 1 sqn with 5 An-26, 1 C-212.
HELICOPTERS: 1 sqn with 38 Mi-8/-17.
LIAISON: ac: 8 An-2, 1 Twin Bonanza, 4 Commander; plus 1 Cessna 172, 5 -185^t hel: 5 Mi-2, 2 SA-316.
TRAINING: 17 L-39C.
ASM: AT-2 Swatter ATGW.
AD GUNS: 700+ reported: 14.5mm: ZPU-1/-2/-4; 23mm: ZU-23; 37mm: M-1939; 57mm: S-60; 100mm: KS-19.

FOREIGN FORCES:
UNITED NATIONS (ONUCA): Elm.

PANAMA

TOTAL PUBLIC FORCES:
ACTIVE: 11,650.

NATIONAL POLICE FORCE: 11,000.

No hy mil eqpt, small arms only.
NATIONAL MARITIME SERVICE: ~300.
BASES: Balboa (HQ), Colon.
PATROL CRAFT: INSHORE: 2: 1 Panquiaco (UK Vosper 31.5-m), 1<.
AMPHIBIOUS: craft only; 2 LCM.

NATIONAL AIR SERVICE: 350. 3 cbt ac, no armed hel.
MR: 3 C-212 (armed).^t
TRANSPORT: 1 CN-235-2A.
TRAINING: 10 T-35D.^t
HELICOPTERS: 6 Bell 205, 3-212, 1 UH-1B, 2-H, 1-N.^t

FOREIGN FORCES:
US: 9,900. Army: 7,100; 1 inf bde and spt elm.

Navy: 500. Marines: 200. Air Force; 2,100; 1 air div.

PARAGUAY

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: 17,000 (10,300 conscripts).
Terms of service: 18 months; Navy 2 years.
RESERVES: some 45,000.

ARMY: 12,500 (8,600 conscripts).

3 corps HQ.

9 div HQ (6 inf, 3 cav).

6 inf regt (bn). 4 cav regt (horse).

6 frontier bn. 2 arty bn.

1 armd cav regt. 5 engr bn.

1 mech cav regt.
EQUIPMENT:
MBT: 5 M-4A3.
LIGHT TANKS: 18 M-3A1.
RECCE: 8 M-8, 5 M-3, 30 EE-9 Cascavel.
APC: 10 EE-11 Urutu.
TOWED ARTY: 75mm: 40 Model 1927/1934; 105mm: 48 M-101; 152mm: 6 Mk V 6-in (anti-ship).
MORTARS: 81mm: 75.
RCL: 75mm: M-20.
AD GUNS: 20mm: 20 Bofors; 40mm: 10 M-1A1.
AVIATION: 3 UH-1B, 2 UH-12 hel.

NAVY: ~3,5000 (1,700 conscripts) (incl Marines, Harbour and River Guard).
BASES: Asuncion (Puerto Sajonia), Bahia Negra, Ciudad Del Este.
PATROL AND RIVERINE COMBATANTS: 7:
COASTAL: 6

2 Paraguay with 4 120mm guns.

3 Nanawa (Arg Bouchard MSO)

1 Itaipu (riverine).
RIVERINE: 1 Capitan Cabral (built 1908).
SUPPORT AND MISCELLANEOUS: 4: 1 tpt, 1 Boqueron spt (ex-US LSM with hel deck, carries UH 12 hel), 1 trg/tpt, 1 survey.

MARINES: 500 (200 conscripts)).

1 marine bn.

1 cdo bn.

NAVAL AIR FORCE: (50). 2 cbt ac, no armed hel.
COIN: 2 AT-6G.
TRANSPORT: 1 C-47.
LIAISON: 3 Cessna 150, 3 -206, 1 -210.
HELICOPTERS: 2 HB-350, 1 OH-13.

AIR FORCE: 1,000 (700 conscripts); 10 cbt ac, 5 armed hel.
COMPOSITE SON: .
COIN: 5 AT-26.
LIAISON: 1 Cessna 185, 2 -206, 1 -337, 1 -402, 2T-41.
HELICOPTER: 3 HB-350, 2 UH-1B (armed), 4 UH-12.
TRANSPORT: 1 sqn with 5 C-47, 4 C-212, 3 DC-6B, 1 DHC-6 (VIP).
TRAINING: 5* EMB-312, 6 T-6, 10 T-23, 5 T-25, 4 T-27, 1 T-41.

PARAMILITARY:
SPECIAL POLICE SERVICE: 8,000.

PERU

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: 105,000 (73,000 conscripts).
Terms of service: 2 years, selective.
RESERVES: 188,000 (Army only).

ARMY: 72,000 (52,000 conscripts).
5 Military Regions:
Army Troops:

1 AB 'div' (bde: 3 cdo, 1 para bn, 1 arty gp).

1 Presidential Escort regt.

1 AD arty gp.
Regional Troops:

2 armd div (bde, each 2 tk, 1 armd inf bn,

1 arty gp, 1 engr bn).

1 armd gp (3 indep armd cav, 1 fd arty, 1 AD arty, 1 engr bn).

1 cav div (3 mech regt, 1 arty gp).

8 inf div (bde, each 3 inf bn, 1 arty gp).

1 jungle div.

2 med arty gp; 2 fd arty gp.

1 indep inf bn.

1 indep engr bn.

3 hel sqn.
EQUIPMENT:
MBT: 350 T-54/-55^t.
LIGHT TANKS: 110 AMX-13.
RECCE: 60 M-8/-20, 20 Fiat 6616, 15 BRDM-2.
APC: 300 M-113, 225 UR-416.
TOWED ARTY: 105mm: 50 Model 56 pack, 130 M-101; 122mm: 30 D-30; 130mm: 30 M-46; 155mm: 36 M-114.
SP ARTY: 155mm: 12 M-109A2, 12 Mk F3.
MRL: 122mm: 14 BM-21.
MORTARS: 81mm: incl some SP; 107mm: incl some SP; 120mm: 300 Brandt, ECIA.
RCL: 106mm: M-40A1.
AD GUNS: 23mm: 35 ZSU-23-4 SP; 40mm: 40 L60/70.
SAM: SA-7.
AVIATION:
AIRCRAFT: 1 Cessna 182, 2 -U206, 1 -337, 1 Queen Air 65, 3 U-10, 3 U-17.
HELICOPTERS: 2 Bell 47G, 2 Mi-6, 28 Mi-8, 14 Mi-17, 6 SA-315, 5 SAO 16.

NAVY: 18,000 (14,000 conscripts) incl naval air, marines.
3 Naval Force Areas: Pacific, Lake Titicaca, Amazon River.
BASES: ocean: Callao, San Lorenzo Island, Paita, Talara. lake: Puno. river: Iquitos, Puerto Maldonado.
SUBMARINES: 10:

6 Casma (Ge T-209/1200) with 533mm TT (It A184 HWT).

1 Pedrera (US Guppy I) with 533mm TT (Mk37 HWT).

3 Abtao (US Mackerel) with 533mm TT.
PRINCIPAL SURFACE COMBATANTS: 12:
CRUISERS: 2:

1 Almirante Grau (Nl De Ruyter) with 4x2 152mm guns, 8 Otomat SSM.

1 Aguirre (Nl De 7 Provincien) with 4 SH-3D Sea King hel (ASW/ASUW) (Mk46 LWT/AM-39 Exocet), 2x2 152mm guns.
DESTROYERS: 6:

2 Palacios (UK Daring) with 4x2 MM-38 Exocet, 3x2 114mm guns, hel deck.

4 Bolognesi (Nl Friesland) with 4 120mm guns, 2x4 ASW RL.
FRIGATES: 4 Carvajal (mod It Lupo) with 1 AB-212 hel (ASW/OTHT), 2x3 ASTT; plus 8 Otomat SSM, 2x20 105mm MRL, 1 127mm gun.
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS: 6:
MISSILE CRAFT: 6 Velarde PFM (Fr PR-72 64-m) with 4 MM-38 Exocet.
AMPHIBIOUS: 4 Paita (US Terrebonne Parish) LST, capacity 300 tps, 16 tk.
SUPPORT AND MISCELLANEOUS: 9: 2 AO, 3 AOT, 2 tpt, 1 survey, 1 ocean tug.
RIVER AND LAKE FLOTILLAS: 10: 4 gunboats, 6 patrol<.

NAVAL AIR FORCE: 8 cbt ac, 14 armed hel.
ASW/MR: 4 sqn with:

AIRCRAFT: 4 S-2E, 4 -G, 3 Super King Air B 200T.

HELICOPTERS: 6 AB-212 ASW, 2 SA-319, 6 SH-3D.
TRANSPORT: 5 C-47.
LIAISON: 4 Bell 206B, 6 UH-1D hel.
TRAINING: Cessna 150, 5 T-34C.
ASM: 40 Exocet AM-39 (on SH-3 hel).

MARINES: (2,500).

1 Marine bde (2 bn, 1 recce, 1 cdo coy).
EQUIPMENT:
RECCE: V-100.
APC: 40 V-200 Chaimite, 20 BMR-600.
RCL: 106mm.
RL: 84mm.
MORTARS: ~18 120mm.
AD GUNS: twin 20mm SP.

COAST DEFENCE: 3 bty with 18 155mm how.

AIR FORCE: 15,000 (7,000 conscripts); 113 cbt ac, 10 armed hel.
BOMBERS: 1 Gp (2 sqn) with 15 Canberra.
FGA: 2 Gp: 6 sqn:

3 with 41 Su-22 (incl 4* Su-22U);

3 with 29 Cessna A-37B.
FIGHTER: 3 sqn:

1 with 10 Mirage 2000P, 2 -DP;

2 with 14 Mirage 5P, 2 -DP.
ATTACK HELICOPTERS: 1 hel sqn with 10 Mi-25 (probably Army-assigned).
RECCE: 1 photo-survey unit with 2 Lear jet 25B, 2 -36A.
TANKER: 1 Boeing 707-323C.
TRANSPORT: 3 Gp (7 sqn):
AIRCRAFT: 14 An-32, 4 C-130A, 6 -D, 5 L-100-20, 2 DC-8-62F, 12 DHC-5, 8 DHC-6, 1 FH-227, 9 PC-6.
PRESIDENTIAL FLT: 1 F-28, 1 Falcon 20F.
HELICOPTERS: 3 sqn with 8 Bell 206, 15 -212, 5 -214, 1 -412, 10 BO-105C, 5 Mi-6, 5 Mi-8, 5 SA-316.
LIAISON: 2 Beech 99, 3 Cessna 185, 1 -320, 15 Queen Air 80, 3 King Air 90, 1 PA-31T.
LIAISON HELICOPTERS: 9 UH-1D.
TRAINING: 2 Cessna 150, 19 EMB-312, 13 MB-339A, II T-37B/C, 35 T-41A/-D.
TRAINING HELICOPTERS: 12 Bell 47G.
MISSILES: ASM: AS-30.

AAM: AA-2 Atoll, R-550 Magic.
AD: 3 SA-2, 6 SA-3 bn with 18 SA-2, 24 SA-3 launchers.

PARAMILITARY:
NATIONAL POLICE: 70,000 (amalgamation of Guardia Civil, Republican Guard and Policia Investigacionara Peruana); MOWAG Roland APC.
COAST GUARD: 600; 5 coastal patrol craft, 3 inshore, some 7 riverine<.
RONDAS CAMPESINAS (self-defence force or People's Militia): no details.

OPPOSITION:
SENDERO LUMINOSO (Shining Path): some 4-5,000; rural gp, maoist.
MOVIMIENTO REVOLUCIONARIO TUPAC AMARU (MRTA): 500; mainly urban gp.

SURINAME

TOTAL ARMED FORCES: (all services form part of the Army):
ACTIVE: 2,200.

ARMY: 1,900.

1 inf bn (4 inf coy).

1 mech cav sqn.

1 Military Police 'bde' (bn).
EQUIPMENT:
RECCE: 6 EE-9 Cascavel.
APC: 9 YP-408, 15 EE-11 Urutu.
MORTARS: 81mm: 6.
RCL: 106mm: M-40A1.

NAVY: 200.
BASE: Paramaribo.
PATROL CRAFT: 5 inshore: 3 S-401 (Nl 32-m), 2<.
SURVEY: 2<.
AIR FORCE: ~100; 5 cbt ac, no armed hel.
COIN: 3 BN-2 Defender, 2 PC-7.
LIAISON: 1 Cessna U206.
HELICOPTERS: 2 SA-316.

TRINIDAD & TOBAGO

TOTAL ARMED FORCES: (all services are part of the Army):
ACTIVE: 2,650.

ARMY: 2,000.

1 inf bn.

1 reserve bn (3 coy).

1 spt bn.
EQUIPMENT:
MORTARS: 60mm: ~40; 81mm: 6 L16A1.
RL: 82mm: 13 B-300.

COAST GUARD: 600.
BASE: Staubles Bay.
PATROL CRAFT: Inshore: 9: 2 Barracuda PFI (Sw Karlskrona 40-m). 1 Chaguaramas PCI (UK Vosper 31.5-m), 6<.

AIR WING: 50.
AIRCRAFT: 1 Cessna 310, 1 -402, 1 Cessna 172.

PARAMILITARY:
POLICE: 4,000.

