Аннотация: Mickiewicz, Pushkin, Dostoevsky. A literary and historical essay.
Mickiewicz, Pushkin, Dostoevsky. A literary and historical essay.
Any detailed biography of Alexander Pushkin will speak about his friendship with Adam Mickiewicz.
At one time Pushkin dreamed of escaping abroad. Pushkin could not get official permission to visit Western Europe.
Pushkin appealed to the Russial authorities with a request to free Mickiewicz "from control", to release him from Russia to Poland. In Poland, the nobility (szlachta) was not particularly kept (held) by authorities within the Russian Empire. Less szlachta means a more of a real estate for the Russian nobility. From Poland, Adam Mickiewicz easily went abroad.
So Mickiewicz fulfilled Pushkin's cherished dream of going abroad (to Western Europe), and he carried out this plan with the direct assistance of Pushkin.
When characterizing Mickiewicz's ethnicity, his biographers encounter certain difficulties.
Mickiewicz was born in 1798 - that is, after the partition of the Commonwealth (1795).
Was Mickiewicz born on the territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, on the territory of the Commonwealth, or on the territory of the (Minsk) province of the Russian Empire?
Yes, there is a problem here, at this issue ...
And the Nobel laureate in literature (1905) Henryk Sienkiewicz (from the "Lithuanian" szlachta) - does he have anything to do with Russial literature? He wrote in Polish and was a man of Polish (East-Republican) culture.
What to do with Mickiewicz? He wrote in Polish. So after all, to the Soviet people during 80 years a brains were purged, were washed, with calls for internationalism. Now a new idea is about the "Russial nation". Attention to Mickiewicz, his memory is paid in Vilnius by US Ambassador Julie D. Fisher and Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya. And where are the creators of the "Russial nation"? They are thinking about Mickiewicz while in Moscow? Yes, there are memorable places - where Pushkin and Mickiewicz met, communicated ... Soon an important Russial persons and organizations will appear there ...
Mickiewicz, who was born in the territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, wrote in Polish. He freely communicated with Pushkin, with other writers in St. Petersburg and in Moscow. Consequently, he knew Russian perfectly.
Mickiewicz studied in Vilno (in Vilnius).
Mickiewicz's biographers are forced to say that Mickiewicz lived and worked in 'Lithuania'. This is a great merit of Karamzin's 'History'.
The Grand Duchy of Lithuania became transparent and invisible. On part of the territory of Poland after the wars with Napoleon, a semi-independent state was created - the Kingdom of Poland (headed by the Russian emperor). And the Grand Duchy of Lithuania turned into Russial provinces (governorates).
Biographers do not want to call Mickiewicz (for a number of reasons) a Russial citizen (subject) and a Russial writer, and they avoid such names. The Grand Duchy of Lithuania is not supposed to be remembered. To talk about Belarus? Consequently, Mickiewicz lived in "Lithuania".
So, Mickiewicz was arrested in 1823 in the "Case of Philomaths" and was expelled from "Lithuania" in 1824. Until 1829 he stayed in central and southern Russia (Petersburg, Odessa, Moscow, Petersburg again), where he became close with participants in the Decembrist movement and prominent writers, including Alexander Pushkin.
It turns out that the forced transfer of Mickiewicz from one Russial province to another is an expulsion him from Lithuania.
It seems that Mickiewicz's biographers are performing, figuratively speaking, a Kamarinskaya dance! [Active dance: there are elements of squatting, jumping, spinning and walking in (along) a circle. During the dance, the dancer claps his hands, he claps onto belly and heels. Some viewers may get the impression that the dancer is brushing off mosquitoes. "Mosquito" - "Комар" - "Komar" - "Kamarinskaya" - "Камаринская".]
So, Mickiewicz serves as a Russial official, then, with the assistance of Pushkin, Mickiewicz leaves for Poland, and from Poland - abroad. ("Mickiewicz was allowed to return to his homeland. At the beginning of 1829 he went to Warsaw, from there - to abroad. He never returned to Russia ..." - Ariadna Tyrkova-Williams).
It is not noticeable that Mickiewicz has any significant real estate. His father is characterized as an impoverished nobleman [member of szlachta] - a lawyer. It's understandable. The partition of the Commonwealth (Rzeczpospolita) was not done in order for the szlachta to grow rich and prosper.
In France, Mickiewicz teaches, he is engaged in creativity and he participates in the creation of the Polish Legion.
Why is Mickiewicz (the native of "Lithuania") busy with the creation of the Polish Legion? Why Mickiewicz writes in Polish, why does he write about Poland?
It seems that Mickiewicz was not forced to such actions. It remains to assume that it was possible to live like a human (in a normal way, in a normal manner) in the Commonwealth.
The Polish Legion has acquired a positive historical reputation in the Western World. The Polish Legion under the leadership of Józef Piłsudski (already after Mickiewicz's death) played a huge role in the restoration of Poland's independence.
Pushkin did not succeed to go abroad - to Western Europe. There were certain plans to escape from Odessa, or through a Baltic port ...
However, the social status, upbringing, the presence of a parents' a certain number of estates and many other circumstances influenced Pushkin.
Is Pushkin going abroad? Was he teaching in France? Was he engaged in creativity? He creates a Russian Legion? Does this Legion defend the Decembrists' ideas?
Well...
After February 1917, after Nikolai II Romanov left the stage, Dolgorukov, the descendant of the Rurik dynasty, at the head of the Russian Legion, arrive in Russia, and he was able to ensure the holding of the Constituent Assembly?
Yes...
In fact, everything was different.
In 1821, Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky was born in the family of a doctor at the Mariinsky Hospital for the Poor (St. Petersburg) ("Lithuanian" szlachta - Orthodox clergy - doctor - military engineer - writer).
In Poland, in Western Europe, the Polish Legion operated. Without much hope, but, nevertheless, without stopping, there was a struggle for the restoration of Polish independence.
Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky put forward a new thesis: "Humble yourself, proud man!" The closest relative of Konstantin Tsiolkovsky was a general. Until 1917, Tsiolkovsky himself was a beggar teacher who once received 400 rubles from the pre-revolutionary Academy of Sciences to support his space research.
Yes, szlachta served in good faith. The example of Admiral Nakhimov (mother - Kozlovskaya) is confirmation of this. But the Romanovs did not rule very effectively.
The Crimean War of 1853-1856, the sale of Alaska in 1867, the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878, the Russian-Japanese war of 1904-1905, the retreat of 1915 - an endless patience was necessary to not to notice all this.
Been surrounded with the fire and flames of Lenin's political locomotive , the east-republicans Krzhizhanovsky, Dzerzhinsky, Krupskaya, Lunacharsky (and others) arrived at the top of the political administration of Russia.
They were retreating until October 1941, but after Vasilevsky became the head of the General Staff, the offensive began ...
The space industry was created under the auspices of the USSR Ministry of Defense ...
As for Mickiewicz, he turned out to be very committed to the ideas of the Decembrists - she ascended, the star of captivating happiness ...
Who is he, Mickiewicz? Polish, Lithuanian, Belarusian, Russial, szlachtian, Great-Lithuanian, East-Republican, European poet and writer?
More than 200 years have passed since the partition of the Commonwealth in 1795, and the historical tangle is in a confused state. Very attractive things - the Table of Ranks (ranks, salaries, a place in the social hierarchy in exchange for a loyalty) and a reliable share of geopolitical rent ...
April 23, 2021 19:44
Translation from Russian into English: April 24, 2021 05:38.
Владимир Владимирович Залесский 'Мицкевич, Пушкин, Достоевский. Литературно-исторический очерк'.