URUGUAY

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: 22,900.

ARMY: 16,000.

4 Military Regions.

1 indep inf bde. 1 engr bde.

15 inf bn.

10 cav bn (4 horsed, 3 mech, 2 mot, 1 armd).

6 arty bn. 6 engr bn.
EQUIPMENT:
LIGHT TANKS, 17 M-24, 28 M-3A1, 22 M-41A1.
RECCE: 20 FN-4-RM-62, 18 EE-3 Jararaca, 15 EE-9 Cascavel.
APC: 15 M-113, 50 Condor.
TOWED ARTY: 75mm: 12 Bofors M-1902; 105mm: 25 M-101A1; 155mm: 5 M-114A1.
MORTARS: 81mm: 40 M-1; 107mm: 5 M-30.
ATGW: 10 Milan.
RCL: 57mm: 30 M-18; 106mm: 10 M-40A1.
AD GUNS: 20mm: 6 M-167 Vulcan; 40mm: 2 L/60.

NAVY: 3,500 incl 330 naval air, 550 naval infantry.
BASE: Montevideo.
FRIGATES: 4:

3 General Artigas (Fr Cdt. Riviere) with 2x3 ASTT, 1x2 ASW mor, 2 100mm guns.

1 18 de Julio (US Dealey) with 2x3 ASTT.
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS: 6:
OFFSHORE: 1 Campbell (US Auk MSF) PCO.
INSHORE: 5: 3 15 de Noviembre PFI (Fr Vigilante 42-m). 1 Salto PCI, 1 Paysandu PCI<.
AMPHIBIOUS: craft only; 3 LCM, 3 LCVP.
SUPPORT AND MISCELLANEOUS: 3: 1 tanker (VLCC, civilian charter), 1 trg, 1 salvage.

NAVAL AIR FORCE: (330); 6 cbt ac, no armed hel.
ASW: 1 fit with 3 S-2A, 3 -G.
MR: 1Super King Air 200T.
TRAINING: 1 Super Cub, 2 T-28,4 T-34B, 2-C, 2 TC-45.
HELICOPTERS: 1 Bell 47, 1 -222, 2 SH-34.
NAVAL INFANTRY: (500); 1 bn.

AIR FORCE: 3,400; 33 cbt ac, no armed hel.
COIN: 2 sqn:

1 with 8 A-37B, 6 AT-33.

1 with 6 IA-58B, 6 T-33A.
SURVEY: 1 Commander 680, 1 EMB-110B1.
SAR: 1 sqn with: 1 C-212, 8 U-17 ac; 2 Bell 212, 2 UH-1B, 4 UH-1H hel.
TRANSPORT: 3 sqn with 4 C-212 (tpt/SAR), 4 EMB-110C, 2 F-27, 2 FH-227.
LIAISON: 1 Cessna 182, 1-310, 2 PA-18, 1 PA-23, 5 Queen Air 80.
TRAINING: *7 AT-6A, 5 T-33,24T-34A/B, 6 T-41D.

FORCES ABROAD:
UN AND PEACE-KEEPING:

EGYPT (MFO): 70.

INDIA/PAKISTAN (UNMOGIP): 1 adviser.

IRAQ/KUWAIT (UNIKOM): 8 Observers.

PARAMILITARY:
METROPOLITAN GUARD: 650.
REPUBLICAN GUARD: 500.
COAST GUARD: 2,000; 2 ex-USCG Cape Higgon, some 6<.

VENEZUELA

TOTAL ARMED FORCES:
ACTIVE: 75,000 incl National Guard (~18,000 conscripts).
Terms of service: 2 years (Navy 2 1/2 years) selective, varies by region for all services.

ARMY: 34,000 (incl conscripts).

6 inf div. .

1 armd bde.

1 cav bde.

7 inf bde (18 inf, 1 mech inf, 4 fd arty bn).

1 AB bde.

1 Ranger bde (6 Ranger bn).

1 avn regt.
EQUIPMENT:
MBT: 100 AMX-30.
LIGHT TANKS: 35 M-18, 36 AMX-13, ~50 Scorpion.
RECCE: 10 AML-245, 25 M-8.
APC: 25 AMX-VCI, 100 V-100, 30 V-150, 100 Dragoon (some with 90mm gun).
TOWED ARTY: 105mm: 40 Model 56, 40 M-101; 155mm: 12 M-114;
SP ARTY: 155mm: 5 M-109, 10 Mk F3.
MRL: 160mm: 20 LARSP.
MORTARS: 81mm: 165; 120mm: 65 Brandt.
ATGW: AT-4, AS-11.
RCL: 106mm: M-40A1.
AVIATION:
AIRCRAFT: 3 IAI-202, 2 Cessna 172, 2 -206, 2 -207.
HELICOPTERS:

ATTACK: 6 A-109(ATK);

TRANSPORT: 4 AS-61A, 3 Bell 205, 6 UH-1H.

LIAISON: 2 Bell 206.

NAVY: 11,000 incl naval air, marines and coast guard (~4,000 conscripts).

5 Commands: Fleet, Marines, Naval Avn, Coast guard, Fluvial (River Forces).

5 Fleet sqn: submarine, frigate, patrol, amph, service.
BASES: Caracas (HQ), Puerto Cabello (submarine, frigate, amph and service sqn), Punto Fijo (patrol sqn).

Minor bases: Puerto de - Hierro, Puerto La Cruz, El Amparo (HQ Arauca River), Maracaibo, La Guaira, Ciudad Bolivar (HQ Fluvial Forces).
SUBMARINES: 2 Sabalo (Ge T-209/1300) with 533mm TT. (SST-4 HWT) (1 refitting in Germany).
FRIGATES: 6 Mariscal Sucre (It Lupo) with 1 AB-212 hel (ASW/OTHT), 2x3 ASTT (A-244S LWT); plus 8 Otomat SSM, 1 127mm gun, 2x20 105mm MLR.
PATROL AND COASTAL COMBATANTS: 10:
MISSILE CRAFT: 3 Constitution PFM (UK Vosper 37-m), with 2 Otomat.

3 Constitution PFI with 4 Harpoon SSM.
RIVERINE: 4 PCI<.
AMPHIBIOUS: 5:

4 Capana LST, capacity 200 tps, 12 tk.

1 Amazonas (US-1152) LST, capacity 200 tps, 16 tk.

Plus craft; 2 LCU (river comd), 11 LCVP.
SUPPORT AND MISCELLANEOUS: 5: 1 log spt, 2 tpt, 1 survey, 1 trg.

NAVAL AIR FORCE: (2,000); 5 cbt ac, 6 armed hel.
ASW: 2 S-2E Tracker, 1 hel sqn (afloat) with 6 AB-212ASW.
MR: 1 sqn with 3 C-212.
TRANSPORT: 3 C-212, 1 DHC-7, 1 Rockwell Commander 680.
LIAISON: 3 Cessna 310, 1 -402, 1 King Air 90, 1 Super King Air 200.
HELICOPTERS: 2 Bell 47J.

MARINES: (6,000).

4 inf bn.

1 arty bn (3 fd, 1 AD bty).

1 amph veh bn.

1 river patrol, 1 engr, 2 para/cdo unit.
EQUIPMENT:
APC: 11 LVTP-7 (to be mod to -7A1), 30 EE-11 Urutu, 10 Fuchs/Transportpanzer 1.
TOWED ARTY: 105mm: 18.
AD GUNS: 40mm: 6 M-42 twin SP.

COAST GUARD: (~750).
BASE: La Guaira; operates under Naval-Command and Control, but organizationally separate.
PATROL, OFFSHORE: 3: 2 Almirante Clemente (It FF type), 1 Larrazabal (US ocean tugs) plus about 15 boats.

AIR FORCE: 7,000 (some conscripts); 106 cbt ac, 26 armed hel.
FIGHTER/FGA: 3 Air Gp:

1 with 10 F-5A, 10 -B, 19 T-2D;

1 with 4 Mirage IIIEV, 2 -5V, 2 -5DV, 5 Mirage 50EV;

1 with 18 F-16A, 6 -B.
COIN: 1 Air Gp with 12 EMB-312, 11 OV-10E.
ATTACK HELICOPTERS: 1 Air Gp with 10 SA-316, 12UH-1D, 4UH-1H.
TRANSPORT: 5 C-47, 7 C-123, 6 C-130H, 8 G-222, 2 HS-748.
TRANSPORT HELICOPTERS: 3 Bell 214, 4 -412, 5 AS-332B, 2 UH-1N.
PRESIDENTIAL FLT: 1 Boeing 737, 3 Falcon 20, 1 Gulfstream II, 1 -III, 1 Learjet 24D.
LIAISON: 9 Cessna -182, 1 Citation I, 1 -II, 2 Queen Air 65, 5 Queen Air 80, 5 Super King Air 200, 12 SA-316B Alouette III.
TRAINING: 1 Air Gp: 18 EMB-312, *7 F-5 (1 CF-5D, 6 NF-5B), 20 T-34.
AAM: R-530 Magic, AIM-9P Sidewinder.
AD GUNS: 110: 20mm: some Panhard M-3 SP; 35mm; 40mm: Bofors L/70 towed, Breda towed.
SAM: 10 Roland.

NATIONAL GUARD: Fuerzas Armadas de Cooperation: 23,000 (internal sy, customs).
EQUIPMENT: 25 UR-416 AIFV, 204 Fiat-6614 APC, 100 60mm mor, 10 81mm mor.

AC: 1 Baron, 1 BN-2A, 2 Cessna 185, 5 -U206, 1 -337, 1 -402C, 4 IAI-201, 1 King Air 90, 1 King Air 200C, 2 Queen Air 80, 2 F-28C.

HEL: 4 A-109, 15 Bell 206, 2 UH-1H.

PATROL CRAFT: inshore: 22 <; some 60 boats.

FORCES ABROAD:
UN AND PEACE-KEEPING:

CENTRAL AMERICA (ONUCA): 14 Observers.

IRAQ/KUWAIT (UNIKOM): 7 Observers.

TABLES AND ANALYSES

Defence Expenditure: NATO, Japan, Sweden

These charts are expressed in local currency, based on 1985 prices and using a 1985 deflator. Where possible the NATO definition of defence expenditure is used and is shaded on the chart. Unshaded columns represent national definitions. The figure above each column shows the percentage increase, or decrease, from the previous year. The right-hand index shows changes measured against abase of 100 in 1985 (the scale of this index varies for each country). The 1991 columns show defence budgets according to national defence definition and so are not directly comparable with previous years' expenditures.
Эти графики выражены в местной валюте, на основе цен 1985 года и с использованием дефлятора 1985 года. Там, где это возможно, используется определение расходов НАТО на оборону, которое затемняется на диаграмме. Закрашенные столбцы представляют национальные определения. На рисунке над каждым столбцом показано процентное увеличение или уменьшение по сравнению с предыдущим годом. Правый индекс показывает изменения, измеренные по отношению к корзине 100 в 1985 году (масштаб этого индекса варьируется для каждой страны). Колонки 1991 года показывают оборонные бюджеты в соответствии с определением национальной обороны и поэтому не сопоставимы напрямую с расходами предыдущих лет.

COMPARISONS OF DEFENCE EXPENDITURE AND MILITARY MANPOWER 1985-1990"

^a In this edition total defence expenditures and per capita defence expenditures are given in 1985 prices and in 1985 dollars. Where possible, exchange rates have been taken from the IMF, otherwise posted average annual exchange rates have been calculated. The consumer price indices have been taken from the IMF where possible, or, where necessary, constructed from' known inflation rates.
^b Some military expenditures include internal security expenditures; in other cases these and research costs are born by other ministries' budgets.
^c Based on local currency. See individual country entries. For most countries, GDP figures are used. For some countries, GNP figures are derived from NMP.
^d Normally, only men within 5 years of their active service period are included, unless a country entry specifies a different parameter. Home Guard manpower has not been included.
^e Part-time and reserve paramilitary forces are not included.
^f Data is for former FRG only. Excl aid to West Berlin.
^g Defence expenditure estimates are based on a re-evaluation of costs by function. Soviet published data has been used. Data for 1985 calculated using different criteria. See The Military Balance 1989-1990.
^h The difficulty in calculating suitable exchange rates makes conversion to dollars and international comparison imprecise and unreliable. It is important to refer to individual country entries and to the local-currency figures for defence expenditures and the size of the economy.
ⁱ 1990 data includes estimates of Gulf war costs and contributions.
^j A number of African countries for which there is insufficient data have been omitted.
^a В настоящем издании общие расходы на оборону и расходы на оборону на душу населения приводятся в ценах 1985 года и в долларах 1985 года. Там, где это возможно, обменные курсы были взяты из МВФ, в противном случае были рассчитаны средние годовые обменные курсы. Индексы потребительских цен были взяты из МВФ, где это возможно, или, где необходимо, построены из известных темпов инфляции.
^b Некоторые военные расходы включают расходы на внутреннюю безопасность; в других случаях эти и исследовательские расходы покрываются за счет бюджетов других министерств.
^c На основе местной валюты. См. отдельные записи страны. Для большинства стран используются показатели ВВП. Для некоторых стран показатели ВНП получены на основе НМП.
^d Как правило, включаются только мужчины в течение 5 лет их активного периода службы, если только в записи страны не указан другой параметр. Силы ополчения не были включены.
^е Не полностью занятые и резервные военизированные формирования не включены.
^f Данные только для бывшей ФРГ. Кроме помощи Западному Берлину.
^g Смета расходов на оборону основана на переоценке расходов с разбивкой по функциям. Использовались советские опубликованные данные. Данные за 1985 год, рассчитанные с использованием различных критериев. Посмотреть Военный Баланс 1989-1990.
^h Сложность расчета подходящих обменных курсов делает пересчет в доллары и международное сравнение неточными и ненадежными. Важно учитывать данные по отдельным странам, а также данные в местной валюте по оборонным расходам и размеру экономики.
ⁱ Данные за 1990 год включают оценки расходов и взносов на войну в Персидском заливе.
^j Ряд африканских стран, по которым имеется недостаточно данных, были опущены.

US-USSR Strategic Nuclear Developments

The Presidents of the United States and the Soviet Union signed the Strategic Arms Reductions Treaty (START) in Moscow on 31 July 1991, less than three weeks before Gorbachev's ouster. Negotiating the Treaty had taken just over nine years since talks began in Geneva in June 1982. The USSR suspended the negotiations in December 1983 so that it could 'reassess its policies' following the deployment of US Intermediate-range Nuclear Forces (INF) in Europe. START talks resumed in June 1985. Once, or if, it is ratified, the Treaty will remain in force for 15 years but can be extended for successive five-year periods.

START was conceived as a follow-on treaty to SALT which concentrated on limiting strategic arms rather than reducing them. SALT I, which was signed in May 1972, froze numbers of fixed, land-based ICBMs at existing levels and limited SLBMs. The aim of SALT II was to replace SALT I with a more comprehensive arms-control treaty and was signed in June 1979. It was never ratified by the US Senate, however, mainly as a result of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan.

SALT II limited each side to:

a) 2,400 strategic nuclear delivery vehicles (ICBM, SLBM, heavy bombers and air-to-surface ballistic missiles (ASBMs)) (to be reduced to 2,250 by the end of 1981).

b) 1,320 launchers for MIRV missiles and bombers with long-range cruise missiles.

c) 1,200 launchers of MIRV missiles.

d) 820 launchers of MIRV ICBM.

No intrusive verification measures were included and verification was limited to National TechnicalMeans only. The US confirmed to the Soviet Union on several occasions that it would abide by the terms of SALT II. In May 1986, however, the US announced that it no longer observed the limits and in December 1986 it breached the delivery vehicle limit by deploying its 131 st ALCM armed bomber.

Throughout the time of the START talks both the US and USSR have continued to modernize and improve their nuclear forces. Table 1 shows the relative strength of strategic nuclear forces in June 1982 and June 1991. The most important developments that have taken place include the introduction of mobile ICBM (SS-24, SS-25) by the Soviet Union and the improved capability provided by the introduction of the B-l bomber, D-5 SLBM and the deployment of Tomahawk SLCM by the US.

The main provisions of the START Treaty are:

a) Equal aggregate limits of 1,600 delivery weapons (ICBM, SLBM and strategic bombers) carrying no more than 6,000 START-countable warheads.

b) A limit of 154 on 'heavy' ICBMs. Only the Soviet SS-18 has been classified as a 'heavy' ICBM. The USSR has agreed to dismantle 18 SS-18 silos a year for the next seven years. Future SS-18 modifications are not to increase its throw-weight beyond that of the SS-18 Mod 5.

c) No more than 4,900 warheads on ICBMs and SLBMs (1,540 on heavy ICBM), no more than 1,100 warheads on mobile ICBMs.

Within these limits each side may choose how it deploys its strategic forces. The 6,000 warhead limit can be breached legally because the counting rules set artificial figures for warheads attributed to each delivery weapon which can in some cases be exceeded. For example, the counting rules attribute one warhead to each bomber not capable of carrying ALCMs, whereas the US B-1 bomber could carry as many as 24 bombs. The counting rules for ALCM-capable bombers are complicated: US bombers are attributed as carrying ten ALCMs but must not be actually capable of carrying more than 20; similarly Soviet bombers are attributed with eight warheads but must not be capable of carrying more than 16. However, only 150 US bombers will count as having ten warheads, and only 180 Soviet bombers can count as having eight warheads; any bombers above these ceilings will be counted as having the number of warheads which they are actually equipped to carry. All existing ALCMs with a range of over 600 km will be START-countable, whereas future convХntionally-armed ALCMs will not be if they are externally distinguishable from nuclear-armed versions. Each side may deploy a further 75 heavy bombers if these are: equipped for conventional missions; training aircraft; or converted as tankers or reconnaissance aircraft. A further 20 test aircraft are allowed.

The 6,000 warhead limit will also be officially circumvented by the separate politically binding agreement on SLCMs, which are not constrained by START. Neither side may have more than 880 SLCMs with a range in excess of 600 km. Each year each side must declare the number of SLCMs they plan to deploy in the following five years. They will also exchange data on SLCM delivery platforms and on deployed nuclear-armed SLCMs with ranges between 300 and 600km (which are not limited by the agreement). SLCMs are not subject to verification.

In a further 'politically binding' agreement, the Soviet Union has agreed to limit its deployment of Tu-26 (Tu-22M) Backfire bombers to no more than 500. (The Air Force and Navy currently deploy 350 Backfires). The Soviet Union has also agreed not to give Backfire an in-flight refuelling capability.

The Treaty also limits the number of non-deployed mobile ICBMs to 250 and their launchers to 110. Mobile ICBMs must be stored at least 100 km from deployment sites or from where non-deployed launchers are stored. Within these limits only 125 MIRV missiles and 18 of their launchers can be railmobile. Notification must be given whenever non-deployed missiles are moved.

The main outstanding points which had to be agreed in the closing stages of the negotiations were: the encryption of telemetry; the question of 'down-loading'; and throw-weight and the definition of new missile types.

It has been agreed to ban encryption of telemetry and other measures aimed at concealing data transmitted during test flights. In addition, tapes of flight-test data will be exchanged. All existing missile types have an agreed number of warheads attributed to them. Future ballistic missile types will be attributed as having the maximum number with which the missile has been tested or by a formula (60%of throw-weight divided by the weight of the lightest RV tested), whichever is the greater.

Recent trends in ballistic missile design have witnessed an increase in the number of warheads carried by each missile, and also an increase in the number of missiles deployed on each SSBN. If the most modem (and presumably most reliable and accurate) missiles are to be retained in service, with more of the older models being eliminated so as to remain within START limits, then the 6,000 allowed warheads will be concentrated on fewer delivery vehicles than the 1,600 allowed by the Treaty. 'Down-loading' is a way of obviating this result. This is the verifiable practice of reducing the number of warheads carried by a particular type of missile so that its attributable warhead count will be lower. At the beginning of the negotiations the two sides had widely divergent opinions on this issue. The US wished to restrict down-loading to 1,000 warheads taken from only one type of missile, while the Soviet Union was seeking a figure of 2,150 warheads from three types of missile (the Soviet Union has twice as many ballistic missiles with ten warheads than the US does). The compromise the Treaty reached is to allow 1,250 warheads to be down-loaded from three types of missile. The Soviet Union has already down-loaded its 224 SS-N-18 SLBMs (originally attributed with seven warheads) to only three warheads. However, this move will count as one of the three missile types the Soviet Union are allowed to down-load. The US objection to down-loading is that it provides an opportunity for covert violation of the Treaty and that down-loaded warheads could be replaced in a crisis. To obviate this, Minuteman III and SS-N-18 SLBMs (when down-loaded) must have the remaining warheads mounted in a redesigned RV so that no spare space is available to allow the return of down-loaded warheads. Other down-loaded missile types need not have RVs altered so long as only two warheads are removed. For example, down-loading the 96 SS-24 would give the USSR the potential to replace 192 warheads illegally in a crisis.

The last contentious issue was the reverse side of the down-loading coin: throw-weight and the definition of what constitutes a new weapon. The US wanted to make it as hard and as expensive as possible for the Soviet Union to adapt an existing missile type to carry additional warheads which it could then declare as a new missile type (and so avoid violating the rule which bans the testing of existing missiles with more warheads than their agreed START loading). The solution devised is to link the difference in throw-weight to the definition of new missile types as opposed to modified versions. The Soviet proposal was that a 15% change in throw-weight of any missile would classify it as a new type, whereas the US proposed a 30% change. The compromise reached in the Treaty is that to be classified as a new missile it must differ from an existing type by at least 21% in throw-weight" and 5% in length. In addition, a change from liquid to solid fuel or in the number of stages would also constitute a new missile type. The US was still concerned that despite the 21% change to throw-weight rule, the Soviet Union would be able to modify its SS-25, which the US considers has spare payload capacity, and fit it with three warheads without having to redesign the remainder of the missile. Even though only a few of the new three-warhead version of the SS-25 might be deployed, the opportunity to fit three warheads to all SS-25s would be a possibility. It is reported that the Treaty includes provision that any follow-on to SS-25 would have to be tested at a range of at least 11,000km which would require the USSR to make extensive (and expensive) changes to the missile.

The importance of START does not lie in the reductions of strategic weapons. While these will be considerable, they will fall short of original expectations. Some 800 delivery vehicles and over 5,000 warheads for the Soviet Union and about 250 delivery vehicles and over 3,500 warheads for the US will be eliminated but both sides will keep more than sufficient weapons to maintain deterrence. Indeed, warhead numbers will probably be not very different from what they were when the negotiations began in 1982. The most significant clauses of the Treaty concern the development of future weapons and verification. These were the most difficult conditions to negotiate, but once agreed to they should not need to be altered in possible subsequent rounds of negotiations aimed at achieving deeper cuts.

The START verification regime will be extensive and far more comprehensive and intrusive than those established for INF and CFE. It will include data exchange and on-site inspection to establish a base-line. There will be on-site inspections of conversion and elimination facilities of weapons, as well as verification of warhead numbers on deployed ballistic missiles including 'short-notice' inspections. All told, some 12 categories of inspection have been included. There will be continuous monitoring of mobile ICBM production plants. Special arrangements have had to be drawn up for verification of mobile ICBMs, and limits have been imposed on the size of mobile ICBM bases and deployment areas, and on the number of launchers that can be deployed at any one time.

The cost of START for the Soviet Union will be the elimination of half of its 308 SS-18 (10 warhead) ICBMs. The USSR is already reducing the numbers of its SS-11, SS-13 and SS-17 ICBMs; the total elimination of these missiles types, plus 154 SS-18, would account for 554 delivery vehicles and 2,080 warheads. The Soviet Union will have to withdraw a small number of mobile ICBMs as its existing holding is 160 warheads above the START limit, but these could be placed in a 'non-deployed' status. It will not be necessary to make any cuts in the Soviet strategic bomber force as the numbers involved are well below the START limits. By keeping in service the maximum number of SS-18 and mobile ICBMs allowed by START, the Soviet Union will have to reduce some 2,000 warheads from its SS-19 and SLBM fleet. It would be logical for the oldest submarines to be retired first; the Yankee II and Delta I and II classes contain 33 SSBMs with 456 single warhead SLBMs. The next oldest class is the Delta III which includes 14 SSBNs armed with 224 SS-N-18 (seven MIRV warheads). A proportion of Delta III and SS-19 may be eliminated.

If the US wishes to maintain the full 4,900 ballistic missile warheads allowed by the Treaty it will have to eliminate nearly 3,000 warheads and their delivery vehicles. It has already been announced that the Minuteman II force of 450 single-warhead ICBMs will be phased out. A further 1,600 will be found by retiring the remaining ten SSBNs armed with Poseidon C-3 SLBMs - 160 SLBMs and 1,600 nuclear warheads - but deactivation will not be complete until FY 1994.

If the follow-on to START II may be easier to negotiate because of the very comprehensive nature of START'S conditions, other unresolved matters (primarily strategic defences and the ABM Treaty) are likely to be given far higher priority by the Soviet Union in future negotiations.

It had been a Soviet requirement to include linkage between SDI and START either in new Defense and Space Talks (also the subject of separate negotiations in Geneva) or in START itself. Although the USSR has not insisted on direct linkage, it has made it clear that it would withdraw from START should the ABM Treaty be violated.

Another issue is the question of the strategic weapons of China, France and the UK. Although not affected in any way by START, it is more than probable that the Soviet Union will aim to include them in any follow-on negotiations.

It naturally remains to be seen whether the Treaty will be ratified. Given the fact that its terms included major force cuts and intrusive verification, non-ratification would have more serious implications than was the case with SALT II.

^a As yet no definition of throw-weight has been published. The usual understanding is that throw-weight is the maximum weight of a missile's payload (including warheads, navigational aids, decoys and housing) which can be delivered over a particular range in a stated trajectory.

Стратегические ядерные разработки США и СССР

Президенты США и СССР подписали Договор о сокращении стратегических вооружений (СНВ) в Москве 31 июля 1991 года, менее чем за три недели до отставки Горбачева. Переговоры по договору заняли чуть более девяти лет с момента начала переговоров в Женеве в июне 1982 года. СССР приостановил переговоры в декабре 1983 года, чтобы "пересмотреть свою политику" после развертывания американских ядерных сил средней дальности (РСМД) в Европе. Начало переговоров возобновилось в июне 1985 года. После или в случае ратификации договор будет оставаться в силе в течение 15 лет, но может быть продлен на последующие пятилетние периоды.

СНВ был задуман как последующий договор к ОСВ, который сосредоточился на ограничении стратегических вооружений, а не на их сокращении. ОСВ I, которая была подписана в мае 1972 года, заморозил количество стационарных наземных МБР на существующих уровнях и ограничила их применение. Цель ОСВ II заключалась в замене ОСВ I более всеобъемлющим договором о контроле над вооружениями, который был подписан в июне 1979 года. Однако он так и не был ратифицирован Сенатом США, главным образом в результате советского вторжения в Афганистан.

ОСВ II ограничивал каждой стороне:

а) 2400 стратегических ядерных средств доставки (МБР, БРПЛ, тяжелые бомбардировщики и баллистические ракеты класса "воздух-поверхность") (которые будут сокращены до 2250 к концу 1981 года).

b) 1320 пусковых установок для ракет с РГЧИН и бомбардировщиков с крылатыми ракетами большой дальности.

с) 1,200 пусковых установок ракет с разделяющимися головными частями.

г) 820 пусковых установок МБР с РГЧИН.

Никаких интрузивных мер проверки не предусматривалось, и проверка ограничивалась только национальными техническими средствами. США неоднократно подтверждали Советскому Союзу, что они будут соблюдать условия ОСВ II. в мае 1986 года, однако, США объявили, что они больше не соблюдают лимиты, а в декабре 1986 года они нарушили лимит средств доставки, развернув 131-й бомбардировщик вооруженный ALCM.

На протяжении всего времени переговоров по СНВ и США, и СССР продолжали модернизировать и совершенствовать свои ядерные силы. В таблице 1 показана относительная численность стратегических ядерных сил в июне 1982 года и июне 1991 года. Наиболее важные события, которые имели место, включают в себя внедрение мобильных МБР (SS-24, SS-25) Советским Союзом и улучшение возможностей, обеспеченных введением бомбардировщика B-1, БРПЛ D-5 и развертыванием КРМБ Tomahawk США.

Основными положениями Договора о СНВ являются::

а) Равный совокупный лимит в 1600 единиц оружия доставки (МБР, БРПЛ и стратегические бомбардировщики), несущих не более 6000 боеголовок, рассчитанных по СНВ.

б) Лимит на 154 тяжелых МБР. Только советские SS-18 был классифицирован как "тяжелая" МБР. СССР согласился демонтировать 18 шахт SS-18 в год в течение следующих семи лет. Будущие модификации SS-18 не должны увеличивать забрасываемый вес за пределы SS-18 Mod 5.

в) Не более 4 900 боеголовок на МБР и БРПЛ (1540 на тяжелых МБР), не более 1100 боеголовок на мобильных МБР.

В этих пределах каждая сторона может выбирать способ развертывания своих стратегических сил. Ограничение в 6 000 боеголовок может быть нарушено юридически, поскольку правила подсчета устанавливают искусственные цифры для боеголовок, приписываемых каждому оружию доставки, которые в некоторых случаях могут быть превышены. Например, правила подсчета приписывают одну боеголовку каждому бомбардировщику, не способному нести КРВБ, тогда как американский бомбардировщик B-1 может нести до 24 бомб. Правила подсчета бомбардировщиков с КРВБ несколько сложнее: бомбардировщики США считаются как носители десять крылатых ракет, но на самом деле способен перевозить более 20; точно так же советским бомбардировщикам приписываются по восемь боеголовок, но они способны нести более 16. Однако только 150 американских бомбардировщиков будут считаться имеющими десять боеголовок, и только 180 советских бомбардировщиков могут считаться имеющими восемь боеголовок; любые бомбардировщики выше этих потолков будут считаться имеющими количество боеголовок, которыми они фактически оснащены. Все существующие КРВБ с дальностью действия более 600 км будут считаться СНВ, в то время как будущие обычные КРВБ не будут, если они внешне отличаются от ядерных версий. Каждая сторона может развернуть еще 75 тяжелых бомбардировщиков, если они: оборудованы для обычных миссий; учебные самолеты; или переоборудованы в танкеры или разведывательные самолеты. Еще 20 испытательных самолетов допускаются.

Ограничение в 6000 боеголовок будет также официально обойдено отдельным политически обязательным соглашением по КРМБ, которые не ограничивается по СНВ. Ни одна из сторон не может иметь более 880 крылатых ракет морского базирования с дальностью свыше 600 километров. Каждый год каждая сторона должна объявить количество крылатых ракет морского базирования, которые они планируют развернуть в следующие пять лет. Они также будут обмениваться данными на носители КРМБ и на развернутых ядерных крылатых ракет морского базирования с дальностью от 300 до 600 км (который не ограничивается договором). Оба не подлежат проверке.

В дальнейшем "политически обязывающем" соглашении Советский Союз согласился ограничить свое развертывание бомбардировщиков Ту-26 (Ту-22М) Backfire не более чем 500. (Военно-воздушные силы и военно-морской флот в настоящее время развертывают 350 Backfire). Советский Союз также согласился не давать Backfire возможности дозаправки в полете.

Договор также ограничивает число неразвернутых мобильных МБР до 250 и их пусковых установок до 110. Мобильные МБР должны храниться не менее чем в 100 км от мест развертывания или от того места, где хранятся неразвернутые пусковые установки. В этих пределах только 125 ракет с РГЧИН и 18 их пусковых установок могут быть железнодорожными. Уведомление должно подаваться всякий раз, когда перемещаются неразвернутые ракеты.

Основными нерешенными вопросами, которые должны были быть согласованы на завершающих этапах переговоров, были: шифрование телеметрии; вопрос о "понижении нагрузки"; и забрасываемого веса и определение новых типов ракет.

Было решено запретить шифрование телеметрии и другие меры, направленные на сокрытие данных, передаваемых во время испытательных полетов. Кроме того, будет осуществляться обмен пленками с данными летных испытаний. Все существующие типы ракет имеют согласованное количество приписываемых им боеголовок. Будущие типы баллистических ракет будут приписываться как имеющие максимальное число, с которым ракета была испытана или по формуле (60% от забрасываемого веса, деленного на вес самого легкого испытанного РВ), в зависимости от того, что больше.

Последние тенденции в разработке баллистических ракет свидетельствуют об увеличении числа боеголовок, переносимых каждой ракетой, а также об увеличении числа ракет, развернутых на каждой ПЛАРБ. Если самые современные (и предположительно самые надежные и точные) ракеты будут сохранены в эксплуатации, а более старые модели будут ликвидированы, чтобы оставаться в пределах СНВ, то 6 000 разрешенных боеголовок будут сосредоточены на меньшем количестве средств доставки, чем 1600 разрешенных договором. "Понижающая загрузка" - это способ избежать этого результата. Это поддающаяся проверке практика сокращения числа боеголовок, переносимых конкретным типом ракеты, с тем чтобы соответствующее количество боеголовок было меньше. В начале переговоров у обеих сторон были весьма разные мнения по этому вопросу. США хотели ограничить загрузку до 1000 боеголовок, взятых только из одного типа ракет, в то время как Советский Союз предлагал цифру 2150 боеголовок из трех типах ракет (у Советского Союза в два раза больше баллистических ракет с десятью боеголовками, чем у США). Компромисс, которого достиг договор, заключается в том, чтобы позволить 1250 боеголовкам быть загруженными из трех типов ракет. Советский Союз уже спустил свои 224 SS-N-18 БРПЛ (первоначально прописанные с семью боеголовками) только к трем боеголовкам. Однако, этот шаг будет считаться одним из трех типов ракет разрешенных СССР. Возражение США против снижения нагрузки заключается в том, что оно предоставляет возможность для скрытого нарушения договора и что боеголовки с пониженной нагрузкой могут быть заменены в кризис. Чтобы избежать этого, Minuteman III и SS-N-18 (когда они загружены) должны иметь оставшиеся боеголовки, установленные в переработанной ГЧ, чтобы не было свободного места для возврата загруженных боеголовок. Другие типы ракет с пониженной нагрузкой не нуждаются в изменении ГЧ до тех пор, пока удаляются только две боеголовки. Например, снижение загрузки 96 SS-24 дало бы СССР возможность незаконно установить 192 боеголовки в условиях кризиса.

Последний спорный вопрос касался обратной стороны монеты с понижающей нагрузкой: забрасываемого веса и определения того, что представляет собой новое оружие. США хотели сделать так, чтобы Советскому Союзу было как можно сложнее и дороже адаптировать существующий тип ракеты для несения дополнительных боеголовок, которые он мог бы затем объявить новым типом ракеты (и таким образом избежать нарушения правила, запрещающего испытания существующих ракет с большим количеством боеголовок, чем их согласованная начальная загрузка). Разработанное решение состоит в том, чтобы связать разницу в забрасываемом весе с определением новых типов ракет в отличие от модифицированных версий. Советское предложение состояло в том, что 15%-е изменение забрасываемого веса любой ракеты классифицировало бы ее как новый тип, тогда как США предложили 30%-е изменение. Компромисс, достигнутый в договоре, заключается в том, что для классификации в качестве новой ракеты она должна отличаться от существующего типа не менее чем на 21% по забрасываемой массе и на 5% по длине. Кроме того, переход от жидкого топлива к твердому или по количеству ступеней также будет представлять собой новый тип ракеты. США все еще были обеспокоены тем, что, несмотря на 21% изменение забрасываемого веса, Советский Союз сможет модифицировать свои SS-25, который, по мнению США, имеет запасную грузоподъемность, и установить их с тремя боеголовками без необходимости перепроектировать остальную часть ракеты. Даже при том, что только некоторые из новой версии с тремя боеголовками SS-25 могут быть развернуты, возможность установки трех боеголовок для всех SS-25 была бы возможна. Сообщается, что договор включает в себя положение о том, что любые последующие действия в отношении SS-25 должны быть испытаны на дальности не менее 11 000 км, что потребует от СССР внесения обширных (и дорогостоящих) изменений в ракету.

Важность СНВ заключается не в сокращении стратегических вооружений. Хотя они будут значительными, они не будут соответствовать первоначальным ожиданиям. Около 800 средств доставки и более 5000 боеголовок для Советского Союза и около 250 средств доставки и более 3500 боеголовок для США будут ликвидированы, но обе стороны сохранят более чем достаточное количество оружия для поддержания сдерживания. Действительно, число боеголовок, вероятно, не будет сильно отличаться от того, каким оно было, когда переговоры начались в 1982 году. Наиболее важные положения Договора касаются разработки будущего оружия и контроля. Это были самые трудные условия для переговоров, но после того, как они были согласованы, их не нужно было менять в возможных последующих раундах переговоров, направленных на достижение более глубоких сокращений.

Режим проверки СНВ будет обширным и гораздо более всеобъемлющим и интрузивным, чем режим, установленный для РСМД и ДОВСЕ. Он будет включать в себя обмен данными и инспекции объектов базирования. Будут проводиться инспекции на местах объектов по конверсии и ликвидации оружия, а также проверка числа боеголовок на развернутых баллистических ракетах, включая инспекции "в короткие сроки". Всего было включено около 12 категорий инспекций. Будет осуществляться постоянный мониторинг мобильных установок МБР. Для проверки мобильных МБР необходимо было разработать специальные механизмы, и были введены ограничения на размеры баз и районов развертывания мобильных МБР, а также на число пусковых установок, которые могут быть развернуты в любой момент времени.

Стоимость СНВ для Советского Союза будет заключаться в ликвидации половины его 308 МБР СС-18 (10 боеголовок). СССР уже сокращает количество своих МБР SS-11, SS-13 и SS-17; на полную ликвидацию этих типов ракет, плюс 154 SS-18, придется 554 средства доставки и 2080 боеголовок. Советскому Союзу придется снять небольшое количество мобильных МБР, поскольку его существующий парк составляет 160 боеголовок выше предела СНВ, но они могут быть помещены в "неразвернутый" статус. Нет необходимости сокращать советские стратегические бомбардировочные силы, поскольку их численность значительно ниже пределов СНВ. Держа на вооружении максимальное количество SS-18 и мобильных МБР, разрешенное СНВ, Советский Союз должен будет сократить около 2000 боеголовок из своих SS-19 и флотских БРПЛ. Было бы логично, чтобы самые старые подводные лодки были выведены первыми; 33 ПЛАРБ типов Yankee II и Delta I и II с 456 моноблочными БРПЛ. Следующий старейший тип Delta III, который включает 14 ПЛАРБ, вооруженных 224 SS-N -18 (семь боеголовок РГЧ). Часть Delta III и SS-19 может быть сокращена.

Если США хотят сохранить все 4 900 боеголовок баллистических ракет, разрешенных договором, им придется ликвидировать почти 3 000 боеголовок и средств их доставки. Уже было объявлено, что силы Minuteman II в составе 450 моноблочных МБР будут постепенно выведены из строя. Еще 1600 будут найдены путем вывода оставшихся десяти ПЛАРБ, вооруженных БРПЛ Poseidon C-3 - 160 БРПЛ и 1600 ядерных боеголовок, но деактивация не будет завершена до 1994 года.

Если последующая деятельность по СНВ-2 может быть проще для переговоров из-за очень всеобъемлющего характера условий СНВ, то другие нерешенные вопросы (прежде всего стратегическая оборона и договор по ПРО), вероятно, будут гораздо более приоритетными для Советского Союза в будущих переговорах.

Советское требование заключалось в том, чтобы включить связь между СОИ и СНВ либо в новые переговоры по обороне и космосу (также предмет отдельных переговоров в Женеве), либо в сам СНВ. Хотя СССР и не настаивал на прямой увязке, он ясно дал понять, что выйдет из СНВ в случае нарушения Договора по ПРО.

Еще один вопрос - это вопрос о стратегических вооружениях Китая, Франции и Великобритании. Хотя СНВ никоим образом на них не влияет, более чем вероятно, что Советский Союз будет стремиться включить их в любые последующие переговоры.

Естественно, еще предстоит выяснить, будет ли договор ратифицирован. С учетом того факта, что его условия включают крупные сокращения сил и интрузивную проверку, не ратификация будет иметь более серьезные последствия, чем в случае с ОСВ II.

^а Определение забрасываемого веса пока не опубликовано. Обычное понимание состоит в том, что забрасываемый вес - это максимальный вес полезной нагрузки ракеты (включая боеголовки, навигационные средства, ловушки и корпус), которая может быть доставлена на определенную дальность по заданной траектории.

The Strategic Nuclear Balance

A. US Strategic Forces: June 1982 and June 1991

^a Using START counting rules.
^b START counting rules:
For missiles, the attributed number of warheads per launcher in general reflects the maximum tested for that missile; but there are several exceptions, including the Poseidon C-3 (tested at 14 but attributed at ten), the Trident D-5 (tested at ten but attributed at eight), the SS-11 mod 3 (tested at three but attributed at one), and the SS-N-23 (tested at ten but attributed at four). These attributed numbers for missiles represent a limitation, which will be verified by on-site inspection.
For bombers, each bomber counts as one delivery vehicle. Non ALCM-capable bombers also count as one warhead regardless of the number of gravity bombs or SRAM which could be carried. US ALCM-capable bombers are attributed as carrying ten warheads but may be equipped to carry no more than 20 ALCM. Similarly, Soviet ALCM bombers are attributed as carrying eight warheads, but may be equipped to carry no more than 16 ALCM.
^c Only 150 US ALCM bombers will be attributed as carrying ten warheads and only 180 Soviet bombers as carrying eight warheads. Bombers above these limits will be attributed with the number of ALCM for which they are actually equipped.
^d In 1982 Soviet Tu-95 bombers were armed with two AS-3 ASM.
^e SLCM are not constrained by START, but it has been agreed that neither side will have more than 880 SLCM with a range in excess of 600 km. Figures shown are: total US nuclear SLCM believed produced; number of Soviet SLCM-capable launchers.
^f Tu-26 bombers are not classified as strategic bombers, but the Soviet Union, in a separate politically-binding agreement, agreed not to deploy more than 500.

^a Используя правила подсчета СНВ.
^b Правила подсчета СНВ:
Для ракет приписанное число боеголовок на пусковую установку в целом отражает максимум, испытанный для этой ракеты; но есть несколько исключений, включая Poseidon C-3 (испытанный в 14, но приписанный в десяти), Trident D-5 (испытанный в десяти, но приписанный в восьми), SS-11 mod 3 (испытанный в трех, но приписанный в одном) и SS-N-23 (испытанный в десяти, но приписанный в четырех). Эти присвоенные цифры для ракет представляют собой ограничение, которое будет проверяться инспекцией на месте.
Для бомбардировщиков каждый бомбардировщик считается одним средством доставки. Не способные к несению КРВБ бомбардировщики также считаются одной боеголовкой независимо от количества гравитационных бомб или SRAM, которые могут нести. Американские бомбардировщики с КРВБ приписываются как несущие десять боеголовок, но могут быть оборудованы не более 20 ALCM. Аналогичным образом, советские бомбардировщики с КРВБ считаются несущими восемь боеголовок, но могут быть оборудованы для перевозки не более 16 КРВБ.
^c Только 150 американских бомбардировщиков с ALCM будут приписаны как несущие десять боеголовок и только 180 советских бомбардировщиков как несущие восемь боеголовок. Бомбардировщики выше этих пределов будут отнесены к числу КРВБ, для которых они фактически оборудованы.
^d В 1982 году советские бомбардировщики Ту-95 были вооружены двумя КР AS-3.
^e КРМБ не ограничены СНВ, но было решено, что ни одна из сторон не будет иметь более 880 КРМБ с дальностью свыше 600 км. Показаны следующие цифры: общее количество ядерных КРМБ, предположительно произведенных в США; количество советских пусковых установок КРМБ.
^f Бомбардировщики Ту-26 не классифицируются как стратегические бомбардировщики, но Советский Союз, в отдельном политически обязывающем соглашении, согласился не развертывать их более 500.

Nuclear-Capable Delivery Vehicles: NATO, Soviet Union and China
Many delivery systems are dual-capable; we show the total number in service, even though a high proportion may not be assigned a nuclear role. Maximum aircraft loadings are given, though often fewer stores may be carried. Some loadings differ from those under SALT/START counting rules.

Ядерные средства доставки: НАТО, Советского Союза и Китая
Многие системы доставки имеют двойную способность; мы показываем общее число находящихся в эксплуатации, даже если высокой доле не может быть присвоена ядерная роль. Максимальные нагрузки самолетов даются, хотя часто меньше зарядов можно снести. Некоторые нагрузки отличаются от тех, что предусмотрены правилами подсчета ОСВ/СНВ.

SOURCES: include Cochrane, Arkin and Hoenig, Nuclear Weapons Databook, vol. I (Cambridge MA: Ballinger, 1984); Cochrane, Arkin, Norris and Hoenig, Nuclear WeaponsDatabook, vol. II (Cambridge MA: Ballinger, 1987); Hansen, US Nuclear Weapons, The SecretHistory (New York: Orion, 1988); Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists (various issues).

^a Ranges and aircraft radii of action in km; for nautical miles, multiply by 0.54. A missile's range may be reduced by up to 25% if max payload is carried. Radii of action for ac are in normal configuration, at optimum altitude, with a standard war load, without in-flight refuelling. When two values are given, the first refers to a low-low-low mission profile and the second to a high-low-high profile.
^b Throw-weight is the weight of post-boost vehicle (warhead(s), guidance systems, penetration aids and decoys), which can be delivered over a particular range in a stated trajectory. Weights are the max for the weapons system in question and are not necessarily for the range cited.
^c CEP (circular error probable) - the radius of a circle around a target within which there is a 50% probability that a weapon aimed at that target will fall.
^d Yields vary greatly; figures given are estimated maxima. KT range - under 1 MT; MT range - over 1 MT. Yield, shown as 1-10 KT means the yield is between these limits; if shown as 1-10 KT it means that yields between these limits can be selected. Yields shown as 1 or 10 KT mean that either yield can be selected.
^e Dual-capable. All aircraft types in this Table are dual-capable.
^f Numbers cited are totals of theoretically nuclear-capable pieces. Not all will be certified for nuclear use, and in practice relatively few are likely to be in a nuclear role at any one time. All artillery pieces listed are dual-capable.
^S It is not possible to give launcher numbers as the vertical launch system (VLS) can mount a variety of missiles in any of its tubes.
^h All bombs have five option fusing: freefall airburst or surface burst, parachute retarded airburst or surface burst, and retarded delayed surface burst (except B-57, which has no freefall/retarded surface burst, and B-53, which has no freefall surface burst).
ⁱ External loads are additional to internal loads.
^j Except for French and UK national weapons, nuclear warheads held in US custody.
^k No nuclear warheads held on Canadian, Danish, Norwegian, Spanish or Portuguese territory.
^l Some SSGN/SSG can carry either SS-N-12 Sandbox or SS-N-3 Shaddock.

^a Дальности и радиусы действия самолетов в км; для морских миль умножить на 0,54. Дальность полета ракеты может быть уменьшена до 25%, если перевозится максимальная полезная нагрузка. Радиусы действия для самолетов в нормальной конфигурации, на оптимальной высоте, со стандартной боевой нагрузкой, без дозаправки в полете. Когда заданы два значения, первое относится к профилю миссии с низкая-низкая-низкая, а второе - к высокая-низкая-высокая.
^b Забрасываемый вес - это вес после разгона (боеголовки, системы наведения, средства проникновения и приманки), который может быть доставлен на определенную дальность по заданной траектории. Веса являются максимальными для рассматриваемой системы оружия и не обязательно для указанной дальности.
^c КВО (круговое вероятное отклонение) - радиус окружности вокруг цели, в пределах которого существует 50% вероятность того, что оружие, направленное на эту цель, упадет.
^d Мощность сильно различается; приведенные цифры являются оценочными максимумами. Диапазон КТ-до 1 МТ; диапазон МТ - свыше 1 МТ. Мощность, если показано 1-10 КТ означает, что мощность в этих пределах; если, показано 1-10 КТ это означает, что мощность в этих пределах можно выбирать. Мощности, показанные как 1 или 10 KT, означают, что любая мощность может быть выбрана.
^e Двойного назначения. Все типы самолетов в этой таблице являются двухкомпонентными.
^f Приведенные числа представляют собой совокупность теоретически ядерных элементов. Не все будут сертифицированы для ядерного использования, и на практике относительно немногие из них, вероятно, будут одновременно выполнять ядерную роль. Все перечисленные артиллерийские орудия имеют двойную боеспособность.
^g Невозможно дать число пусковых установок, поскольку в система вертикального пуска (VLS) можно устанавливать различные ракеты в любой из своих труб.
^h Все бомбы имеют пять варианта применения: свободное падение с воздушным или наземным взрывом, спуск на парашюте с воздушным или наземным взрывом, и взрыв с задержкой на поверхности (за исключением B-57, которая имеет свободное падение/задержку, и B-53, который не имеет свободного падения наземного взрыва)..
ⁱ Внешние нагрузки являются дополнительными к внутренним нагрузкам.
^j За исключением французского и Британского национального оружия, ядерные боеголовки содержатся под стражей в США.
^k Отсутствие ядерных боеголовок на территории Канады, Дании, Норвегии, Испании или Португалии.
^l Некоторые ПЛАРК/ПЛРК могут нести либо SS-N-12, либо SS-N-3.

Conventional Forces in Europe: the Effect on Warsaw Pact Forces

The greatest threat to Western Europe during the Cold War was posed by the Soviet Union's vast array of superior conventional forces. To counter this, NATO's conventional forces, in tandem with a theatre nuclear capability, in the context of the doctrine of Flexible Response, deterred both political intimidation, as well as a less probable attack on Western Europe. Indeed, it was hard to envisage the circumstances in which the Soviet Union, and its allies, would deliberately go to war with NATO. Yet with such large-scale forces facing each other across the inner-German border, there was always the risk that war could break out by accident, perhaps as a result of a superpower confrontation elsewhere in the world spilling over into Europe, where political signals could be misread and preparatory defensive moves seen as warlike intent. The recent events in Europe culminating in German unification in October 1990, the disbandment of the Warsaw Pact and the Soviets' agreement to withdraw all their forces back to their homeland, have removed that threat. Nevertheless, despite the reduction in the political power of the Soviet military, the formulation of new, defensive military doctrines, and the requirements of the Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE) Treaty for major reductions in Soviet conventional strength, the USSR will remain the strongest military power on the European mainland. A major re-examination of NATO's military strategy has been under way since 1989; it was first publicly articulated in NATO's London Declaration of July 1990 and further detailed - some would say pre-empted - in the late spring of 1991 with the announcement of the formation of a NATO Rapid Reaction Force and the restructuring of Allied Forces Central Europe (AFCENT). NATO's new strategic concept should come up for discussion in November 1991.

At the same time, factors other than the removal of the threat from the East have intruded into the military debate. The Gulf crisis and the subsequent war with Iraq have provided a number of lessons which, where applicable, must influence NATO's new strategy and doctrine. As the European Community (EC) moves towards a form of political union, there have been calls for it to embrace a common foreign and security policy and, ultimately, a common defence policy. Thus, by the spring of 1991, the broad outlines of a new NATO policy within a very different European security regime had begun to emerge. While new and old European institutions are competing for a permanent position in this new security regime (and both integrationists and their opponents are using the same arguments, based on Europe's response to the Gulf crisis and, more recently, to events in Yugoslavia, to support their case), NATO has remained as the dominant and most powerful institution, albeit one in search of a new role. In particular, NATO is the only organization that embodies the essential North American, transatlantic military link to European security. Equally, there is no doubt that in a post-Cold War Europe, NATO will increasingly share responsibilities with other multinational institutions. The EC may over time broaden its mandate to include a common European defence policy, though at present the Western European Union (WEU) could well evolve as the principal, but interim, European security pillar. Today the CSCE, the EC, the WEU and NATO all play a role in the security forum. However, if multinational military activity is needed, it is only NATO and the WEU that can play a co-ordinating role. The former has no mandate for any operations outside the NATO region, while the latter has no command-and-control nor logistic infrastructure but can, of course, borrow these from NATO and/or its members.

Following the NATO summit meeting in London on 5-6 July 1990, and even before German unification had been assured and the CFE Treaty signed, NATO nations were already planning force reductions and looking for a peace dividend. The UK published its Options for Change defence review which included a proposal to cut about half of its forces stationed in Germany in July 1990. By the time the CFE Treaty was signed in November 1990, it was clear that NATO forces would be reduced to levels far below the maximum allowed by the Treaty.

It was against this background that the Supreme Allied Commander Europe (SACEUR) began to formulate NATO's new doctrine and strategy. While the threat of a 'bolt from the blue' or an attack with little warning had disappeared, the risk of Soviet aggression remained. In early 1991 General Galvin, as SACEUR, based his initial thoughts on the new NATO strategy on the possibility of the Soviet Union being able to field some 45 divisions with 13,000 tanks within 45 days of the decision to mobilize (compared with a Warsaw Pact potential to mobilize over 200 divisions at the height of the Cold War). The Military Balance estimates that the Soviet Union currently has the potential to mobilize about 100 divisions west of the Urals over an extended period of time. Meanwhile, Germany was reunited, the withdrawal of all Soviet Forces from Eastern Europe had begun, and the Warsaw Pact, as a military alliance, had collapsed.

A totally new set of circumstances faced NATO planners. The London summit had declared that 'there will be a significantly reduced role for sub-strategic nuclear systems of the shortest range... in the transformed Europe, they (the Allies) will be able to adopt a new NATO strategy making nuclear forces truly weapons of last resort'. The size of forces available to both sides was in the process of being drastically reduced. At the same time, the size of the potential battlefield in NATO's Central Region was greatly increased, as it now included the territory of the former German Democratic Republic and could, in some circumstances, take in that of Poland, Czechoslovakia and Hungary if these countries chose to oppose a westward Soviet advance. Indeed, one of the greatest challenges to NATO and European security institutions alike is the manner in which to factor the new democracies into their strategic calculations - and how to contribute to these countries' security without creating tension with the USSR.

Force withdrawals from Germany, which commenced in 1991 and are likely to take place over a number of years, will include: a US corps of two divisions, two UK divisions, the French 1 st Army with three divisions, while Belgium's division will be reduced to brigade strength. Withdrawal from Germany will, in effect, mean disbandment (either of the withdrawn units or a similar number now in home countries) as no country has spare barrack accommodation or, apart from the US, the training areas for withdrawn armoured forces. The Bundeswehr will be reduced from its present strength of 12 divisions (with the potential for retaining a further six divisions from the former East German Army) to eight manoeuvre divisions and two territorial defence divisions in eastern Germany.

These new circumstances will require forces to make the maximum use of mobility, and will need improved intelligence collection, target acquisition and command-and-control capabilities. The importance of concealment and deception will increase.

SACEUR's task was further complicated by the need to take into account the lessons of the Gulf war. Here, the concept of the Air/Land Battle doctrine was successfully demonstrated, and forces deployed from Germany proved that, after many years of defensive doctrine and training, they had the ability to carry out wide-ranging, deep-penetrating mobile operations. The Coalition's attack, employing eight divisions, which outflanked the Iraqi Army in two days, dramatically illustrated the kind of operation that will be required on the new European battlefield.

The Gulf war was also the testing ground for many new weapons systems. Most passed the test with flying colours. In particular, the success of aircraft employing low-observable or 'stealth' technology and armed with high technology 'smart' weapons justified their very high unit cost. Sea launched cruise missiles (SLCM) were successfully used against especially well-protected targets and this reinforced the case for the development of conventional air-launched cruise missiles (ALCM) to attack deep targets now that the INF Treaty bans all ground-based missiles with a range of over 500 km. Short-range tactical missile systems (ATACMS) were employed on a few occasions and the Multiple Launch Rocket System (MLRS) proved a devastating addition to traditional artillery. Both systems need good target acquisition and here the two test and evaluation planes equipped with JSTARS played an invaluable role, particularly at night.

The Gulf crisis also showed that there is a need for .stronger European forces than the lightly armed, quick reaction, normally airborne units usually deployed to crisis spots. Out of Area Operations (OOA) are now given a higher priority by European governments and given NATO's explicit lack of mandate for OOA, the responsibility for co-ordinating such operations has been assumed by the WEU until the EC agrees to adopt a common foreign and defence policy. One of the potential difficulties here for NATO is that crises arising in the Balkans or elsewhere in Eastern Europe would have to be considered as out-of-area insofar as they would not involve hostile Soviet military activity. A major difficulty in this regard is the political reluctance of continental European nations to deploy conscript troops for OOA tasks. France found it difficult to deploy as strong a force as it would have liked to the Gulf. However, it is not only the possibility of OOA tasks which militates against conscript armies. The operation, maintenance and repair of modern weapons technology requires a high standard of skills which are hard to acquire in a short period of military service. Even in the Soviet Union there are those who advocate, if not the end of conscription, then a much expanded professional cadre; the Soviet Navy is currently experimenting with a contract scheme which volunteers can join after their first six months of compulsory service. In Europe, smaller forces will reduce the demand for conscripts. However, conscription is unlikely to be abandoned in many countries both for economic and historical reasons, and also because without a steady flow of conscripts there would be no pool of trained reservists. In some countries the point has been reached where any further reductions in the length of service has become militarily unacceptable. Belgium has announced plans to cut conscription to only eight months in 1993, and France will limit the period to ten months this year. If service cannot be further reduced, then the intake must be cut, introducing fresh problems of how to select those for service. Any form of selective service will be more unpopular than a universal system, and will make the task of motivating and training conscripts more difficult.

Reduced levels of forces will mean that some nations will be unable to field, as at present, a complete national army corps. There is political advantage in participating in multinational formations, but at lower levels this is unsound for military reasons (as the experience of the Franco German brigade has shown). NATO or Europe's Immediate Reaction Force must be multinational as it has a high political profile but, on the whole, the aim should be to maintain the existing national divisions. It has been suggested that a degree of national specialization should be introduced, with not all national forces fielding the full range of arms and services. This is acceptable in those countries which have no requirement or intention of taking unilateral action, but it is not an option for those who still have permanent OOA commitments. Standardization and multinational procurement become more essential, not only on cost grounds, but for interoperability and logistic reasons.

The smaller standing forces become, the greater is the importance of reserves. On the whole, the large number of US reservists who were mobilized for the Gulf war performed admirably in the circumstances, and European forces can learn a great deal from the US system of maintaining and training reserve forces. It was only in one area that they were not a success: three National Guard brigades were mobilized, but were never deployed to the Gulf. It is reported that their level of competence, after an intense period of retraining, was not acceptable and that there were serious leadership deficiencies. The leadership problem can be avoided by employing professional officers in command and key staff positions, but the question of training standards is more difficult to solve (the US National Guard carries out more training than do European reserve units). It will be pointed out that NATO will have sufficient warning time of any future Soviet threat in which to bring mobilized reserve formations up to standard, but this, of course, depends on prompt political decision-making. The mobilization of reserves will often be delayed in order not to raise the political stakes.

NATO's remaining forces must be sustainable both in terms of manpower and logistics. The Gulf war accentuated the importance of both. British forces in Germany were both undermanned and devoid of the logistic units provided in war by reserves. In the event, nearly half the manpower of British Forces in Germany was deployed to field and support a division of two armoured brigades. When only one British armoured division remains in Germany it must be maintained at war strength if it is to form a credible core of NATO's Rapid Reaction Corps. Ammunition expenditure in the Gulf war was clearly well above the rate which had been planned for a European land battle. Fuel consumption was also far higher than that required for mobile defence in Europe. For forces to be sustainable in an Air/Land Battle scenario they must be supported by a coherent and comprehensive logistic infrastructure which is much more generous than was either deemed necessary or, more to the point, considered affordable in the context of Forward Defence and Flexible Response.

So far, only outline plans for the restructuring of NATO's Central Region have been announced. At the centre of these is the formation of a Rapid Reaction Corps available for deployment to any part of NATO. The Corps will have a British commander and predominantly British staff and corps troops. It will command four divisions: the only British armoured division to remain in Germany; a mechanized division, including an airborne brigade to be located in the UK; a multinational air mobile division with brigades from Germany, The Netherlands and the UK with a Belgian contribution; and a division from Allied Forces Southern Europe, the composition of which has yet to be decided. There appears to be a tacit understanding, at least in the UK, that this corps could become 'double-hatted' and form the nucleus of a European OOA force.

To implement NATO's former policy of Forward Defence, AFCENT deployed eight national corps in what has become known as the 'layer cake' principle. Each corps was allotted a sector of the front in which it would conduct mobile defence. The strategy suffered from serious deficiencies. The corps were of differing strengths, many units were badly located for easy deployment to their operational area, and no attempt was made to match allied strength to the likely areas for Warsaw Pact main thrust lines. Until the arrival of American divisions from the US, or the commitment of French forces, there were no reserves behind the forward corps.

In the future, the main defence forces in AFCENT will be five corps which will be deployed on 'the currant bun' principle. They will need to be more strategically mobile as they may have to make long approach marches to position themselves to counter main thrusts. No longer will deployment be able to rely on rail movement, and road movement will bring an extra logistic burden.

In previous years The Military Balance has set out the conventional force strengths of NATO and the Warsaw Pact. For several years it has felt unable to pass judgment on the state of the conventional balance other than to suggest that military aggression against NATO would be a highrisk venture with unpredictable consequences. (The current conventional force strengths of NATO and the Soviet Union are listed on pp. 233-4.) However, Europe is witnessing a period of major military adjustment; the changes now in progress are probably irreversible and the military situation which will emerge at the end of the process is unclear.

What is clear is that the strategic landscape is now totally different. No longer do opposing alliances face each other across a barbed-wire frontier. A 500-km wide zone lies between the eastern German border and the Soviet Union. While Soviet forces crossing this may not be unopposed, it may also tempt NATO forces further east than they intend. Furthermore, scenarios which call for external intervention in Eastern Europe can now be readily imagined in which there would be no confrontation between the Soviet Union and the West. Monitoring of cease-fires, possible UN- or CSCE-mandated peace-keeping operations and humanitarian interventions (such as in Kurdistan) could well occur in the Balkans, outside the Cold War paradigms. ThИ new landscape and the distances involved have produced many new problems for military planners. For example, intelligence collection and target acquisition will be needed over a far wider area; the requirement for in-flight refuelling will greatly increase; the engineering tasks of maintaining main supply routes and of creating obstacles will demand extra resources; and a greater logistic effort will be needed. Unless these problems are faced and, to some extent, resolved, NATO's reduced military posture will be far from credible, and a lack of credibility can only threaten NATO's continued existence. However, if the key characteristics - mobility, flexibility, lethality, sustainability, affordability and a highly sophisticated command-and-control infrastructure - are achieved, NATO will remain an essential part of the security order for the foreseeable future. Similarly, without such characteristics, there will be no credible European security and defence identity.

Обычные силы в Европе

Обычные вооруженные силы в Европе

Наибольшую угрозу для Западной Европы во время Холодной войны представлял огромный массив превосходящих обычных вооруженных сил Советского Союза. Чтобы противостоять этому, обычные силы НАТО в тандеме с ядерным потенциалом театра военных действий в контексте доктрины гибкого реагирования сдерживали как политическое запугивание, так и менее вероятное нападение на Западную Европу. Действительно, трудно было представить себе обстоятельства, при которых Советский Союз и его союзники сознательно пошли бы на войну с НАТО. Тем не менее, когда такие крупномасштабные силы сталкиваются друг с другом через внутреннюю границу Германии, всегда существует риск того, что война может вспыхнуть случайно, возможно, в результате конфронтации сверхдержав в других частях мира, проливающейся в Европу, где политические сигналы могут быть неверно истолкованы и подготовительные оборонительные шаги рассматриваются как воинственные намерения. Недавние события в Европе, кульминацией которых стало объединение Германии в октябре 1990 года, роспуск Варшавского договора и соглашение советов о выводе всех своих сил обратно на родину, устранили эту угрозу. Тем не менее, несмотря на сокращение политической мощи советских вооруженных сил, формулирование новых оборонительных военных доктрин и требования Договора об обычных вооруженных силах в Европе (ДОВСЕ) о значительном сокращении советской обычной силы, СССР останется самой сильной военной державой на европейском материке. С 1989 года проводится крупная переоценка военной стратегии НАТО; впервые он был публично сформулирован в Лондонской декларации НАТО в июле 1990 года и дополнительно детализирован - некоторые сказали бы, что он был упрежден - в конце весны 1991 года с объявлением о создании сил быстрого реагирования НАТО и реструктуризации союзнических сил Центральной Европы (AFCENT). Новая стратегическая концепция НАТО должна выйти на обсуждение в ноябре 1991 года.

В то же время в военные дебаты вторглись факторы, отличные от устранения угрозы с Востока. Кризис в Персидском заливе и последующая война с Ираком преподали ряд уроков, которые, где это применимо, должны повлиять на новую стратегию и доктрину НАТО. По мере того как европейское сообщество (ЕС) продвигается к форме политического союза, звучат призывы к тому, чтобы оно приняло общую внешнюю политику и политику в области безопасности и, в конечном счете, общую политику в области обороны. Таким образом, к весне 1991 года стали вырисовываться общие контуры новой политики НАТО в рамках совершенно иного режима европейской безопасности. В то время как новые и старые европейские институты конкурируют за постоянное место в этом новом режиме безопасности (и как интеграционисты, так и их оппоненты используют одни и те же аргументы, основанные на реакции Европы на кризис в Персидском заливе и, в последнее время, на события в Югославии, чтобы поддержать их дело), НАТО остается доминирующим и самым мощным институтом, хотя и в поисках новой роли. В частности, НАТО является единственной организацией, которая воплощает в себе важнейшую североамериканскую, трансатлантическую военную связь с европейской безопасностью. Кроме того, нет никаких сомнений в том, что в Европе после окончания Холодной войны НАТО будет все чаще разделять ответственность с другими многонациональными институтами. ЕС может со временем расширить свой мандат, включив в него общую европейскую оборонную политику, хотя в настоящее время Западноевропейский союз (ЗЕС) вполне может стать главным, но временным компонентом европейской безопасности. Сегодня СБСЕ, ЕК, ВЭУ и НАТО - все они играют определенную роль в форуме по безопасности. Однако, если многонациональная военная деятельность необходима, то только НАТО и ВСУ могут играть координирующую роль. Первый не имеет мандата на какие-либо операции за пределами региона НАТО, в то время как второй не имеет ни командно-контрольной, ни логистической инфраструктуры, но может, конечно, заимствовать их у НАТО и/или ее членов.

После встречи на высшем уровне НАТО в Лондоне 5-6 июля 1990 года и еще до того, как было обеспечено объединение Германии и подписан ДОВСЕ, страны НАТО уже планировали сокращение сил и искали дивиденды мира. Великобритания опубликовала свой обзор вариантов изменений в обороне, который включал предложение сократить примерно половину своих сил, дислоцированных в Германии в июле 1990 года. К моменту подписания ДОВСЕ в ноябре 1990 года стало ясно, что силы НАТО будут сокращены до уровня, значительно ниже максимально допустимого по договору.

Именно на этом фоне Верховный Главнокомандующий НАТО в Европе (SACEUR) начал формулировать новую доктрину и стратегию НАТО. Хотя угроза "гром среди ясного неба" или нападения с небольшим предупреждением исчезла, риск советской агрессии оставался. В начале 1991 года генерал Гальвин, как SACEUR, основывал свои первоначальные мысли о новой стратегии НАТО на возможности того, что Советский Союз сможет выставить около 45 дивизий с 13 000 танками в течение 45 дней после принятия решения о мобилизации (по сравнению с потенциалом Варшавского договора мобилизовать более 200 дивизий в разгар Холодной войны). По оценкам военного баланса, Советский Союз в настоящее время имеет потенциал для мобилизации около 100 дивизий к западу от Урала в течение длительного периода времени. Тем временем Германия воссоединилась, начался вывод всех советских войск из Восточной Европы, и Варшавский договор, как военный союз, распался.

Перед планировщиками НАТО встал совершенно новый набор обстоятельств. На Лондонском саммите было заявлено, что "будет значительно снижена роль субстратегических ядерных систем малого радиуса действия... в трансформированной Европе они (союзники) смогут принять новую стратегию НАТО, сделав ядерные силы действительно оружием последней инстанции". Численность сил, имеющихся в распоряжении обеих сторон, в настоящее время резко сокращается. В то же время, размер потенциального поля битвы в Центральном регионе НАТО был значительно увеличен, поскольку теперь он включал территорию бывшей Германской Демократической Республики и мог, в некоторых обстоятельствах, принять в себя территорию Польши, Чехословакии и Венгрии, если эти страны решат противостоять Советскому продвижению на Запад. Действительно, одна из самых больших проблем как для НАТО, так и для европейских институтов безопасности заключается в том, как учитывать новые демократии в своих стратегических расчетах - и как способствовать безопасности этих стран, не создавая напряженности с СССР.

Вывод войск из Германии, который начался в 1991 году и, вероятно, будет происходить в течение ряда лет, будет включать: корпус США из двух дивизий, две дивизии Великобритании, французскую 1-ю армию с тремя дивизиями, а дивизия Бельгии будет сокращена до бригадной численности. Вывод войск из Германии, по сути, будет означать расформирование (либо выведенных подразделений, либо аналогичного числа в настоящее время в странах базирования), поскольку ни в одной стране нет запасных казарм или, кроме США, учебных районов для выведенных бронетанковых сил. Численность бундесвера будет сокращена с нынешних 12 дивизий (с возможностью сохранения еще шести дивизий бывшей восточногерманской Армии) до восьми маневренных дивизий и двух дивизий территориальной обороны в Восточной Германии.

Эти новые обстоятельства потребуют от сил максимального использования мобильности, а также улучшенного сбора разведданных, обнаружения целей и возможностей командования и управления. Значение сокрытия и обмана будет возрастать.

Задача SACEUR была еще более осложнена необходимостью учитывать уроки войны в Персидском заливе. Здесь была успешно продемонстрирована концепция доктрины воздушного/наземного боя, и силы, развернутые из Германии, доказали, что после многих лет оборонительной доктрины и обучения они имели возможность проводить широкомасштабные, глубоко проникающие мобильные операции. Атака коалиции с использованием восьми дивизий, которые обошли иракскую армию с фланга за два дня, наглядно продемонстрировала тот вид операции, который потребуется на новом европейском поле боя.

Война в Персидском заливе была также испытательным полигоном для многих новых систем оружия. Большинство из них прошли испытание с честью. В частности, успех самолетов, использующих малозаметные или "стелс" технологии и вооруженных высокотехнологичным "умным" оружием, оправдал их очень высокую удельную стоимость. Морские крылатые ракеты (КРМБ) были успешно использованы против особо хорошо защищенных целей, и это укрепило аргументы в пользу разработки обычных крылатых ракет воздушного базирования (КРВБ) для нанесения ударов по подземным целям теперь, когда договор РСМД запрещает все ракеты наземного базирования с дальностью более 500 км. Несколько раз применялись тактические ракетные системы малой дальности (ATACMS), а реактивная система залпового огня (РСЗО) оказалась разрушительным дополнением к традиционной артиллерии. Обе системы нуждаются в хорошем целеуказании, и здесь два тестовых и оценочных самолета, оснащенных JSTARS, сыграли неоценимую роль, особенно в ночное время.

^a Fr and Sp forces are not part of NATO's integrated mil comd, but are incl in relevant totals. A proportion of Turkish forces have been excluded from the ATTU count, as forces in the southeast of Turkey facing Syria, Iraq and Iran are not being counted in CFE.
^b Manpower of ground, air and air defence forces have been included. Naval manpower, except for marines and Soviet coastal defence divisions, and centrally controlled staffs and units have not been included. (The Soviet proposal to the CFE Ia talks would restrict limitations to manpower to ground, air and air defence aviation forces only.) Soviet manpower est are based on the proportion of divisions and cbt ac in each MD.
^c Div are not a standard formation between armies; manpower and eqpt totals vary considerably (see Table on p. 7).For the purposes of this Table we have counted div equivalents as being either three manoeuvre bde(normally of three bn plus some spt units) or four regt (normally groups of bn of inf or armd only).
^d Comprises only forces mob within relevant geographical area. North American-based US and Cdn forces earmarked for reinforcement of Europe not included.
^e Totals incl all known stocks of materiel whether manned by active or reserve forces, held as maint reserves, or in POMCUS. Incl TLE of Soviet coastal defence divisions and of marines.
^f See p. 7 for definitions. Some countries appear to have declared some types as attack hel which do not match the CFE definition.
^g Long-range strategic bombers have been excluded (Mirage IVP, Tu-16, Tu-22 and Tu-26 are incl).
^h Multi-role a care incl as ground-attack ac unless specified in the national entry as belonging to an AD unit or having AD as their prime role.

^a Силы Франции и Испании не являются частью интегрированного Военного командования НАТО, но включаются в соответствующие суммы. Часть турецких сил была исключена из числа сил ATTU, поскольку силы на юго-востоке Турции, стоящие перед Сирией, Ираком и Ираном, не учитываются в ДОВСЕ.
^b Были включены силы наземной, воздушной и противовоздушной обороны. Военно-морские силы, за исключением морской пехоты и советских дивизий береговой обороны, а также централизованно контролируемых штабов и подразделений не были включены. (Советское предложение к переговорам ДОВСЕ Ia ограничило бы ограничения на живую силу только наземными, воздушными и воздушными силами обороны.) Советские людские ресурсы оцениваются на дивизиях боевых самолетах в каждом ВО.
^c Дивизии не являются стандартным формированием между армиями; общая численность живой силы и вооружения значительно различаются (см. таблицу на с.7). Для целей этой таблицы мы подсчитали эквиваленты дивизий как три маневренные бригады (обычно три батальона плюс некоторые единицы поддержки) или четыре полка (обычно группы бн только пехотные или бронетанковые).
^d Включает только силы в пределах соответствующего географического района. Североамериканские силы США и Канады, предназначенные для подкрепления Европы, не включены.
^e Общая сумма включает все известные запасы материальных средств, будь то укомплектованные активными или резервными силами, удерживаемые в качестве основных резервов или в POMCUS. В том числе советских дивизий береговой обороны и морской пехоты.
^f Определения см. на стр. 7. Некоторые страны, как представляется, объявили некоторые типы как боевые вертолеты, которые не соответствуют определению ДОВСЕ.
^g Были исключены дальние стратегические бомбардировщики (включая Mirage IVP, Ту-16, Ту-22 и Ту-26).
^h Многоцелевые самолеты, включая штурмовики, если только в национальной записи не указано, что он принадлежит к ПВО или имеет ПВО в качестве своей основной роли.

Peace-keeping Operations

UNITED NATIONS

United Nations Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO)

Mission: Established in June 1948 to assist the Mediator and the Truce Commission in supervising the observance of the truce in Palestine called for by the Security Council. At present, UNTSO assists and co-operates with UNDOF and UNIFIL in the performance of their tasks; Military Observers are stationed in Beirut, South Lebanon, Sinai, Jordan, Israel and Syria.

Strength: 300

Composition: Observers from Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Chile, China, Denmark, Finland, France, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Soviet Union, Sweden, Switzerland, US.

United Nations Military Observer Group in India "and Pakistan (UNMOGIP)

Mission: To supervise, in the State of Jammu and Kashmir, the cease-fire between India and Pakistan along the Line of Control.

Strength: 35

Composition: Observers from Belgium, Chile, Denmark, Finland, Italy, Norway, Sweden, Uruguay.

United Nations Iran-Iraq Military Observer Group (UNIIMOG)

Mission: UNIIMOG was established following the announcement of a cease-fire in the war between Iran and Iraq by the UN Secretary-General on 8 August 1988, and took effect on 20 August. UNIIMOG's principal tasks are to monitor the two sides' compliance with the cease-fire, to supervise the withdrawal of troops to the internationally recognized boundaries and to obtain the agreement of the parties to other arrangements which, pending a comprehensive settlement, could help to reduce tension and build up confidence between them. Mandate expired on 28 February 1991.

United Nations Angola Verification Mission (UNAVEM)

Mission: To verify the redeployment northwards and the phased and total withdrawal of Cuban troops from Angola. Mission completed on 25 May 1991 at the end of Cuban troop withdrawal.

United Nations Angola Verification Mission II (UNAVEM II)

Mission: Established June 1991. To verify the cease-fire as set out in the Peace Accords, agreed to by the government of Angola and UNITA, and to monitor the Angolan police as set out in the Protocol of Estoril.

Strength: 350 military and 90 police observers

Composition: Observers from Algeria, Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Congo, Czechoslovakia, Egypt, Guinea-Bissau, Hungary, India, Ireland, Jordan, Malaysia, Morocco, Netherlands, Nigeria, Norway, Senegal, Singapore, Spain, Sweden, Yugoslavia, Zimbabwe.

United Nations Observer Group in Central America (ONUCA)

Mission: ONUCA was established in 1990 for the on-site verification of the security undertakings contained in the Guatemala Agreement (Esquipulas II) of 7 August 1987. These include the ending of aid to irregular forces and use of the territory of a state for attacking others. In March 1990 the mission was expanded to include taking delivery of and destroying arms and ammunition of the Nicaraguan Resistance as they demobilized. ONUCA operates in El Salvador, Honduras and Nicaragua.

Strength: 1,100

Composition: Units from Argentina (Naval, four fast patrol boats). Germany (Civil Medical Staff and Civil-manned Fixed-wing Aircraft). Observers from Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Ecuador, India, Ireland, Spain, Sweden, Venezuela.

United Nations Peace-keeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP)

Mission: Established in 1964 to use its best efforts to prevent the recurrence of fighting and, as necessary, to contribute to the maintenance and restoration of law and order and a return to normal conditions. Since the hostilities of 1974, this has included supervising the cease-fire and maintaining a buffer zone between the lines of the Cyprus National Guard and of the Turkish and Turkish-Cypriot forces.

Strength: 2,200

Composition: Units from Austria (Infantry), Canada (Infantry), Denmark (Infantry), UK (Infantry, Helicopters, Logistics), Staff Officers from Finland, Ireland and Sweden. Civil Police detachments from Australia, Sweden.

United Nations Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF)

Mission: To supervise the cease-fire between Israel and Syria, and to establish an area of separation and verify troop levels, as provided in the Agreement on Disengagement between Israeli and Syrian Forces of 31 May 1974.

Strength: 1,300

Composition: Units from Austria (Infantry), Canada (Logistics), Finland (Infantry), Poland (Logistics).

United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL)

Mission: Established in 1978 to confirm the withdrawal of Israeli forces from Southern Lebanon, to restore international peace and security and to assist the government of Lebanon in ensuring the return of its effective authority in the area.

Strength: 5,900

Composition: Units from Fiji (Infantry), Finland (Infantry), France (Logistics), Ghana (Infantry), Ireland (Infantry, Administration), Italy (Helicopters), Nepal (Infantry), Norway (Infantry, Maintenance), Sweden (Logistics, Medical).

Office of the Secretary-General in Afghanistan and Pakistan (OSGAP)

Mission: To assist the Personal Representative of the Secretary-General in Afghanistan and Pakistan in the further implementation of the responsibilities entrusted to him by the General Assembly Resolution 44/15 of 1 November 1989, in particular operative paragraph 10.

Strength: 10

Composition: Military Advisers from Canada, Denmark, Fiji, Finland, Ghana, Ireland, Nepal, Poland, Sweden.

United Nations Iraq/Kuwait Observer Mission (UNIKOM)

Mission: Established in April 1991 following the recapture of Kuwait from Iraq by Coalition Forces. Its mandate is to monitor the Khor Abdullah and a demilitarized zone (DMZ) extending 10 km into Iraq and 5 km into Kuwait from the agreed boundary between the two (Iraq/Kuwait Restoration of Friendly Relations, Recognition and Related Matters dated 4 October 1963). It is to deter violations of the boundary and to observe hostile or potentially hostile actions.

Composition: Units from Canada (Engineers), Chile (Air Wing), Denmark (Administrative Staff), Norway (Medical), Switzerland (Air Wing), Sweden (Logistics). Observers from Argentina, Austria, Bangladesh, Canada, China, Denmark, Fiji, Finland, France, Ghana, Greece, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Kenya, Malaysia, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Poland, Romania, Senegal, Singapore, Sweden, Thailand, Turkey, UK, Uruguay, US, USSR, Venezuela.

Security: Infantry companies from UNFICYP (Austria and Denmark) and UNIFIL (Fiji, Ghana, Nepal) provided security during the initial stages. All companies were withdrawn by the end of June 1991.

United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO)

Established in April 1991. Force Commander Canada.

OTHERS

Multinational Force and Observers (MFO)

Mission: Established in August 1981 following the peace treaty between Israel and Egypt and the subsequent withdrawal of Israeli forces from Sinai. Its task is to verify the level of forces in the zones in which forces are limited by the treaty. Ensure freedom of navigation through the Strait of Tiran.

Strength: 2,600

Composition: Units from Colombia (Infantry), Fiji (Infantry), France (Fixed-Wing Aviation), Italy (Naval Coastal Patrol), Netherlands (Signals and Military Police), New Zealand (Training), UK (Headquarters), Uruguay (Engineers and Transport), US (Infantry and Logistics). Staff Officers from Canada and Norway.

Neutral Nations' Supervisory Commission for Korea (NNSC)

Mission: Established by the Armistice Agreement in July 1953 at the end of the Korean War. The Commission is to supervise, observe, inspect and investigate the armistice and to report on these activities to the Military Armistice Commission. Today its main role is to maintain and improve relations between both sides and thus keep open a channel of communications.

Composition: Diplomats and military officers from Czechoslovakia, Poland, Sweden and Switzerland.

Операции по поддержанию мира

Организация Объединенных Наций

Организация Объединенных Наций по наблюдению за соблюдением перемирия (ОНВУП)

Миссия: учреждена в июне 1948 года для оказания посреднику и Комиссии по перемирию помощи в наблюдении за соблюдением перемирия в Палестине, к которому призывает Совет безопасности. В настоящее время ОНВУП оказывает помощь и сотрудничает с СООННР и ВСООНЛ в выполнении их задач; военные наблюдатели размещены в Бейруте, Южном Ливане, Синае, Иордании, Израиле и Сирии.

Сила: 300

Состав: наблюдатели от Австралии, Австрии, Аргентины, Бельгии, Дании, Ирландии, Италии, Канады, Китая, Нидерландов, Новой Зеландии, Норвегии, Советского Союза, США, Финляндии, Франции, Чили, Швейцарии, Швеции.

Группа военных наблюдателей Организации Объединенных Наций в Индии "и Пакистан (ГВНООНИП)

Миссия: наблюдение в штате Джамму и Кашмир за прекращением огня между Индией и Пакистаном вдоль линии контроля.

Прочность: 35

Состав: наблюдатели от Бельгии, Дании, Италии, Норвегии, Уругвая, Финляндии, Чили и Швеции.

Группа ирано-иракских военных наблюдателей Организации Объединенных Наций (ЮНИМОГ)

Миссия: UNIIMOG была создана после объявления генеральным секретарем ООН прекращения огня в войне между Ираном и Ираком 8 августа 1988 года и вступила в силу 20 августа. ИИГВНООН основные задачи для отслеживания двух сторон соблюдения режима прекращения огня, следить за выводом войск к международно признанным границам и получить соглашению сторон и другие процедуры, которые, в ожидании всеобъемлющего урегулирования, могли бы способствовать снижению напряженности и укреплению доверия между ними. Мандат истек 28 февраля 1991 года.

Контрольная миссия Организации Объединенных Наций в Анголе (КМООНА)

Миссия: проверить передислокацию на север и поэтапный и полный вывод кубинских войск из Анголы. Миссия была завершена 25 мая 1991 года по завершении вывода кубинских войск.

Контрольная миссия Организации Объединенных Наций в Анголе II (КМООНА II)

Миссия: создана в июне 1991. To проверка соблюдения режима прекращения огня в соответствии с мирными соглашениями, согласованными правительством Анголы и УНИТА, и наблюдение за ангольской полицией в соответствии с протоколом Эшторила.

Численность: 350 военных и 90 полицейских наблюдателей

Состав: наблюдатели от Алжира, Аргентины, Бразилии, Венгрии, Гвинеи-Бисау, Египта, Зимбабве, Индии, Иордании, Ирландии, Испании, Канады, Конго, Малайзии, Марокко, Нигерии, Нидерландов, Норвегии, Сенегала, Сингапура, Швеции, Югославии, Чехословакии.

Группа наблюдателей Организации Объединенных Наций в Центральной Америке (Онука)

Миссия: ОООНПМЦАР было создано в 1990 году для проверки на местах обязательств по обеспечению безопасности, содержащихся в гватемальском соглашении (Эскипулас II) от 7 августа 1987 года. Они включают прекращение помощи нерегулярным силам и использование территории одного государства для нападения на другие. В марте 1990 года миссия была расширена и включала в себя доставку и уничтожение оружия и боеприпасов Никарагуанского сопротивления по мере их демобилизации. Онука действует в Сальвадоре, Гондурасе и Никарагуа.

Сила: 1,100

Состав: подразделения из Аргентины (Военно-Морские Силы, четыре быстроходных патрульных катера). Германия (гражданский медицинский персонал и гражданские пилотируемые самолеты). Наблюдатели от Бразилии, Венесуэлы, Индии, Ирландии, Испании, Канады, Колумбии, Швеции, Эквадора.

Силы Организации Объединенных Наций по поддержанию мира на Кипре (ВСООНК)

Миссия: основан в 1964 году приложить все усилия для предотвращения возобновления столкновений и, при необходимости, содействовать поддержанию и восстановлению закона и порядка и возвращению к нормальным условиям. Со времени военных действий 1974 года это включало наблюдение за прекращением огня и поддержание буферной зоны между линиями кипрской Национальной гвардии и турецкими и турецко-кипрскими силами.

Сила: 2,200

Состав: подразделения из Австрии (пехота), Канады (пехота), Дании (пехота), Великобритании (пехота, Вертолеты, тыловое обеспечение), штабные офицеры из Финляндии, Ирландии и Швеции. Отряды гражданской полиции из Австралии, Швеции.

Силы Организации Объединенных Наций по наблюдению за разъединением (СООННР)

Миссия: осуществлять надзор за прекращением огня между Израилем и Сирией и создать район разъединения и проверить численность войск, как это предусмотрено в Соглашении о разъединении между израильскими и сирийскими силами от 31 мая 1974 года.

Сила: 1,300

Состав: подразделения из Австрии (пехота), Канады (Логистика), Финляндии (пехота), Польши (Логистика).

Временные силы Организации Объединенных Наций в Ливане (ВСООНЛ)

Миссия: учреждена в 1978 году для подтверждения вывода израильских сил из Южного Ливана, восстановления международного мира и безопасности и оказания помощи правительству Ливана в обеспечении возвращения его эффективной власти в этом районе.

Сила: 5,900

Состав: подразделения из Фиджи (пехота), Финляндии (пехота), Франции (Логистика), Ганы (пехота), Ирландии (пехота, администрация), Италии (Вертолеты), Непала (пехота), Норвегии (пехота, техническое обслуживание), Швеции (логистика, медицина).

Канцелярия Генерального секретаря в Афганистане и Пакистане (ОСГАП)

Миссия: оказание помощи личному представителю генерального секретаря в Афганистане и Пакистане в дальнейшем осуществлении обязанностей, возложенных на него резолюцией 44/15 Генеральной Ассамблеи от 1 ноября 1989 года, в частности пункта 10 постановляющей части.

Сила: 10

Состав: военные советники из Канады, Дании, Фиджи, Финляндии, Ганы, Ирландии, Непала, Польши, Швеции.

Миссия Организации Объединенных Наций по наблюдению в Ираке и Кувейте (ИКМООНН)

Миссия: создана в апреле 1991 года после возвращения Кувейта из Ирака коалиционными силами. Его мандат заключается в наблюдении за Хор Абдуллой и демилитаризованной зоной (ДМЗ), простирающейся на 10 км в Ирак и на 5 км в Кувейт от согласованной границы между ними (восстановление Ираком/Кувейтом дружественных отношений, признание и смежные вопросы от 4 октября 1963 года). Она заключается в сдерживании нарушений границы и наблюдении за враждебными или потенциально враждебными действиями.

Состав: подразделения из Канады (инженеры), Чили (авиакрыло), Дании (Административный персонал), Норвегии (медицинский персонал), Швейцарии (авиакрыло), Швеции (Логистика). Наблюдатели от Австрии, Аргентины, Бангладеш, Венгрии, Ганы, Греции, Дании, Индии, Индонезии, Ирландии, Италии, Канады, Кении, Китая, Малайзии, Нигерии, Норвегии, Пакистана, Польши, Румынии, Сенегала, Сингапура, Таиланда, Турции, Великобритании, Уругвая, США, СССР, Фиджи, Финляндии, Франции, Швеции.

Безопасность: пехотные роты ВСООНК (Австрия и Дания) и ВСООНЛ (Фиджи, Гана, Непал) обеспечена безопасность на начальных этапах. Все компании были выведены к концу июня 1991 года.

Миссия Организации Объединенных Наций по проведению референдума в Западной Сахаре (МООНРЗС)

Создана в апреле 1991 года. Командующий Силами Канады.

ДРУГИЕ

Многонациональные силы и наблюдатели (МФО)

Миссия: учреждена в августе 1981 года после заключения мирного договора между Израилем и Египтом и последующего вывода израильских сил с Синайского полуострова. Его задача заключается в проверке уровня сил в зонах, в которых силы ограничены договором. Обеспечить свободу судоходства через Тиранский пролив.

Сила: 2,600

Состав: подразделения из Колумбии (пехота), Фиджи (пехота), Франции (стационарная авиация), Италии (морской береговой патруль), Нидерландов (сигналы и военная полиция), Новой Зеландии (обучение), Великобритании (штаб), Уругвая (инженеры и транспорт), США (пехота и логистика). Штабные офицеры из Канады и Норвегии.

Наблюдательная комиссия нейтральных стран для Кореи (NNSC)

Миссии: установлены соглашением о перемирии в июле 1953 года в конце Корейской войны. Комиссия должна контролировать, наблюдать, инспектировать и расследовать перемирие и докладывать об этой деятельности военной комиссии по перемирию. Сегодня его главная роль заключается в поддержании и улучшении отношений между обеими сторонами и, таким образом, сохранении Открытого канала связи.

Состав: дипломаты и военные офицеры из Чехословакии, Польши, Швеции и Швейцарии.

Gulf Crisis: Coalition Forces Order of Battle (excluding forces of Gulf Cooperation Council)

Table 6: Designations of Aircraft and Helicopters listed in The Military Balance
The use of [square brackets] shows the type from which a variant was derived. 'Q-5... [MiG-19]'indicates that the design of the Q-5 was based on that of the MiG-19.
(Parentheses) indicate an alternative name by which an aircraft is known - sometimes in another version. 'L-188... Elecira (P-3 Orion)' shows that in another version the Lockheed Type 188 Elecira is known as the P-3 Orion.
Names given in 'quotation marks' are NATO reporting names - e.g. 'Su-27 . . . 'Flanker' '.
When no information is listed under 'Origin' or 'Maker', take the primary reference given under 'Name/designation' and look it up under 'Type'.

Темежников Евгений Александрович: другие произведения.